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AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION
EDITED BY
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Price £1.75 net
Printed in Great Britain by T. BuncLeE & Co. Lrp., Arbroath, Angus.
CONTENTS III
CONTENTS
About the Accentuated List. C. F’.
Cowan, 388.
cherontia atropos L. Curious
Behaviour of Larva of H. L.
O’Heffernan, 357.
ndrama Walker and Mercantho-
myia Hendel (Divtera: Tephri-
tidae). A Note on the Genera.
V. C. Kapoor, 109.
inthocharis cardamines ] The
Green Var of Cardamines pupa
(Lep.). C. F. Cowan, 396.
aitype xanthomista Gregson in
Ireland. R. P. Demuth, 24.
satura iris L. in Surrey. G.
Garton, 309.
Apropos! C. F. Cowan, 71.
Argynnis cydippe L. in Kintyre. The
possible Occurrence of. A. J.
Showler, 217
Argynnis cydinpe L. in Kintyre.
| The Possible Occurrence of. J.
| L. Campbell, 359.
Australia. Applied Ecology used
against a Fly Pest Problem in.
Australian News and _ Infor-
mation Bureau, 353.
‘Azores. A note on the distribution
of the Rhopalocera on _ the
Island of Sao Jorge—the Azores.
C. A. Marsden and P. L. Wright,
179.
\3iston betularia L. ab. grisea Smith
in Kent. J. M. Chalmers-Hunt,
282.
30hemia. Butterflies of
Bohemia. O. Kudona, 53.
3reconshire Lepidoptera. Notes on
| Some. J. M. Chalmers-Hunt,
357.
\3ristol Area. A Review of the
| Butterflies in the. A. D. R.
| Brown, 101, 210, 236, 316.
3ritish Virgin Islands. A Sample of
| the Lepidovtera of the. J. A. C.
| and Mrs D. F. Greenwood, 379.
Jucculatrix spp. (Lep. Lyonetidae).
Larval Ecdysis of. ARES IVE.
| Emmet, 152.
3utterflies. Observations on British
Butterhies ing 1970.09 Dr Cs J.
Luckens, 259.
3utterfly Day in August. C. G. M.
de Worms, 324.
latocala nupta L. An Unusual
|| Form of. P. A. Sokoloff, 304.
Yatoptilia rufipenella Hubn. (Lep.
Gracillariidae). a Species new
Low sBritain: bt. 9Colm Ar eM.
Emmet, 291.
South
Celastrina argiolus L. (Lep.). Pup-
ation Sites of. C. F. Cowan, 397.
Charaxidae (Lepv.: Nymphaloidea).
The Systematics of the. A. H.
B. Rydon, 219, 283, 310, 336, 384.
Clossiana selene (Schiff.): A Second
Brood Specimen. R. F. Brether-
ton, 325.
Coleophora wockeella Zeller, 1894
(Lep.: Tineidae). The History
and recorded Distribution of,
with Notes on its Rearing from
the Pre-hibernation Larva. J.
M. Chalmers-Hunt and Lt. Col.
A. M. Emmet, 296
Coleoptera. British Coleoptera:
Corrections and Supplementary
Notes, including the addition of
Axinotrasus marginalis Lap.
(Melyridae) to our list. A. A.
Allen, 46.
Colias crocea Fourc., A Late. J. L.
Gregory, 70.
Collecting Lenidoptera in Britain
during 1970. CuGa ven de
Worms, 187.
Collecting Notes, 1970. R. G. Chate-
lain and D. O’Keeffe, 40.
Corrigenda. G. Thomson, 100.
Corrigendum. C. G. M. de Worms,
218.
Cosmiotes freyerella Htibn. (ni-
grella Hitibn. nec Fab.) (Lep.:
Elachistidae). J. L. Gregor,
218.
Cosymbia opuppilaria Hiibn. in
Britain.: Addenda and Corri-
genda. R. F. Bretherton, 115
Denbighshire. Early Butterflies in
MewAS Se eonss lap:
Dingle, 1971. H.C. Huggins, 343.
Early Butterfly. An. E. G. Hancock,
Tile
Earwigs attracted to Light. A.
Brindle, 149.
End of a Decade. The.
Harman, 171.
Erebia aethiops Esp. ab. infasciata
Warren (Lev. Satyridae). A. D.
A. Russwurm, 331.
Euproctis chrysorrhaea Hiibn.
(Lep.: Lymantriidae) Larvae
in N. W. Kent. B. K. West, 216
Essex. Mostly South Essex, 1970.
R. Tomlinson, 143.
Etainia sphendamni Hering and
other Acer-feeding Nepticulids
at Blackheath. A. A. Allen, 395.
PW
IV CONTENTS
Euproctis chrysorrhae Hiibn. (Lep.:
Lymantriidae) Larvae in N. W.
Kent. B. K. West, 216.
Faithful in Death. Major General
C. G. Lipscomb, 394.
From the Alves Maritimes’ to
Albarracin (July-August 1970).
C. G. M. de Worms, 29
Gortyna borelii Pierret (ssp. lunata
Freyer?): a new British moth.
Joe. Misher..51.
Grasshoppers (Acrididae.) Some
Records of, in S. W. Ireland.
J. F. Burton, 392.
Griposia. The Meaning of the Name
Griposia. A. A. Allen, 26.
Halisodota tessellaris Abbot and
Smith (Lep.: Arctiidae). J. L.
Gregory, 116.
Hapalotis venustula Hiibn. (Lep.:
Noctuidae) in N. W. Kent. B.
K. West, 325.
Heliovhilus consimilis Malm
(Diptera: Syrphidae) in East
Glamorgan. A. W. Pearcy, 116.
Hering. The Professor Hering
Memorial Research Fund, 108.
Highlands, The: April 1971. R. G.
Chatelain and B. F. Skinner,
215.
[Hipparchia semele L.] The Ovi-
position of Semele (Lep.). C.
F. Cowan, 397.
Holly Blue in London. C. A. Clarke,
394.
Hydraecias in the Coastal Areas of
Western Ireland. H. C. Huggins,
sires
Hydrillula palustris Hiibn, in
Lincolnshire. R. E. M. Pilcher,
25%
[Hypanartia lethe Fabr.] A South
American Butterfly in Dorset.
V. W. Philpott, 217.
Incomplete development and_ re-
duction in aquantity of scales
occuring Occasionally in speci-
mens bred in captivity. B. C. S.
Warren, 147.
Infurcitinea argentimaculella Staint.
(Lep.: Tineidae) in Herts. E.
S. Bradford, 342.
In Search of Lenidoptera, 1970.
David Brown, 2.
Inverness-shire in 1970. Comdr. G.
W. Harper, 94
Lampides boeticus L. and Thecla
betulae L. in Surrey. R. F.
Bretherton, 326.
Laspeyresia saltitans Westw. (Ole-
threutinae) the Mexican Jump-
ing Bean Moth. J. L. Gregory,
36.
[Lepidochchrysops jamesi] A new
species of Lepidochchrysons
Hedicke (Lep.: Lycaenidae)
from the Roggeveld Mts., Cane
Province. D. A. Swanenoel, 97.
London. Butterflies in the City of.
J. A. C. Greenwood, 346.
Loxostega sticticalis L. in Westmor-
land. Dr N. L. Birkett, 25:
Lycaena phlaeas L. J. L. Gregory,
24 |
Lysandra bellargus in Kent. E. F.
Hancock, 358.
Macro-Lepidoptera Cannae.: The
Butterflies and Moths of Canna.
J. L. Campbell, 6.
Maniola jurtina (L.) (Lep.: Satyri- |
dae). The possible existance of |
temporal Sub-sneciation in. G.
Thomson, 87.
Maniola jurtina (L.) (Lep.: Satyri-
dae). The Manx Race of. G.
Thompson, 91.
Maniola jurtina (L.): A Breeding
Experiment. Major General C.
G. Lipscombe, 333.
Model for Temvoral Sub-speciation.
R. L. H. Dennis, 207.
Monmouthshire Lepidoptera Re-
cords, in) 19705" SD ranGaaeee sy:
Horton, 25.
Mt. Etna (Sicily) Re-visited. A.
Valletta, 234
A New Race from the North
Western Cave. C. G. C. Dickson
and R. D. Stenhen, 255.
Nenticula anomalella Goeze. An
Unusual Late Brood of. S. N.
A. Jacobs, 69.
Nepticula speciosa Frey: A Uni-
voltine or a Bivoltine Species? |
A. M. Emmet, 288.
Nenpticula decentella H.-S. (Lep.:
Tineina) in Kent. Jee Vi
Chalme2rs-Hunt, 357.
Nenticula filinendulae Wocke (Lep.:
Tineina) in Sussex. Jenee IVE
Chalmers-Hunt, 358.
Nepticulid Cocoons: An Unusual
Coloration? A. A. Allen, 395.
Nepticulid Cocoons: Their Gre-
garious Nature. J. M. Chalmers-
Hunt, 26.
Nepticulidae. Notes on some of the
British Nepticulidae (Lev.). Lt.
Col. A. M. Emmet, 75, 136, 163,
240, 278, 300.
New Forest. Butterflies in the New
Forest in 1970. Rear Admiral
A. D. Torlesse, 15
New Forest Mercury Vavour Light
Records for 1970. L. W. Siggs,
99
»New Forest. The Future of the. S.
I L. Meredith, 117.
_Nymphalis antionpa (L.) at South
: Harrow, Middlesex in 1970. T.
‘ G. Howarth, 153.
JOak Apples. The Inhabitants of.
| A. E. LeGros, 391.
Papilio cinyras ridens Fassl: a new
status (Lep.: Papilionidae). J.
H. Masters, 83.
Parascotia fuliginaria L.
Watson, 112.
[Parocystola acroxantha Meyr. and
Hylaea fasciaria (1.) ab. prasin-
aria (Schiff.)] Two ‘redis-
coveries’ made in _ 1970. D:
Agassiz, 39.
Peacock Butterfly in Shetland. D.
R. A. Rushton, 397
"Phaulernis dentella Zeller (Lep.:
Tineina). Larvae of, in Suffolk.
J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, 357.
‘Pieris pseudorapae Vty. On the
Persians Worms «fsb! Ca —S:
Warren, 365.
Pieris Svecimens for Anroconia:
the end of the ‘Hybrid Species’?
S. R. Bowden ,369.
Plusia gamma L. and Nomophila
noctuella Schiff. in South
Devon. H. L. O’Heffernan, 356.
Polugonia c-album L. in North
Wales. The Status of R. L. H.
Dennis, 305, 390.
Polyagonia c-album lL. Abundance
of. Major General C. G. Lips-
combe, 394.
Possible Case of Dinterous Ecto-
parasites Causing the Death of
Nestling House Martins. J. F.
Burton, 69.
'Poecilmitis violescens. A Further
New Member of the Poecilmitis
thysbe (L.) Group (Lep.:
Lycaenidae) from the Roggeveld
MissiGaiG:. Cs Dickson, 1.
‘Papilio machaon L. (The Swallow-
tail Butterfly). Some Egg
Laying and Larval Habits of.
J. McFeely, 16.
‘Paralabis Burr (Dermantera: Car-
cinophoridae). Notes on the
Indian Snecies of the Genus.
G. K. Sivastava, 18
fPrivet Hawk Moth. A New Food
Plant for the Privet Hawk Moth
Larva? R. C. Revels, 394.
‘Proclossiana eunomia Esver_ in
Andorra. J. V. Dacie, 86.
Pseudopanthera macularia L. (Lep.:
Geometridae). J. L. Gregory,
289.
Ret “Ak
CONTENTS V
Pyrenees. A Holiday in the East
Pyrenees, June-July 1970, with
Notes on the Lepidoptera
Observed. E. P. Wiltshire, 268,
347.
Recent Cantures. E. H. Wild, 325.
Rhodes. Butterflies in the Island of
Rhodes, May TOMAR. CB
Bretherton, C.B., M.A., F.R.E.S.,
327
Rhyacia simulans Hufn. at Woking,
Surrey. J. A. C. Greenweod,
394
Ross-shire and Sutherland Lepi-
doptera Records. D. C. Hulme,
159
St Ninian’s Cave, Wigtownshire.
Butterflies seen at. Cee UE
Campbell, 153.
Scandinavia. Butterflies in Arctic
Scandinavia, 1971. M. R. Shaw,
371.
Some Early and Late Records of
the First Lepidoptera in 1971.
C. G. M. de Worms, 324.
Spider. Work of a New Forest
Spider. B. W. Weddell, 24
Stag Beetles at Light. C. G. M. de
Worms, 309.
Stenoptilia saxifragae Fletcher in
Yorkshire. J. A. C. Greenwood,
359.
Sterrha trigeminata Haw. Second
Brood. D. O.’Keefe, 335.
Stigmella aceris Frey: A Second
British Record. A. M. Emmet,
398.
Subscriptions, 248.
Suffolk. The Pyralid and Moths of.
H. E. Chipperfield, 153
Syrphus albostriatus Fallen (Dip-
tera: Syrphidae). A Variety of,
A. J. Brown, 355.
Temporal Isolation in Satyrid
Butterflies. A Note on the
existence of J. H. Masters, 332
Tethea fluctuosa Hiibn. A Melanic
Example in Kent. C. G. M. de
Worms, 324.
Thestor Hubner (Lep.: Lycaenidae).
A New Western Cape Species
of. C. G. C. Dickson and R. D.
Stephen, 131.
Thestor Htibner (Lep.: Lycaenidae).
A Further New Species of,
from the Western Cave. C. G.
@) Dickson. 155:
Thoughts of the Origin and Pro-
nunciation of Scientific Names.
H. Symes, 249.
Toadflax Brocade (Calophasia
lunula Hufn.) in Surrey. P. A.
Sokoloff, 325.
VI CONTENTS
Trifurcula immundella Zeller in
Kent. F. A. Swain, 398.
Undetermined Leaf-mine on Sallow.
A. M. Emmet, 70.
Utetheisa. The Genus Utetheisa
Hiibner in Fiji with a descrip-
tion of a new species (Lep.:
Arctiidae). G. S. Robinson, 123.
Vanessa atalanta L. Problems
around. B. J. Lemovke, 199
Vanessa atalanta L. A Rare Aber-
ration of, in Sussex. eeeelVe.
Craske, 288.
Warwickshire M. V. Recordings,
1970. (D. (Brown; 110.
CURRENT NOTES
Amateur Entomologists’ Society
Annual Exhibition, 252.
CURRENT LITERATURE
Lepidoptera New Series 1, No. 10,
Lepidopterologisk Forening,
Copenhagen, contains two in-
teresting papers by Ernest
Urbahn, 27.
Provisional Atlas of the Insects of
the British Isles, Pt. 1. Lepid-
optera Rhopalocera (Butterflies),
edited by John Heath, 27.
Atlas Provisoire des Insectes de
Belgique, Mans 1-100, edited by
J. Leclercq, 28.
Insect Pollination of Crops, J. B.
Free, 71.
Proceedings and Transactions of
the British Entomological and
Natural History Society, Vol. 3,
Pt. 4, 73.
A. E. S. Leaflet, 30, Rearing Stick
Insects, 73.
A. E. S. Leaflet, 33,
Traps, J. Heath, 73.
A Field Guide to the Butterflies and
Burnets “of “Snain. “W.9 B: L.
Manley and H. G. Allcard, 119.
The Butterflies of Trinidad and
Tobago. M. Barcant, 120.
Norwegian Species of Tribus
Olethrutini Obraztsov, 1946
(Lep.: Tortricidae). M. Opheim,
122.
Pleasure from Insects. M. Tweedie,
154.
Proceedings and Transactions of
the British Entomological ana
Natural History Society, Vol. 4,
pt. 1, February 1971, 153.
The Butterflies of New Zealand. W.
B. R. Laidlaw, 154.
Insect Light
The
Why just “Schiff”? C. F. Cowan,
266.
Wimbledon. The Moths of Wimble-
don: Further Captures, 1962-
1970. J. V. Dacie, 204.
Ypsolophus horridellus ‘Treitschke
in Kent. S. N. A. Jacobs, 288
Ypsolophus horridellus Treitschke.
Rev. D. J. L. Agassiz, 397,
Ynsolophus horridellus Treitschke |
in Kent. F. A. Swain, 397.
Zygaena (Mesembrynus) graslini
Lederer near Tel Aviv in Israel
(Lep.: Zygaenidae). H. and G.
Reiss, 13.
Revision des Especes Portugaises
du Genre Procris Fab. Lépi-
doptéres de l’Algarve. Both by
T. Monteiro, 252.
Method of extracting genitalia of
Lepidoptera. E. Beiro, 252.
Flora of Changing Britain, edited
by F. Perring, 252.
Centurie de Lenidovteres de I’Ile
de Cuba, Renrint.
253:
West African Butterflies and Moths. |
J. Boorman, 254.
Revision of North American
Species of Udea Guenee (Lep.:
Pyralidae). E. Munro, 289.
Taxonomy and Distribution of the
Genus. Ostrina (Len.:
lidae). E. Munro, 289.
Revision of the Subfamily Midi- |
linae (Lep.: Pyralidae), 290.
Contributions to a Study of the
Pyraustinae (Lep.: Pyralidae) of
Temperate East Asia. E.
Munroe and A. Mutuura, 290.
On Copulation in Phyllolabis
hemmingseui Peder Neilsen and
P. mannheimsiana Peder Neil-
sen (Limoniidae, Tipulidae,
pipiens A. M. Hemmingsen,
290.
Copulatory Adaptions of the Male
Hypopygium to the Female
Tergal Ovipository
(cerci) in some South American
Crane-Flies (Tipulidae). A. M.
Hemmingsen, 290. ;
Zur Kenntis der Schmetterlings
fauna der Grusinischen SSR
(Lepidoptera). J. Moucha, 290.
P. Ae Poeys |
Pyra-
valves |
|
CONTENTS Vil
‘West African Snakes. G. S. Cans-
dale and J. N. Wood, 326.
“Some Observations on Sepedon
| sauteri Hendel (Diptera: Scio-
myzidae) during the Winter
months in Fukuoka, Japan. G.
P. C. Basavanna and K. Yano,
290.
Zurkenntis der Blattminen der
Naturschutzgebiste des Mittel-
elbegebietes. H. Zoerner, 290.
‘Insects of Ontario; Geographical
Distribution and Postglacial
Origin, 290.
Life Histories of the South African
Lycaenid Butterflies. Ges CG
Clark and C. G. C. Dickson, 360.
An Illustrated Essay on the Noc-
tuidae of America and A
Colony of Butterflies. Reprints.
A. R. Grote, 361.
Butterflies. R. Gooden and J. Bee,
362.
A Butterfly is Born. J. P. van den
Eeckhoudt, 363.
Seandinavian Bucculatrix Z. (Lep.:
Bucculatricidae). JI. Svensson,
363.
Various Papers on Lepidoptera. D
Povolny, 364.
Proceedings and Transactions of the
British Entomological and
Natural History Society, Vol. 4.
Pt. 2, 364.
OBITUARY NOTICES
Perceval James Burton, 73.
‘Archibald John Wightman, 113.
4
AUTHORS
l) Agassiz, D., 39, 397.
(Allen, AG As, 26; 46;,-395.
Birkett, Dr N. L., 25.
Bowden, S. R., 369.
“Bradford, E. S., 342.
Bretnerton, R. B., 325; 326; 327:
Brindle, A., 149.
iBrown, A. BD: RR: LOL, 210; 2386, 316.
Brown, A. J., 355.
Brown, DD; 2: 10:
‘Burton, J. F., 69, 392.
(@Gampbell, J. L.,. 6, 153, 359.
(Chalmers-Hunt, J. M., 26, 282, 296,
357, 358.
(Ghatelain, R: G., 40, 215.
(Chipperfield, H. E., 153.
KGowan, C. F., 71, 266, 388, 396.
(Craske, R. M., 288.
(Dacie, Jie Vieersos, 204:
(Demuth, R. P., 24.
‘Dennis, R. L. H., 207, 305, 390.
meickson, (©: G. C, 1, 13%) 155; 255.
kEmmet, Lt. Col. A. M., 70, 75, 136,
152, 163, 278, 288, 291, 296, 300,
398.
Fisher, J. B., 51.
Garton, G., 309.
| Greenwood, Mrs D. F., 379.
| Greenwood, J. A. C., 346, 358, 379,
394.
Gregory, J. L., 24, 36, 116, 218, 289.
Hagget, G. M., 115.
Hancock, E. G., 71, 358.
Harman se Wie 17a:
Harper, Comdr. G. W., 94.
jslormmoe, De (Gn AN IN, Yay
Howarth, T: G., 153:
Hugesims> Ee ©. 137, 3843:
Hulme, D. C., 159.
WaAcobss) SNe Acs 26s Hotes 09s) ls
fi, I, PIDs Ie Bap Gish ZY
288, 289, 290, 326, 360, 361, 362,
363, 364.
Kapoor, V. C., 109.
Kudrna, O., 53.
Le Gros, A. E., 391.
Lempke, B. J., 199.
Lipscomb, Major General C. G.,
333, 394.
muckenss Wr! Coie, 259:
McFeely, J., 16.
Marsden, C. A., 179.
Masters) J. Et 83; 322:
Meredith, S. L., 117.
O’Heffernan, H. L., 357, 365.
O’Keeffe, D., 40, 335
Reancya AL Wee iG:
ielasthororie, We Vie, vali
Pilcher Re EM, 2a:
Eons) Vie VAS Ss) 35:
Vill CONTENTS
Reiss, G., 13.
Reiss, H., 18.
Revels, R. C., 394.
Robinson, G. S., 123.
Rushton, D. R. A., 397.
Russwiirm:s Ae oO: Ave 33s.
Rydon, A. H. B., 219, 283, 310, 336,
384.
Shaws. R.5* Sil
Showler, A. J., 218.
Siggs, L. W., 99.
Skinner, B. F., 215.
Sokoloff, P. A., 304, 325.
Srivastava, G. K., 18.
Stephen, R. D., 131, 255.
Swain, F. A., 397.
Swanepoel, D. A., 97.
Symes, H., 249.
Thomson, G., 87, 91, 100.
Tomlinson, R., 143.
Torlesse, Rear Admiral A. D., 15.
Warren, B: (G28) 1477065:
Watson, R. A., 112.
Weddell, B. W. 24.
West, B. K., 216, 325.
Vial, 19 18h, SPAS.
Wiltshire, E. P., 268, 347.
Worms, C. G. M. de, 29, 73, 187, 218]
309, 324.
Wright, P. L., 179.
Osa cr OOF 7 | <. - 1 ft.”
OL. 83 No.1 Ent JANUARY 1971
Ba =
:
THE =
ENTOMOLOGIST’S
RECORD
AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION
TACOE
DUBSDSEPADADASaASeisGse
CECVEL IVEY CL CUCL EVEL CVEN ELE
Edited by S. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.E.S.
with the assistance of
2 A. A. ALLEN, B.S.C., A.R.C.S. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B.SC., F.R.E.S.
NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. H. C. HuGGINS, F.R.E.S.
J. M. CHatmMeErRS-Hunvt, F.R.E.S. S. WAKELY
Major A. E. COLLIER, M.C., F.R.E.S.
Commander G. W. Harper, R.N. (Retd.), F.R.E.S.
Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S
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‘The Wayside and Woodland series of books on natural history
is now almost an institution . . . and this time Warne’s have
brought out a winner .. . the author shows that these three
groups of insects belong to the same evolutionary stock and
compose the order Orthoptera. The forty-odd species that are
the subject of his book are a harmless, but splendid company
worthy of the skilled attention they now receive. All are
beautifully illustrated in colour and their structure also is
carefully described and the salient points important for their
recognition are put together in analytical tables. The collector
of these insects is thus given a tool by means of which he can
know and name them. In addition there are full notes on
habits and the type of locality favoured by the various species
as well as diagrams that reproduce their varied songs.’ Times
Literary Supplement.
. a clear and concise account of all the British species of
grasshoppers, crickets, cockroaches and other allied orthop-
teroid insects, together with a list of the diagnostic features of
each species, measurements of the size range of males and
females, plates of each and a nice county distribution map.
There are some excellent keys which enable the species to be
identified and the text is illustrated by a number of superb line
drawings. A unique feature of the book is the fact that a
companion record is available giving high quality recordings
of each species of cricket and grasshopper.’ The Entomologist.
(60p + pt for each record)
FREDERICK WARNE
1-4 Bedford Court, London, WC2E 9JB
PLATE I
Photo by H. N. Wykeham
Poecilmitis violescens spec. nov.
Fig. 1. ¢ Holotype (upperside)
Fig. 2. Holotype (underside)
No. 23
A Further New Member of the Poecilmitis thysbe
(L.) Group (Lepidoptera : Lycaenidae) from the
Roggeveld Mountains
By C. G. C. Dickson
No. 23
This beautiful little insect was discovered on the Roggeveld Escarp-
ment in November 1969, and it is so distinct from other taxa of the P.
thysbe group that its treatment as a separate species appears to be quite
justified. The male (the only sex identified as yet) shows affinity to
Poecilmitis beaufortia (described by the present writer in Ent. Rec., 78:
pp. 109-110, Pl. IV, 15th May 1966—see also idem, 82: pp. 93-95, Pl. V, 15th
April 1970, for particulars of P. beaufortia from the Roggeveld Mountains)
but, amongst other features, can be distinguished at once from this species
by the considerably reduced expanse of the silvery violaceous-blue in the
forewings. It is also a smaller butterfly. The male genitalia have been
found to be very similar in closely allied members of the thysbe group.
Poecilmitis violescens spec. nov.
Male. Upperside
Forewing. Blue extends up to (or at least partially up to) the black
spot in cell, but leaves a prominent space of orange between this spot and
the black discocellular mark; it then runs outwardly, in area lb. and either
stops short of (as in the holotype) or reaches the black spot in this area
and, extending along innermargin, finally reaches the lower end of the
black border of the distal-margin. Costal black edging narrow; the usual
black spots of the thysbe group clearly developed, and the discocellular
one the largest; the black border of the distal-margin fairly broad. Cilia
chequered black and white or whitish (worn in the holotype), with the
white spaces mostly very small but (in the paratype) sharply defined. A
shifting violaceous-pink lustre extends over part of the orange area of the
wing, beyond the violaceous-blue itself.
Hindwing. Blue area spreads out from the base up to about two-fifths
of the length of the wing (a little more in the paratype); the violaceous-
pink lustre widespread over the orange field and (in the paratype at least)
extending to within 1 mm. of the wing-margin. The black spotting in the
orange area very poorly developed; wing-margin partially edged with
black, with a definite, narrow border down to about vein 5. Inner-
marginal concavity dark greyish. Cilia black at the ends of the veins, with
white intervening spaces, mixed with orange below the definite black
border (but the cilia frayed in the holotype).
Underside.
Forewing. The black spotting in the orange area characteristic of the
group (but very well developed in the holotype—as is the submarginal
dark streak) and all details of marking, etc., practically as in the descrip-
tion of P. beaufortia (op. cit.).
Hindwing. Substantially as in P. beaufortia but in the holotype the
dark marking again very pronounced; the general background pale. In the
holotype there is (in addition to the more basal dark marking) a specially
conspicuous, dark, curved zone of markings beyond the middle of the wing
2 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 15/1/71
and confluent with the pale liturae (not actually metallic) which are
present here.
Details relating to the body, etc., are essentially as described for P.
beaufortia.
Length of forewing: 13-14 mm. (the first measurement that of the
holotype).
3 Holotype, WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE: Summit of Komsberg Pass,
S.S.E. of Sutherland, Komsberg Escarpment, 27.xi.1969 (C.G.C.D.); British
Muesum Reg. No. Rh. 17199.
Paratype in the author’s collection, W. CAPE PROVINCE: Roggeveld
Escarpment, 18.xi.1969, 1¢ (C.G.C.D.).
In P. violescens the distal-margin of the forewing is unusually rounded
for a male of this group of Poecilmitis.
The first specimen of this butterfly to be caught was taken in a moun-
tainous spot in which the more usual Roggeveld form of P. beaufortia
was out in considerable numbers; while the later example, which has been
used for the holotype, was caught a good many miles to the S.E. of this
locality, when the area at the head of the Komsberg Pass was being
searched. A species of Mesembrianthemum with bright pink flowers to
which this specimen had been attracted was also being frequented by P.
beaufortia and P. turneri Riley, but in decidedly small numbers, as condi-
tions were very far from favourable owing to a stiff breeze which was
blowing from the south west. This had increased by the following day
when, after several hours’ intensive search without finding more specimens
of P. violescens, it was necessary to leave the locality altogether.
This small butterfly is a particularly attractive member of its group,
with its beautiful silvery violaceous-blue from the wing-bases and exten-
sive violaceous-pink glow beyond the blue colouring. (The coloration is
fully apparent only in the paratype which, although torn, is in fresher
condition than the holotype.)
“Blencathra”, Cambridge Avenue, St Michael’s Estate, Cape Town.
In Search of Lepidoptera, 1970
By Davin BROowN
My Butterfly season opened on 26th March with Aglais urticae (Linn.)
L. at Charlecote—a considerable number of days later than previous
years and even as I write these notes in late October the same species is
still on the wing near the Michaelmas Daisies.
As regards Moths, although I had run the m.v. trap at home through-
out the winter I commenced a series of excursions with the Heath traps
covering the whole summer. The first of these was at Oakley Wood
(near Warwick) on 30th March when until midnight in predominant birch
Achlya flavicornis (Linn.) L., Erannis marginaria (Fabr.) L., Biston
strataria (Hufn.) L., Alsophila ascularia (Schiff.) L. and Cerastis rubicosa
(Schiff.) L. were all common. One Orthosia munda (Schiff.) L. and a
female A. aescularia (Schiff.) L. were found on inspection of the tree
trunks and herbage with the aid of a torch.
A further visit on 11th April produced the same species but in smaller
numbers. On this night, due to the very low temperature, the expedition
was abandoned early at 11.20 p.m.
IN SEARCH OF LEPIDOPTERA, 1970 3
A venture into Yorkshire at Ripon on 17/18th April, hoping to cap-
ture Orthosia advena (Schiff.) L., proved unsuccessful.
Another local wood (Chesterton) was blacklighted on Ist May. This
particular wood has a wide variety of trees with large and recently
made clearings and a few coniferous plantations. The only satisfactory
moth taken was a nice dark variety of Lycia hirtaria (Clerck) L., the
markings of which were similar to those of the December moth. The
following evening conditions were more favourable for over 50 L. hirtaria
(Clerck) L. were taken but no varieties. O. munda (Schiff.) L. was ex-
tremely common and one Polyploca ridens (Fab.) L. was taken. Two
days later on 4th May this wood produced about 80 moths, including
seven P. ridens (Fab.) L.
It was indeed pleasant during this period to collect the trap in the
freshness of each morning in wonderful spring sunshine with carpets
of daffodils and primroses providing a yellow panorama in the clearings.
Satisfactory, too, to note that the colonies of Pyrgus malvae (Linn.) L.
seemed to be on the increase hereabouts. Later on in June the morning
flying Aegeria spheciformis (Schiff.) L. was seen in this same clearing.
I was amazed to find in my emergence cage on 11th May a perfect
gynandromorph, Anthocharis cardamines L. This was one of a dozen
A. cardamines L. pupae I had purchased during last year.
Aiter travelling down to Brockenhurst in the New Forest on 15th
May, I set up the Heath trap and within minutes I took Odontosia car-
melita (Esp.) L. followed by a second before midnight. Also attracted
were very good numbers of all the common prominents including a dozen
Notodonta trepida (Esper) L., many Drepana lacertinaria (Linn.) L., two
Cosymbia albipunctata (Hufn.) L., one Ligdia adustata (Schiff) L., and
three Cleora cinctaria (Schiff.) L.
During this trip the only Butterflies on the wing were Pararge aegeria
(Linn.) L., Nymphalis io (Linn.) L., and Gonopteryx rhamni (Linn.) L.,
-—the fritillaries not yet having emerged. On the 16th, the afternoon was
spent searching the birch trunks on the heath at Lyndhurst for C. cinctaria
(Schiff.) L. but without success. I ran two traps well in Hollands Wood
on the 16th, about half a mile apart, one being operated in a large beech
clearing and the other in a wide ride—predominantiy Oak and Birch.
Results were the same—N. trepida (Esper.) L. being very common, a late
P. ridens (Fab.) L., a very fresh Smerinthus ocellata (Linn.) L. and the
usual common species.
The following day at Lulworth found Callophrys rubi (Linn.) L. plenti-
ful as well as the usual common downland species. A few Aspitates
ochrearia (Rossi) L. were noted. I collected a dozen Lasiocampa trifolii
(Schiff.) L. larvae before leaving at 7.00 p.m.
The Heath traps were operated each night until 20th May, but only
two further species came to the lights—Stauropus fagi (Linn.) L. and
Clostera curtula (Linn.) L.
Back in Warwickshire on the 25th, I visited the disused railway line
between Kineton and Stratford upon Avon. The beating of the herbage
produced great numbers of Anaitis plagiata (Linn.) L., A. efformata
(Guenee) L. and a single Lampropteryx suffumata (Schiff.) L. A freshly
emerged female S. ocellata (Linn.) L. was found on a willow trunk.
Thirteen species of Butterfly were recorded including one not previously
seen at this particular site—a solitary Pyrgus malvae (Linn.) L.
4 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 15/1/71
On 28th May the Heath trap was operated in Tile Hill Wood on the
outskirts of Coventry but conditions were not good. However, many
Drymonia dodonaea (Schiff.) L. were attracted. This species is certainly
absent from the Warwick and Stratford localities some 10 miles away.
Before leaving at midnight a single Ectropis extersaria (Hubn.) L. made
an appearance.
During this period at Charlecote I used the trap in local woods but
the results were disappointing.
June 5th found me staying for a few days at my favourite collecting
ground at Crickley near Cheltenham. Warm sunshine accompanied the
search of the surrounding hills. Pseudopanthera macularia (Linn.) L.
was extremely plentiful, as was Phytometra viridaria (Clerck) L. One
very worn A. plagiata (Linn.) L. was seen together with a few Procris
statices (Linn.) L., and one Macrothylacia rubi (Linn.) L. I had hoped to
see Hamearis lucina (Linn.) L., but I was out of luck. I have visited these
hillsides every year since 1963 but it was only in 1969 that I have seen
this Butterfly and at that time three appeared in the space of ten
minutes and that in an area of less than a quarter of an acre. Many
other downland butterflies were seen but I noticed a sad decline in the
numbers of Aricia agestis (Schiff.) L. Many Bapta bimaculata Fabr. were
flushed by beating hawthorn shrubs in the nearby woods. Again the two
Heath traps were used on each night of the stay. One in a beech wood
some two miles from the second situated in the more open aspect of the
steep hillside, yet the results from each were very similar except for
Bena fagana (Fab.) L. from the Wood. Horisme vitalbata (Schiff.) L.
visited both. I am afraid I then played truant to the cause by foregoing
a further evening with the traps to ensure being home for the England/
Brazil World Cup game!
I journeyed down for a further week-end at this site on 20th June,
mainly in the hope of boxing Horisme tersata (Schiff.) L. which in the
event proved very common. By beating Old Man’s Beard, good numbers
were obtained together with a few Melanthia procellata (Schiff.) L.
Meanwhile at Charlecote Strymonidia w-album (Knoch) L. had ap-
peared very early and was out in good numbers well before the end of
June, becoming quite worn by their usual emergence time in mid July.
In 1968 I had saved the colony with the willing co-operation of the local
landowner. He did not pursue his original intention to fell the Wych
Elm and envelop a flourishing privet hedge and waste ground into his
adjoining field.
The unfortunate necessity of sitting for examinations hereabouts
prevented other than local collecting but having completed them I had
a short expedition into Derbyshire but results in the trap were un-
interesting. However, during an early evening walk at Chinley, Chapel
en le Frith, I came across a very strong colony of Odezia atrata (Linn.) L.
A pleasant visit to Princethorpe Wood on 11th July found Limenitis
camilla (Linn.) L. plentiful, but its condition was already below collection
standard. Thecla quercus (Linn.) L. was very abundant.
On Saturday, 24th July, I was again camping in Hollands Wood,
Brockenhurst, for a stay of ten days, and curiously within minutes of
setting up the trap, Boarmia roboraria (Schiff.) L. was taken. The
Heath traps were operated each night about a mile and a half into the
wood. It was interesting to compare the results of the traps with that
IN SEARCH OF LEPIDOPTERA, 1970 5
of the fluorescent camp building lights. The latter, as other visitors to
the wood will no doubt have experienced, attracted quite numerous good
species. On the 24th the traps and camp lights attracted very large
numbers of all the common prominents, including Notodonta dromedarius
(Linn.) L., swarms of Lymantria monacha (Linn.) L., one S. fagi (Linn.)
L., many Miltochrista miniata (Forst.) L. and a single Apatele leporina
(Linn.) L. Other species taken during the stay were Dasychira fascelina
(Linn.) L., Lycophotia varia (de Vill) L., Geometra papilionaria (Linn.) L.,
Lithosia deplana (Esp.) L., Cosymbia albipunctata (Hufn.) L., Mesoleuca
albicillata (Linn.) L., Horisme vitalbata (Schiff.) L., Pachycnemia
hippocastanaria (Hubn.) L., plus a whole hoard of commoners.
I was very pleased to see Celastrina argiolus (Linn.) L. in such good
numbers for in past years I thought there was a decline. As usual,
Argynnis paphia (Linn.) L. and T. quercus (Linn.) L., were very com-
mon. On the adjacent heath at Blacknow!le a few Anarta myrtilli (Linn.)
L. were found at rest on the heather stems. Plebejus argus (Linn.) L.
was plentiful.
Dusk collecting on the more boggy parts of the heath area (1st August)
produced a specimen of the local Scopula emutaria (Hubn.) L. and
Gnophos obscurata (Schiff.) L. with several Selidosema brunnearia subsp.
le:
Perhaps the biggest reward of the summer’s collecting occurred in
the late evening of Friday, 3lst July, after many hours of searching
score upon score of pine trees I was delighted to come across Hyloicus
pinastri (Linn.) L. nestling low down on a very elderly and large cedar
tree. Such an exhilarating moment is full compensation for the inevitable
disappointments throughout the season.
During a day spent over at Lulworth on 30th July Thymelicus acteon
(Rott.) L. and Argynnis aglaia (Linn.) L. were as plentiful as in other
years. Two Cupido minimus Fuessly L. were seen and I located a single
Cleorodes lichenaria (Hufn.) L. at rest on a wall.
On Ist August White Parish Wood was visited in the hope of catching a
glimpse of the most alluring sight of all—Apatura iris (Linn.) L. but alas
in spite of detailed surveillance of the sites where I saw it last year it
did not appear. However, before leaving the wood I netted var. Valezina
A. paphia (Linn.) L., which later obliged me with a fair quantity of eggs.
After five days in the local haunts at home I set off again, but this
time Northwards into the Lake District, staying in the first place adjacent
to Arnside Knott in Borrowdale Wood. Here again two traps were used,
but apart from a few Colostygia salicata subsp. L. little of interest was
caught. Erebia aethiops (Esp.) L. was again very prolife on the Knott
as was Argynnis adippe (Schiff.) L. A move to near Lake Windermere
was hardly more successful, yet two Tholera cespitis (Schiff.) L. and
Plusia gracilis L. were boxed and although the hair-raising ascent
through the Hard Knott Pass was in itself an experience, the insects at
the summit were very mediocre in range despite having hoped to find
Xanthorhoe munitata (Hubn.) L. and Entephria caesiata (Schiff.) L.
My final expedition for the summer commenced on 25th August when
I journeyed down for a few days’ collecting at Box Hill and primarily
to add Hesperia comma (Linn.) L. to my collection, and I was not dis-
appointed as they were found in numbers. A few Aspitates gilvaria
(Schiff.) L. were on the wing, together with the usual downland butter-
6 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 ye Gara!
flies. An interesting day on the downs at Shoreham on Sea on 27th
August found Lysandra coridon (Poda) L. and Lysandra bellargus (Rott.)
L. common. The blacklight produced little exceptional at Box Hill, except
a single specimen of Paradiarsia glareosa (Esp.) L. and Amathes castanea
(Esp.) L.
Generally, I suppose the collecting season proved quite satisfying but
variations in the weather were not conducive to success. I am always
at a loss to understand why the favourable weather always seems to
occur when I have to be indoors with my books preparing for examina-
tions. Had I not found myself day-dreaming of Atropos I might even
have passed!
MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA CANNAE
The Butterflies and Moths of Canna
By J. L. CAMPBELL
(concluded from 82: 299)
GEOMETRIDAE
Geometrinae
168. Geometra papilionaria L. (Large Emerald). Two only, one near the
trap on 7/7/52, the other in my garden on 22/7/56.
Acidaliinae
169. Acidalia aversata L. (Riband Wave). Two only, in trap, on 31/7/63,
20/7/65.
170. A. bisetata Hufn. (Small Fan-foot Wave). Quite common, in trap,
earliest, 21/7/65; latest, 25/8/67; most, 16 in 1969; 13 in 1968.
171. A. fumata Steph. (Smoky Wave). One only, in Tighard garden on
17/7/45.
Hydriomenidae
172. Ortholitha limitata Scop. (Shaded Broad-bar). Common around cliffs
and southern slopes inaccessible to sheep. In trap, earliest, 3/8/55;
latest, 4/9/61, most, 8 in 1967, 6 in 1955, °56. Several specimens of
O. limitata were seen on Heisheir on 28/7/70.
173. Anaitis plagiata L. (Treble-Bar). Common, in similar situations to
O. limitata. In trap earliest, 2/7/63; latest, 13/9/67; most, 37 in 1969:
29 in 1966.
174. Carsia paludata Thunb. (Manchester Treble-Bar). Two only, in good
condition, 10/8/56, 11/8/63.
175. Lobophora polycommata Hiibn. (Barred Tooth-striped). One speci-
men, in trap on 6/5/69. Identified by Mr E. C. Pelham-Clinton.
176. L. carpinata Borkh. (Early Tooth-Striped). A comparatively new-
comer, probably owing to the planting of birches and alders since
1949. The first occurred in the trap on 19/4/64, and was later iden-
tified for me by Mr E. C. Pelham-Clinton. No more were taken until
the spring of 1969, when the moth turned up several times, first on
25th April, then on the 29th. Specimens were also taken on the 5th
and 6th of May. Most of these are of form fasciata Prout .
NET
178.
179.
180.
181.
182.
183.
184.
185.
186.
187.
188.
189.
MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA CANNAE ia
Cheimatobia brumata L. (Winter Moth). Common in gardens. On
calm nights in December and January, particularly the former, the
males are often seen at lighted windows. I have seen these moths at
them when there was snow on the ground. The trap is very seldom
used at this time of the year, but an early record is 21/11/66.
Eustroma silaceata Htibn. (Small Phoenix). First in trap on 2/6/68;
another on 16/8/69. Probably a consequence of the introduction of
willow-herb here.
Lygris testata L. (The Chevron). Common in the same kind of
places as O. limitata and A. plagiata. In the trap, earliest, 28/7/68;
latest, 24/9/67; most, 99 in 1955; 40 in 1969.
L. populata L. (Northern Spinach). Occurs in similar places to L.
testata, but not so common. Few taken in trap; earliest, 26/7/55;
latest, 27/8/64. On 27/7/68 a smallish specimen with the central bar
much reduced, approaching the next species in appearance, was
taken, later identified as populata by Mr A. L. Goodson, at Tring.
C. fulvata Forst. (Barred Yellow). Seen and taken in gardens and
plantations. Few in trap; earliest, 25/7/52; latest, 27/8/64.
Cidaria truncata Hufn. (Common Marbled Carpet). Common. Double
brooded. Of the three forms shown on plate 13 of Moths by E. B.
Ford. No. 14, nigerrimata, the dark form, is considerably the com-
monest; perfumata the grey form, seems to occur mainly in the
autumn brood; rufescens with the orange central area on the fore-
wings is rare.
Earliest, 10/5/66; latest, 23/10/56; most, 188 in 1966; 94 in 1968.
The form concinnata Steph. is also here and has been confirmed by
Mr R. J. Colins, but I have made no attempt to count the different
forms separately.
C. citrata L. (=immanata Haw). (Dark Marbled Carpet). Common,
variable, single brooded; earliest, 6/7/66, ’68; latest, 28/9/67; most,
188 in 1969; 115 in 1966.
C. siterata Hufn. (Red-green Carpet). Occasionally found on
veronica blossoms in the autumn; in the trap, earliest, 6/6/65;
latest, 4/10/51, ’68 (hibernates); Most in the trap, 22 in 1969; 5 in
1968.
C. miata L. (Autumn Green Carpet). Occurrence similar to that
of C. siterata, but rather commoner. In the trap, earliest, 2/5/69;
latest, 20/10/62; most, 12 in 1966; 8 in 1969.
Thera obeliscata Hitibn. (Grey Pine Carpet). Common, double-
brooded. Often found on blossoms of thyme, ragwort, or veronica
in the autumn. In the trap, earliest, 3/5/57; latest, 20/10/58, ’66;
most, 49 in 1956; 19 in 1969. A dark specimen of this species has
been identified by Mr D. S. Fletcher as var. pseudovariata.
T. cognata Thunb. (Chestnut-coloured Carpet). Found on cliffs and
rocky places where creeping juniper grows. In the trap, earliest,
6/6/59; latest, 13/10/64; most, 26 in 1968; 21 in 1969.
T. firmata Hibn. (Pine Carpet). First taken in the trap on 26/8/55;
earliest, 2/8/66; latest, 24/9/61; most, 5 in 1965 and ’66. Also noticed
around the pine plantation below Compass Hill.
T. juniperata L. (Juniper Carpet). A specimen was taken at a
lighted window on 18/9/69,
193.
194.
UOT:
198.
199.
200.
201.
202.
203.
204.
205.
206.
ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 ya Gare
Coremia munitata Hiibn. (Red Carpet). Two specimens, one taken
in the trap on 16/7/68.
C. spadicearia Schiff. (Red Twin-spot Carpet). Two specimens.
Separated from the following by Mr E. C. Pelham-Clinton.
C. ferrugata Clerck. (Dark Twin-spot Carpet). Four specimens. Of
these two, the first was caught in the trap in 1955 and the last in
1964. Earliest, 6/6/63; latest, 22/8/55.
C. designata Rott. (Flame Carpet). Found in plantations. In trap,
earliest, 3/5/57; latest, 7/9/56; most, 8 in 1968; 7 in 1966. Double-
brooded.
Amoebe viridaria Fabr. (Green Carpet). Quite frequent in mixed
plantations, but not taken in the trap until 18/7/56, and thereafter
only singly in the years 1963-67. Earliest, 30/6/66; latest, 31/7/63.
Malenydris salicata Hiibn. (Striped Twin-spot Carpet). Only taken
three times in the trap, 7/8/57, 24/8/60, and 16/8/69.
M. multistrigaria Haw. (Mottled Grey). The earliest spring geo-
meter, apart from P. pedaria, and liable to be missed if March
weather is unfavourable for use of the trap. Earliest, 13/3/56; latest,
8/4/69; most, 23 in 1969; 16 in 1960.
M. didymata L. (Twin-spot Carpet). Common on the cliffs and sand-
hills, especially in places and with weather when midges are plenti-
ful. Rare in the trap; singly, 18/8/56, 2/9/65. Very common in
plantations and sheltered grassy places in August 1969, when several
were taken in the trap on calm nights.
Venusia cambrica Curt. (Welsh wave). Two only, in tran, 23/7/65,
16/8/65.
Entephria caesiata Lang. (Grey Mountain Carpet). One only, in
trap in 16/7/56.
E. flavicintata Hubn. (Yellow-ringed Carpet). One on a wall in my
garden on 11/9/69; another in the same place on 16/9/69, and a
third picked up dead in the porch of my house on 20/9/69. Identified
as ab. flavopriva Scha. by Mr D. S. Fletcher.
Xanthorhoe montanata Bork. (Silver-ground Carpet). Common in
plantations and on grassy slopes inaccessible to sheep, above the
shore; in the trap, earliest, 30/5/64; latest, 8/8/66; most, 23 in 1968;
19 in 1966.
X. fluctuata L. (Garden Carpet). Common, double brooded, larvae
sometimes a pest on cabbages. In trap, earliest, 13/4/67, latest,
22/9/66; most, 118 in 1968, 96 in 1966.
X. galiata Hubn. (Galium Carpet). Not common. Found on cliffs
and sometimes around my house. First taken on 10/7/45, the
G.U.C.E. record that took me longest to confirm. Nine specimens in
all taken in trap, the first on 26/7/55. Earliest, 30/5/61; latest, 3/9/66:
most, three in 1968.
X. sociata Borkh. (Common Carpet). Common around the plantations.
The var. obscurata, which was frequent on Barra, is rare here. In
trap, earliest, 5/5/69; latest 29/8/60. Double brooded in some years;
most, 28 in 1968; 22 in 1969.
Eulype hastata L. (Argent and Sable). One only, in trap on 13/6/66.
Mesoleuca albicillata L. (Beautiful Carpet). Occasionally seen in
gardens and plantations; a surprise when first observed. Two on
9/6/45; taken earlier. In the trap only on 15/7/51, 25/6/53, and
207.
208.
209.
210.
212.
213.
214.
215
216.
217.
218.
219.
220.
221.
MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA CANNAE 9
13/7/53. I have not noticed this moth here for a considerable time.
M. ocellata L. (Purple Bar). Quite common in mixed planta-
tions. In the trap, earliest, 29/6/53; latest, 1/9/58; most, 8 in 1968
and 1969.
Perizoma affinitata Steph. (Rivulet). Fairly common around planta-
tions. In the trap, earliest, 17/5/59; latest, 27/8/64; most, 19 in 1968,
13 in 1966.
P. alchemillata L. (Small Rivulet). Commoner than the preceding in
similar places. In trap, earliest, 21/6/66; latest, 23/8/67; most, 63 in
1968; 52 in 1969.
P. flavofasciata Thunb. (Sandy Carpet). Occasionally around planta-
tions. Not taken in the trap until 27/5/64, thereafter only on 2/6/65,
2/6/68, 16/6/68, and 19/6/69.
P. albulata Schiff. (Grass Rivulet). On sandhills and cliffs, not often
in the trap. Earliest, 8/5/53; latest, 21/7/55 (a record for 12/10/62
must be considered doubtful).
Camptogramma bilineata L. (Yellow Shell). Common, especially in
places not grazed by sheep, but very seldom taken in the trap, of four
specimens taken in the trap over the years, the earliest was 11/8/64,
the latest 4/10/61; but the moth is out in the last week of June. I do
not find that dark forms predominate.
Hydriomena furcata Thunb. (July Highflier). Common in the
plantations. Earliest, 12/7/56; latest, 27/9/66; most 28 in 1966; 19 in
1955.
H. impluviata Hubn. (May Highflier). Also common in the plantations.
In the trap, earliest, 8/5/53; latest, 26/7/55; most 14 in 1964, 12 in
1952.
Anticlea badiata Hiibn. (Shoulder Stripe). Larvae found on wild rose
in August. Moth seen in the spring, sometimes at lighted windows.
in the trap, earliest, 13/4/68: latest, 30/5/56; most, 10 in 1969; 4 in
1966.
A. nigrofasciaria Goze. (The Streamer). Less often seen than the
preceding. First taken on a tree in the wood behind my house on
14/5/52. Only twice in the trap, on 9/5/53 and 21/5/69.
[Eupithecia sp. In view of the difficulty in distinguishing between
many of the species of this genus, and of the impossibility of setting
all the specimens caught in the trap, I give statistics only in the cases
of the easily recognisable ones].
Eupithecia oblongata Thunb. (Lime Speck). Often seen in garden,
also found at ragwort blossoms. In the trap, earliest, 26/6/63; latest,
26/8/66; most, 8 in 1956, 4 in 1968.
E. pulchellata Steph. (Foxglove Pug). Found in plantations and
garden where there are foxgloves. In the trap, earliest, 6/6/64:
latest, 15/7/56; most, eight in 1956.
E. venosata Fabr. (Netted Pug). On cliffs. Only four specimens in
the trap, first on 28/5/59. Earliest in trap, 28/5/59: latest, 21/6/64.
E. distinctaria constrictata Guen. (Thyme Pug). Caught in the trap in
1966 and identified by Mr D. S. Fletcher. Also taken at Garrisdale at
the west end of Canna.
E. assimilata Doubl. (Current Pug). Two specimens, identified by Mr
E. C. Pelham-Clinton.
10
222.
223.
224.
225.
226.
227.
228.
229.
230.
231.
232.
233.
234.
235.
236.
237.
238.
239.
ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 15/1/71
E. absinthiata Clerck. (Wormwood Pug). In plantations. Confirmed
by Mr R. J. Collins and Mr D. S. Fletcher. The few moth trap records
are dated 7/8/56, 7/8/61 (two), 21/7/65.
E. goosensiata Mab. (Ling Pug). On moorland. Confirmed by Mr R.
J. Collins. No certain trap record.
E. vulgata Haw. (Common Pug). Common in the garden and planta-
tions. In trap, earliest, 22/5/61; latest, 14/7/68; most, 10 in 1966.
E. virgaureata Doubl. (Golden-rod Pug). Identified by Mr D. S.
Fletcher; taken on trap in 1966.
E. lariciata Freyer. (Larch Pug). First taken in trap in 1954, identified
by Mr W. H. T. Tams. This moth has become much commoner in
recent years with the growth of the new plantation on the brae east
of Canna House, the majority of trees there being Japanese larches.
Most in the trap, 11 in 1966, when the moth first appeared on 15th
July and last on 20th August. Confirmed by Mr D. S. Fletcher.
E. castigata Hiibn. (Grey Pug). Identified by Mr D. S. Fletcher from
a few specimens taken in the trap in 1966 and subsequently. Others
taken in 1969 identified by Mr E. C. Pelham-Clinton. Much commoner
in recent years.
E. satyrata Hiibn. (Satyr Pug). Found in the plantations. Confirmed
by Mr R. J. Collins. Occasionally in the trap. Also confirmed by Mr
D. S. Fletcher in 1966, who identified a specimen of subsp. callunaria
Dbedy., the same year (not typical here).
E. innotata subsp. fraxinata Crewe. (Ash Pug). Associated with ash
trees in my garden and in the plantations. Confirmed by Mr D. S.
Fletcher. Occasionally in the trap, earliest 17/5/59, latest, 21/7/65.
E. nanata Hiibn. (Narrow-winged Pug). Common, widespread. In
the trap, earliest, 3/5/57; latest, 29/7/64; most, 8 in 1968, 6 in 1966.
E. sobrinata Htibn. (Juniper Pug). Associated with the creeping
juniper that grows on the cliffs here. In trap, earliest 31/5/68; latest,
23/8/67; Most, three in 1964 and 1966.
Gymnoscelis pumilata Hiibn. (Double-striped Pug). A specimen was
taken in the trap on 11/8/52, identity later confirmed by Mr D. S.
Fletcher. This remains the only certain record.
Chloroclystis rectangulata L. (Green Pug). Common. In the trap,
earliest, 21/6/64; latest, 31/8/57; most, 26 in 1968, 19 in 1966.
Coenocalpe vittata Borkh. (Oblique Carpet). Only three records.
One taken in Tighard wood on 17/7/45, identity confirmed by Mr
R. J. Collins. Otherwise only two in trap, 30/7/55 and 23/7/57.
Phibalapteryx lapidata Hiibn. (Slender-striped Rufous). One only,
in trap on 8/10/56.
Percnoptilota fluviata Hiibn. (The Gem). Three only, one in trap on
22/9/66, two (male and female) on 20/10/69.
Abraxas grossulariata L. (Magpie). Common in gardens, but not
found on moors here. (The small burns lined with heather and sallow,
where it is found in South Uist and Barra, hardly exist on Canna).
In the trap, earliest, 25/6/53, °59; latest, 25/9/66; most, 21 in 1968.
19 in 1966.
Lomaspilis marginata L. (Clouded Border). One only, in trap,
30/5/69.
Cabera pusaria L. (Common White Wave). Common in plantations,
sometimes found on the moorland. In the trap, earliest, 23/5/51; latest,
240.
241.
242.
243.
244.
245.
246
247.
248.
249.
201.
252.
253.
254.
MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA CANNAE ly
11/8/65; most, 23 in 1968, 14 in 1966.
C. exanthemata Scop. (Common Wave). Two, in trap on 23/6/66
and 26/6/69. Confirmed by Mr E. C. Pelham-Clinton.
Ellopia prosapiaria L. (Barred Red). A newcomer, apparently now
settled in the vine plantations. First taken, in the trap, on 2/8/66.
Two more specimens were taken in 1966, one in 1967, five in 1968,
and two in 1969. Earliest, 2/7/68; latest, 23/8/67.
Metrocampa margaritaria L. (Light Emerald). Common in planta-
tions. On the trap, earliest, 24/4/56; latest, 22/8/63; most, 46 in
1968; 16 in 1969.
Selenia bilunaria Esp. (Early Thorn). First taken in the trap on
17/5/52, and occasionally since. Earliest, 25/4/65; latest, 17/6/66;
most, 6 in 1969; 5 in 1968.
S. lunaria Hufn. (Lunar Thorn). Rare. First taken, in trap, on
30/5/64. Earliest, 26/5/65; latest, 30/5/68; most, three in 1968. (Con-
firmed by Mr E. C. Pelham-Clinton).
Gonodontis bidentata Clerck. (Scalloped Hazel). Occasionally found
around plantations in May; in the trap, earliest, 8/5/53; latest,
18/6/66; most, 7 in 1966, 6 in 1964.
Himera pennaria L. (Feathered Thorn). At lighted window, Canna
House, on 27/10/51. In trap, 12/10/64, 3/10/66 (two), and 19/10/69. A
specimen was taken by the head lighthouse keeper at Heiskeir in
1949.
Crocallis elinguaria L. (Sealloped Oak). First taken, in trap, on
30/7/55; not again until 1/8/63 (two specimens). Two more so taken
in 1965, and one in 1967. Earliest, 30/7/55; latest, 28/8/67. One in 1969,
on Ist August.
Opisthograptis luteolata L. (Brimstone). Common; double brooded.
In the trap, earliest, 10/5/66; latest, 18/9/66; most, 63 in 1968, 60 in
1966. Larvae have been found on alders.
Semiothisa notata L. (Peacock Moth). First taken, in trap, on
17/5/59. Others on 9/6/63, and 28/5/68. (Originally wrongly reported
as S. alternata.)
Hybernia aurantiaria Esp. (Scarce Umber). One only, at lighted
window in the winter of 1953-54. Confirmed by Mr D. S. Fletcher.
H. marginaria Borkh. (Dotted Border). One only, the same winter.
Confirmed by Mr D. S. Fletcher.
H. defoliaria Clerck. (Mottled Umber). First noticed at lighted
windows in the late autumn of 1951. Has become decidedly com-
moner in recent years. Very variable, some handsome strongly
marked forms taken. In the trap, earliest, 3/10/64; latest, 29/1/69,
but trap is not often on in winter. (Males only). Most, 19 in winter
of 1966-67; 17 in winter of 1968-69.
Phigalia pedaria Fabr. (Pale Brindled Beauty). Males at lighted
windows in January and February. The first specimen taken was
captured in the moth trap on 1/3/52. In trap, earliest, 1/12/55;
latest, 1/4/69; most, 10 in 1956 (January and February).
Nyssia zonaria Schiff. (Belted Beauty). Common. Under suitable
conditions always appears in the trap during the last week or ten
days of March. Earliest, 21/3/63; latest, 18/5/64; most, 128 in 1965,
74 in 1969. Larvae common, have been seen feeding on iris and wild
cherry.
257.
259.
260.
261.
263.
264.
265.
266.
267.
ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 15/0/71
5. Pachys betularia L. (Peppered Moth). First taken on Sanday, sitting
on a rock, on 7/6/58. Later in the trap on 15/5/59, 3/5/61, 29/5/64
and 2/6/67. All typical specimens.
B. repandata L. (Mottled Beauty). Very common, found every-
where. In the trap, earliest, 9/6/52; latest, 2/9/63; most, 135 in 1968,
85 in 1966. Var. conversaria was caught for the first time on 16/7/66,
another on 30/7/66.
Gnophos obscurata Schiff. (The Annulet). On south facing cliffs
and steep slopes. Not caught in the trap until 20/7/55. Earliest,
17/7/56, ’65; latest, 9/9/66; most, 5 in 1969; 4 in 1966.
G. myrtillata Thunb. (Scots Annulet). Commoner than G. obscu-
rata. On the moor. In the trap, earliest, 29/6/53; latest, 9/9/56; most,
17 in 1956, 16 in 1955, ’68, ’69.
Ematurga atomaria L. (Common Heath). On the moorland in May.
Day flier, only two taken in the trap, on 16th and 17th May 1959.
Selidosema ericetaria de Vill. (Bordered Grey). Day flier, on the
moor and on southern cliffs; only once taken in the trap, a very
worn male on 14/8/69.
Lozogramma petraria Hiibn. (Brown Silver-line). Often to be found
amongst bracken in early summer. In the trap, earliest, 16/4/53;
latest, 26/6/63; most, 37 in 1959; 28 in 1958.
2. Scodiona fagaria Thunb. (Grey Scalloped Bar) Rare. I have only
one Canna specimen, taken on the moor behind Lamasgorr, 3/6/45.
Never in trap, day flier.
ZYGAENIDAE
Zygaena purpuralis, Brun. (Transparent Burnet). First found on an
inaccessible steep grassy cliff on Sanday by Dr Michael Harper in
1957. Another colony was found in an even more inaccessible situa-
tion near the south-west end of Canna, to be reached only by sea, by
the Rev. Malcolm MacLellan and myself on 13/7/63. Both these places
are inaccessible to sheep. Specimens from the second colony are
sometimes very dark. One of these has been presented to the Tring
Museum.
Z. filipendulae L. (Six-Spot Burnet). Widespread, occurring mixed
with Z. purpuralis in these colonies, and scattered elsewhere,
especially on Sanday. Specimens found on the Sanday purpuralis
colony ground sometimes approach ab. cytisi Hubn., the pairs of spots
running together.
Burnets, being day fliers, are never found in the trap.
HEPIALIDAE
Hepialus humuli L. (Ghost Moth). Often common in the garden. In
the trap earliest, 14/6/67; latest, 27/7/65; most, 13 in 1953, 8 in 1966.
H. humuli’s first appearance in the trap are fairly punctual, having all
taken place between June 14th and 26th, in nine years between June
22nd and 26th.
H. sylvina L. (Orange Swift). Associated with bracken. This species
has not much in evidence lately; only two specimens taken in the
trap since 1956, on 16/8/65 and 31/7/69. Earliest, 16/6/55; latest,
7/8/52; most, three in 1952.
H. fusconebulosa de Geer (Map-winged Swift). Common, associated
with bracken. In the trap earliest, 2/6/54; latest, 14/8/69; most, 32
in 1953; 26 in 1968. A specimen of var. gallicus Lederer was taken in
the trap on 24/6/69.
PLATE II
ZYGAENA GRASLINI LEDERER NEAR TEL AVIV IN ISRAEL 13
On Zygaena (Mesembrynus® )graslini Lederer
near Tel Aviv in Israel (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae)
By Huco Reiss and GUNTHER REIss, Stuttgart
In the year 1932 Hugo Reiss (1932) wrote on Zygaena grasiini Lederer
and its range in Syria, Mesopotamia and Asia Minor, and figured the
nominate race from Beirut, Lebanon. The ssp. pfeifferi Reiss from
Bscharre, Lebanon, 1600-1850m, 15-30.vi.1931, leg. E. Pfeiffer & H. Kulzer,
Munich, the ssp. kulzeri Reiss from Zebdani, Anti Lebanon, 1100m, 29.iv.-
17.v.1931, leg. H. Kulzer, Munich, and the ssp. rebeli Reiss from the Yuksek
Dagh, Amanus Mts., beginning to the middle of April, 1932, leg. native
collectors, were also described and figured. Paratypes of all the above
mentioned races are in coll. Reiss and have been compared with the new
subspecies described below. As the name rebeli Reiss is preoccupied, it
was replaced by rebeliana Reiss & Tremewan (1964). Z. graslini was placed
in the subgenus Zygaena Fabricius by Reiss (1933) and Reiss & Tremewan
(1967).
We acquired from Mr Heinz Czipka, Furth, Odenwald, 3¢¢,229 ofa
graslini race, labelled Israel, Nir Elijahu Kibbuz, 100m, 25.iii.-9.iv.1969, leg.
Czipka. The locality lies near Tel Aviv. From the same locality and with
the same data Mr Czipka sent us a further 26¢ 3, 32 9, so that we have a
total of 29¢ ¢, 592 9 before us. The low elevation of the biotope is rather
significant when compared with the early flight period.
The wingspan is as follows: ¢ ¢, 23-30 mm, 9 9, 26-285 mm. In the
males the antennae are more heavily clubbed than in the females. The
body is blue-black, lightly haired. The legs are likewise blue-black, the
femur lightly haired, the tibia in part dirty yellow. The middle spurs on
the hind tibia are absent. In fresh specimens the red coloration of the
forewing spots is somewhat more fiery and warmer than in the described
races. An essential characteristic is the distinct enlargement of the fore-
Wing spots, especially the middle spots 3 and 4, which in 21¢ 4, 59 9, are
EXPLANATION OF PLATE
Fig. 1. Zygaena graslini czipkai ssp. nov., Holotype ¢~, wingspan 27 mm.
Fig. 2. Z. graslini czipkai ssp. nov., Allotype 2, wingspan 28:5 mm.
Fig. 3. Z. graslini czipkai ssp. nov., Paratype ¢, wingspan 28 mm.
Fig. 4. Z. occitanica albarracinensis Reiss & Reiss, Holotype ¢, wingspan
25 mm.
Fig. 5. Z. occitanica albarracinensis Reiss & Reiss, Allotype 2, wingspan
31 mm.
Fig. 6. Z. occitanica albarracinensis Reiss & Reiss, Paratype ¢, wingspan
25 mm.
Fig. 7. Z. trifolii mideltica Reiss & Reiss, Holotype 4, wingspan 29 mm.
Fig. 8. Z. trifolii mideltica Reiss & Reiss, Allotype 2, wingspan 30 mm.
Fig. 9. Z. trifolii mideltica Reiss & Reiss, Paratype ¢, wingspan 28:5 mm.
Fig. 10. Z. trifolu mideltica Reiss & Reiss, Paratype 2, wingspan 32 mm.
N.B.—Dr Gunther Reiss and his wife found a few specimens of Z.
occitanica albarracinensis Reiss & Reiss in the type locality in 1970.
+) OQ
*Zygaena problematica Naumann (1966), described from Namrun, Cilician
Taurus, Turkey, was placed next to Z. graslini Lederer. Alberti
(1958) placed graslini in the subgenus Mesembrynus Htibner. More
recently, Naumann (1970) has reared the larva on Eryngium planum
and also placed the species in this subgenus.
14 ENTOMOLOGISY’S RECORD, VOL. 83 S/W aTe
broadly confluent and cover a much larger area of the forewing. There are
no specimens in which spots 3 and 4 are separated by the blue-black
ground colour. Also the confluent spots 1 and 2 tend to be confluent with
spots 3 and 4; in 8d ¢, 32 2 spot 1 is extended along the costa as far as
spot 3, with which it is joined, while spot 2 in 7$ dg, 19 is broadened
towards the inner margin, forming spot 2a. Spot 5 is generally larger and
nearer to the confluent spots 3 and 4. Spot 6 is present in all specimens,
extends towards the termen, and is confluent with spot 5. The ab. con-
fluens Oberthtir, with spots 1, 2, 3 and 4 broadly confluent, is represented
by 2¢ 6,19. This form was first described by Oberthir, not Dziurzynski,
from Akbés, Syria, the type-specimen being figured by Tremewan (1961).
On the somewhat matter underside of the forewings, the spots generally
form a strong red suffusion. The red of the hindwings is somewhat less
fiery than that in the forewing spots. In 5¢d¢,19, the hindwings have a
narrow but distinct blue-black border, especially at the apex; in the re-
maining specimens the hindwing border is absent. The fringes are blue-
black.
This race is named after Mr H. Czipka: czipkai ssp. nov. The holotype
and allotype 2° with the above quoted data in coll. Reiss; paratypes
with the same data in coll. Czipka and coll. Reiss.
The <, labelled Haifa, coll. Pietsch, in coll. Reiss, that was recorded in
1932 (Reiss, 1932) has similar enlarged forewing spots and appears to be
referable to czipkai ssp. nov.
oy
REFERENCES
Alberti, B., 1958. Uber den stammesgeschichtlichen Aufbau der Gattung
Zygaena F. und ihrer Vorstufen (Insecta, Lepidoptera). Mitt. zool.
Mus. Berl., 34(2): 245-396.
, 1959. Ibidem. Mitt. zool Mus. Berl., 35 (1): 203-242.
Naumann, C., 1966. Zygaena (Subg. Zygaena F.) problematica n. sp. Z.
wien. ent. Ges., 51: 10-19, figs. 1-3, pl. 1, figs. A1-A4, B. C. D.
, 1970. Bemerkungen zur Biologie und zur systematischen Stellung
von Zygaena graslini Lederer, 1855 (Lep., Zygaenidae). Bonn. zool.
Beitr., 21: 133-136, figs. 1A-1F.
Reiss, H., 1930. In Seitz, die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde, Supplement,
2: 20, pl. 2f.
———,, 1933. Ibidem, 2: 259, 260, pl. 16i.
, 1932. Altes und Neues tber Zygaena corycia Stgr., Z. graslini Led.,
Z. cambysea Led. und Z. cuvieri Boisd (Lep.). Int. ent. Z., 26:
269-280, 1 pl.
——, 1935. Neues tiber asiatische Zygaenen in besonderen die Zygaenen-
Fauna von Ak-Schehir in Kleinasien. Int. ent. Z., 29: 151.
Reiss, H. and Tremewan, W. G., 1964. New synonymy in the Genus
Zygaena Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae). Entomologist’s
Rec:, 16: 133:
, 1967. A systematic Catalogue of the Genus Zygaena Fabricius
(Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae). Series ent., 3. Dr W. Junk, Publishers.
The Hague.
Tremewan, W. G., 1961. A Catalogue of the types and other specimens in
the British Museum (Natural History) of the Genus Zygaena
Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae). Bull. Brit. Mus. (nat. Hist.)
Ente (Oi): \2ulepl. Oz, dip. tsa
Address of the authors: Hugo Reiss, 7 Stuttgart 1, Traubenstrasse 15 BI.
Dr Giinther Reiss, 7 Stuttgart-Vaihingen, Barchet 23.
BUTTERFLIES IN THE NEW FOREST IN 1970 15
Butterflies in the New Forest in 1970
By Rear Admiral A. D. TorRLEssE, C.B., D.S.O., R.N.
The cold weather of early March continued with little intermission
until the end of April, and spring came late. But thereafter there was
little or no frost and, coming as it did after the rather favourable butterfly
season of 1969, this probably accounted for the relatively good showing of
our native butterflies in the New Forest and elsewhere in England later in
the Year.
The first Brimstone (Gonepteryx rhamni Linn.) appeared in my garden
at Sway on 26th March, but thereafter butterflies were conspicuous by
their absence until the end of April when the Brimstones appeared in
numbers, with an occasional Green-veined White (Pieris napi Linn.),
Peacock (Nymphalis io Linn.) and Small Tortoiseshell (Aglais urticae
Linn.). On Sth May the first Holly Blue (Celastrina argiolus Linn.)
appeared; this butterfly was noticed occasionally here and there in the
Forest till late May, but contrary to normal experience the second brood,
though short in duration, proved to be much more numerous than the first.
The Brimstone was plentiful, following a very good emergence the previous
summer, and was seen on the wing as late as 28th June.
The Pearl-bordered Fritillary (Argynnis euphrosyne Linn.) was first
noticed on 18th May, but was not fully out until some ten days later. It
was noticeably more numerous in the Forest than for some years past,
But another May butterfly, the Duke of Burgundy (Hamearis lucina Linn.)
did not reappear in some of its old haunts in the southern half of the New
Forest, from which it has been absent for several years at least. The Small
Pearl-bordered Fritillary (Argynnis selene Linn.) was not seen until 30th
June and seemed to be far less numerous than A. euphrosyne. Even in
such a favourable year both butterflies were much less plentiful in the
New Forest than formerly.
The White Admiral (Limenitis camilla Linn.), first noticed on 29th June,
was well up in numbers compared with 1969. The Silver-washed Fritillary
(Argynnis paphia Linn.), well out by mid July, was also more numerous
than for several years past, but again this year the High Brown Fritillary
(Argynnis cydippe Linn.), once so plentiful in the New Forest, was very
scarce indeed. Two reports of the Purple Emperor (Aparture iris Linn.)
having been seen in the Forest reached me, but neither could be confirmed
and one was almost certainly a case of mistaken identity.
Generally, it was a good year for most of our common native species.
The Speckled Wood (Pararge aegeria Linn.) appeared in fair numbers
throughout the summer, though it never reached the extraordinary abun-
dance of 1967. The Wall Brown (Pararge megera Linn.) was not much in
evidence, but the Grayling (Eumenis semele Linn.) had a better year, while
the Meadow Brown (Maniola jurtina Linn.), Hedge Brown (M. tithonus L.),
Ringlet (Aphantopus hyperanthus L.), Small Heath (Caenonympha pam-
philus Linn.) and Silver-studded Blue (Plebjus argus Linn.) were all in
plenty, the Meadow Brown having an unusually long season and almost
certaily a second brood. But the Small Copper (Lycaena phleas Linn.)
remained relatively scarce, and little was seen of the Green-Hairstreak
(Callophrys rubi Linn.).
The second brood of the Holly Blue was a welcome surprise; though
never appearing in large numbers the butterfly was noticeable all over the
16 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 15/1/71
Forest for a short period in late July and early August, when a splendid )
emergence of Brimstones and Peacocks and rather smaller numbers of
Small Tortoiseshells occurred, and the Purple Hairstreak (Thecla quercus |
Linn.) was in more than usual numbers. The Common Blue (Polyommatus
icarus Rott.), so scarce in many parts of the country for some years past,
appeared sparingly in the Forest in August this year, and was seen in
abundance on a West Hampshire down in late August, flying together with
large number of Chalk Hill (Lysandra coridon Poda) and Adonis (L.
bellargus Rott.) Blues, the Brown Argus (Aricia agestis Schiff.) and some
belated Dark Green Fritillaries (Argynnis aglaia Linn.), a sight to gladden
any butterfly lover’s heart.
Although in some respects a rather notable year for our native species,
it was certainly not so for the immigrants, the Clouded Yellow, Painted
Lady and Red Admiral being all relatively scarce in this neighbourhood.
But even in such a favourable year for the natives there was no sign of
the more spectacular New Forest butterflies, notably the four species of
Fritillary formerly so abundant, reappearing in their former numbers, and
it is reasonable to ask why. The most noticeable change that has taken
place in the Forest, apart from the much more widespread planting of
conifers, is the absence of the bramble from the rides in the inclosures, and
the general scarcity in these rides of flowering plants, in particular of the
Dog Violet, the foodplant of all four fritillaries. Spraying of the ride
verges with a brushwood inhibitor has certainly been carried out in many
of the inclosures, to what extent and with what frequency is not known.
It is also fairly certain that over-grazing to an ever-increasing extent since
the last war by the greatly increased numbers of deer has been an impor-
tant contributory cause of the scarcity within the inclosures both of the
larval foodplant and of the bramble. Similarly, over-grazing outside the
inclosures by the ever-increasing numbers of animals enjoying Commoners’
grazing rights has contributed to the relative scarcity of some of the
heathland species, which have also to compete with more frequent heather
cutting and burning as well as with the trampling of the hordes of spring
and summer campers.
Some Egg Laying and Larval Habits of Papilio
machaon L. (The Swallowtail Butterfly)
By JoHn McFEELY
Early on 14th June 1970, I set out for the Norfolk Broads with the object
of seeing, for the first time, the swallowtail in its natural English habitat.
On arrival, disappointment appeared certain as a heavily clouded sky,
supplemented by light rain and a constant north east wind was the order
of the day. These conditions, quite unlike the glorious weather of the past
few days, were to prevail until after my return in the late afternoon.
Even the hardiest butterflies would not venture out in these almost
winter-like conditions, so, leaving the net in the boot of the car, I decided
to try my luck looking for swallowtail ova. Searching a small and
neglected-looking reed bed, one of several found near most of the broads,
it did not take long before I found milk parsley (Pseucedanum palustre)
growing in the reeds. Shortly afterwards I examined a large plant at the
SOME EGG LAYING AND LARVAL HABITS OF PAPILIO MACHAON L. iL
edge of the reeds with several sprays growing outwards and clear of the
surrounding vegetation. On one of these sprays I found the first of six ova
as a result of the search on these plants, over the next hour. By this time
certain factors had emerged regarding the site chosen for oviposition. It
appears that the female selects those plants which afford direct and easy
access. Close examination of many fine plants which did not enable an
easy approach proved fruitless. One particularly fine specimen of milk
parsley, several inches taller than myself and therefore over six feet high,
had grown clear of the surrounding reeds, and was chosen for the site for
two Ova.
The dark colour of two of the ova indicated that they would shortly
hatch. With a hand trowel I dug up several plants, and returning with
these to the car, I noticed a small specimen of Angelica sylvestris growing
in the short grass on the bank at the edge of the reed bed. Situated on
this plant, within an area of less than two square inches, were four
ova. I assumed that at least two females had visited this plant as two of
these eggs were considerably smaller than the others. This difference in
the size was most noticeable even without the aid of a lens.
In order to have the best chance of rearing fine specimens, I was pre-
pared to make further journeys to the broads for foodplant, but in the
event only one journey proved necessary. Milk parsley last very well
when potted.
After two days, the first larva appeared, and within the next four days
all had hatched. In the first, and for part of the second instars the larvae
were kept in airtight tins with small cut sprays of milk parsley. There-
after they were placed in a large breeding cage on growing plants.
On my first visit to the broads, I had noticed several other reed beds a
little nearer home. Ten days after my first visit I returned to the previously
noted reed beds, and in the few minutes of daylight still remaining, I
quickly dug up several milk parsley plants. Examination of these plants
revealed four small larvae of this butterfly. Having sufficient for my
needs, these were replaced on foodplant in the reed beds. It would appear
that 1970 has been a good year for this magnificent creature.
I placed the fresh foodplant already potted, in the breeding cage and
left the occupants to themselves. Two hours later I returned to find that
several of the larger larvae had transferred to the “new” foodplant, from
which they had taken large bites from some of the stems, resulting in the
partial collapse of the affected stems. Some too, on attempting to eat the
fresh foodplant would immediately wipe their jaws on any nearby surface
in an almost frantic attempt to remove the sap from which the plant gets
its name. At first these observations seemed to suggest rejection of the
fresh foodplant. I then noticed a smaller individual crawl on to the fresh
plants and I prepared to watch its every move. Sure enough, immediately
after his taking the first bite there followed the frantic jaw wiping
behaviour. At this time I also noticed that some of the others were now
heartily feeding on the fresh plants.
After ten minutes apparent rest, the individual being watched crawled
a few inches down the stalk of the leaf from which it had attempted to eat,
to a point where the stalk joined the main stem, at which, just below the
join, it made three or four incisions with its jaws. After a few minutes
without further movement, it then returned to the leaf from which it had
first attempted to eat. Almost immediately it recommenced feeding, only
18 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL, 838 by AV ATE
this time the sap was no longer a problem. The whole process lasted about
twenty minutes.
It is a feature of the milk parsley that when a leaf, or, to a lesser extent,
a stem is punctured there exudes a blob of tacky milk-like sap which
gradually hardens on exposure to the air. The larvae appear not to tolerate
this, and make incisions slightly lower down on the plant, which presum-
ably reduce the pressure of the sap to a level which enables the larvae to
feed unhindered.
This behaviour continued until the larvae were fully fed although the
sap does not seem to trouble the larger larvae to any great extent.
The resultant imagines are the finest marked, and on average the
largest I have ever seen. On the whole, I think the little extra effort (and
petrol) involved in ensuring a healthy supply of growing milk parsley well
worth while.
As a sequel to the above, my fiancee, whilst on holiday with me at
Seefeld in Austria, found a second instar larva of this butterfly on wild
carrot (Daucus carota). On arrival back home, it was placed on milk
parsley and exhibited, to a much more marked degree, the same behaviour
as observed with the English individuals, which by this time had all
pupated, following approximately three weeks in the larval state.
278 Neville Road, Forest Gate, London E.7.
Notes on the Indian Species of the Genus
Paralabis Burr (Dermaptera: Carcinophoridae)
By G. K. Srivastava, Calcutta
INTRODUCTION
Burr (1915) erected the genus Paralabis for the reception of the follow-
ing species:—Nannopygia dohrni Kirby, 1891; Anisolabis greeni Burr,
1899; Anisolabis pervicina Burr, 1913 with Anisolabis owenii Burr, 1911 as
the type species of Srivastava (1969) has established the genus Aborolabis
with A. pervicina as its type.
While studying the members of the family Carcinophoridae from India
I have come across two more species of the genus Paralabis viz., Paralabis
aborensis (Burr, 1913) and Paralabis montshadskii Bey-Bienko, 1959. On
the basis of the shape of parameres, Psalis lefrovi Burr, 1910, is also placed
under this genus, thus bringing the total to five species from India.
Specimens of all the five species, present in the collections of the Zoologi-
cal Survey of India, Calcutta, have been examined.
In the present paper I have made an attempt to redefine the status of
the genus and the species. Brief notes to the species are also given.
DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERS OF THE GENUS Paralabis BURR
Male: Head triangular, longer than broad, sutures faint or obsolete;
eyes black or sometimes whitish. Antennae 17 to 19-segmented, dark
brown to blackish brown, sometimes a few apical segments
whitish, Ist long and conical; 2nd small; 3rd long and cylindrical, slightly
longer than 4th and almost equal to 5th; 4th conical or cylindrical; 5th
and 6th cylindrical and rest gradually increasing in length. Pronotum
quadrat, longer than broad, hind margin rounded, gently widened pos-
NOTES ON THE INDIAN SPECIES OF THE GENUS PARALABIS BURR 19
teriorly, sides straight. Elytra abbreviated or perfect, sometimes totally
absent. Legs unicolorous, often banded with black. Abdomen smooth or
punctate, narrowed anteriorly, sides of 6th to 9th abdominal segments
obtuse or acute, smooth or punctate, carinate or ecarinate. Ultimate ter-
gite usually transverse, often longitudinal fold on sides present, median
suture faint or distinct. Penultimate sternite triangular with posterior
margin rounded, obtuse or acute; manubrium longer than the sternite
with apex dilated. Forceps usually slightly asymmetrical, trigonal near
the base, curved at apices, inner margin finely crenulate or smooth.
Genitalia (figs. C and F) tynical of the family with parameres about as long
as broad, broader at base or middle, narrowed towards apex, tip rounded,
external margin regularly convex and inner margin generally concave;
distal lobes unarmed or variously armed.
Female: Similar to males except the weakly transverse ultimate ter-
gite, narrowed apically; forceps simple and straight.
Distribution.—Ethiopian and Oriental Regions.
KEY TO THE INDIAN SPECIES OF THE GENUS Paralabis BURR
1. (2). Penultimate sternite with posterior margin emarginate ..........
P. montshadskii Bey-Bienko
2. (1). Penultimate sternite with posterior margin rounded or obtuse
aen(4)- Drstali lObCSHUMAGIMEG! 5. ...0ce occ 1s oe oe cree bey P. greeni (Burr)
4. (3). Distal lobes variously armed
5. (6). Distal lobes armed with a pair of chitinous, denticulate rods
AUC Allan hee Ne ee mere eo onus eas P. aborensis (Burr)
6. (5). Distal lobes armed with minute chitinous teeth apically
7. (8). Elytra with posterior margin truncate .......... P. dohrni (Kirby)
8. (7). Elytra with posterior margin very slightly obliquely truncate......
P. lefroyi (Burr) comb. nov.
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT
Paralabis dohrni (Kirby)
Labidura femoralis Dubrony (nec Dohrn), 1879. Ann. Mus. Stor. nat.
Genova, 14, p. 352.
Nannopygia dohrni Kirby, 1891. J. Linn. Soc. (Zool.), 23, p. 508 (9; Ceylon).
Carcinophora caeruleipennis Bormans, 1900. Das Tierreich, 11, p. 40.
Carcinophora dohrni: Burr, 1902. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 14, p. 328, pl.
B, fig. 20 (¢, 9; Description).
Psalis dohrni: Burr, 1910. Fauna Brit. India, Dermaptera, p. 76, pl. 3, fig. 19.
Paralabis dohrni: Burr, 1915. J. R. micr. Soc. Lond., p. 540, pl. 12, fig. 1
(Genitalia).
General colour reddish to blackish brown, pronotum yellowish on sides,
femora banded with black. Pronotum longer than broad, gently widened
posteriorly, sides straight, hind margin rounded, median longitudinal
suture faint. Elytra smooth, shining, black or reddish with posterior mar-
gin truncate. Wings generally absent, rarely present. Abdomen gently
widened posteriorly, surface finely punctulate, sides of 6th to 9th abdominal
segments in ¢ obtusely rounded. Ultimate tergite in ¢ transverse, on sides
with a faint longitudinal fold. Penultimate sternite somewhat triangular
with posterior margin rounded.
20 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 15/1/71
Length of body 3 ie)
Gwithout forceps) 0. 4:26. 2.256e 10-12 mm. 9:5-12:-5 mm.
senethromiorceps! 1) te. Ye. 22 2-2:5 mm. 1:9- 2-5 mm.
Distribution. — India: Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Kerala and Mahar-
ashtra. Ceylon.
Paralabis greeni (Burr)
Anisolabis greeni Burr, 1899. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., (7) 4, p. 257 (d, 9;
Punduloya, Ceylon).
Borellia greeni: Burr, 1910. Fauna Brit. India, Dermaptera, p. 87.
Euborellia greeni: Burr, 1911. Genera Insect., 122, p. 30.
Paralabis greeni: Burr, 1915. J. R. micr. Soc., Lond., p. 540, pl. 12, fig. 2
(Genitalia).
General colour varies from dark brown to blackish brown, often legs
brick red. A very distinct species in having the head, pro- and mesonotum,
elytra and dorsal surface of abdomen punctate. Penultimate sternite tri-
angular with posterior margin obtuse. Forceps in § weakly asymmetrical,
subcontiguous at base, inner margin with a faint tooth at about middle or
nearer to the base.
Length of body fof 12)
(without forceps) ........ 11-5-23-5 mm. 16-4-18:24 mm.
Length of forceps :....... 2-3 mm. 3-2- 3:42 mm.
Distribution.—India: Madras and Mysore. Ceylon.
Paralabis lefroyi (Burr) comb. nov.
Anisolabis brunneri? Burr (nec Dohrn), 1906. J. Asiat. Soc. Beng. (N.S.),
2, No. 9, p. 389.
Psalis lefroyi Burr, 1910. Fauna Brit. India, Dermaptera, p. 77, pl. 3, fig. 20
(g, 29; Bombay: Mahim “feeding on plantain roots”; Pusa, Bengal).
Eurborellia lefroyi: Kapoor, 1967, Agra Univ. J. Res. (Sci.), 16 (1), p. 11
(comb. nov.).
There are 3 $d before me (India, Madhya Pradesh, Shahdol Dist.,
1 g, Amarkantak, 14.v.1962, S. Chakrapani coll.; 1 ¢, left bank of Narbada
between Kund and Kapildhara, 22.v.1965; 1 ¢, Doodh Dhara, 2nd waterfall
of Narbada River, Amarkantak, 9.v.1962, P. Singh coll.) which I am refer-
ring to this species as these are agreeing well with the original description
and illustration (pl. 3, fig. 20) of Burr (1910) except the ultimate tergite
which is strongly transverse, not narrowed posteriorly and forceps curved
at apices.
It will be worthwhile to mention here that although the legend to
Burr’s said figure reads as ‘¢’ the shape of ultimate tergite and forceps
suggest it may be a 9. With these points I wrote to Mr John Huxley to
kindly clear my doubt regarding the sex of the ‘Type’. He has very
kindly informed me that British Museum (Natural History), London,
possesses two specimens, i.e., 1 9 and another probably a ¢ nymph, both
these labelled as ‘Bombay, Mahim, 22.ii.1904, on plantain roots’ which
should be best regarded as ‘Syntypes’ since none of these are identifiable
as ‘Types’ either from the original description or labels. And probably
the Q mentioned above has been figured by Burr (1910, pl. 3, fig. 20).
Following is some more information regarding the said syntypic pair as
supplied by him.
“1. 9. Elytra present; wings absent; sides of abdominal terga ecarinate,
finely punctulate as dorsal surface. Probably the specimen figured in
NOTES ON THE INDIAN SPECIES OF THE GENUS PARALABIS BURR 21
Fauna.
2. ? § nymph. Elytra and wings totally absent. ¢ number of abdominal
terga, ecarinate, sparsely punctulate at sides. No detectable genitalia, no
manubrium.”
Paralabis lefroyi (Burr): ¢, A. Ultimate tergite and forceps; B. Pos-
terior margin of penultimate sternite; C. Genitalia. Paralabis aborensis
(Burr): 3, D. Ultimate tergite and forceps; E. Posterior margin of penul-
timate sternite; F. Genitalia. (A, B, D and E same scale and C and F same
scale).
It has been clearly mentioned by Burr (1910 ,p. 78) that he has described
the species from a single pair in poor condition, which is now deposited
in the British Museum (Natural History) London, from the locality as
mentioned above. There is mention of another locality (Bengal: Pusa)
also in the publication. In my opinion it has been given for those speci-
mens from Purneah Dist. which were earlier (1906) referred by Burr,
doubtfully to A. brunneri and later on (1910, p. 78) as immature specimens
of this species.
Altogether ten specimens were referred to A. brunneri by Burr (1906,
p. 389) which is obvious from the registered Nos. mentioned in the publi-
cation. Out of these ten, only three specimens with reg. Nos. 9530-9532/14,
Purneah Dist., N. Bengal (now in Bihar) and labelled as Juv. ? Psalis
lefroyi Burr, are present in the Zoological Survey of India,
Calcutta. The specimen with reg. No. 9525/14 appears to have been lost
since only the pin with various other labels is left. All the specimens lack
elytra and are probably the nymphs of this species as stated by Burr.
22 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 15/1/71
The species is redescribed below.
Male: Head blackish brown, smooth, about as long as broad, triangular,
posterior margin gently emarginate in middle, sutures faintly marked.
frons tumid. Antennae 17- segmented, blackish brown except the segments
2nd, 13th and 14th yellow. Pronotum blackish brown with sides yellow,
longer than broad, anterior margin straight, sides very faintly concave in
middle, posterior margin rounded, median suture distinct. Elytra black
with posterior margin very slightly obliquely truncate, small scutellum
visible. Wings absent. Legs yellow, femora banded with black. Abdomen
punctulate, gently widened posteriorly, sides of segments 6th to 9th in ¢
rugosely punctulate. Ultimate tergite (fig. A) transverse, longitudinal fold
on sides present, median sulcus prominent in posterior half only. Penulti-
mate sternite (fig. B) triangular with posterior margin briefly rounded,
manubrium three times as long as the sternite and dilated at the apex.
Forceps with branches subcontiguous at base, triangular with ridge in
basal one third only, weakly asymmetrical, with right branch more curved
and crossing over the left one near the apex, tip curved and pointed, inner
margin finely crenulate throughout. Genitalia (fig. C).
Female: Almost similar to males except the weakly transverse ultimate
tergite narrowed posteriorly and forceps with branches straight, apices
pointed and not hooked.
Length of body fet 12)
CwithoubetOECEDS)i 0. jen eee 12:2-13 mm. 9 mm.
eng thvotetoneepSs ee). .5 os soe se 2-2-2 mm. 1:75 mm.
Distribution.—India: Bihar, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Mysore.
Remarks.—This species closely resembles P. dohrni (Kirby) but it can
be easily distinguished by its slightly larger size; comparatively stouter
build and the elytra obliquely truncate at the posterior margin.
Paralabis aborensis (Burr)
Euborellia aborensis Burr, 1913. Rec. Indian Mus., 8 (2), p. 137 (4,
Assam).
Paralabis aborensis: Srivastava, 1968. Ent. Rec., 80, p. 292 (comb. nov.).
General colour reddish chestnut with shades of yellow and black. Elytra
present or absent. Abdomen punctulate and clothed with long and reddish
hairs, sides of segments 7th to 9th in ¢ carinate and rugulose. Branches of
forceps (fig. D) unarmed and asymmetrical in ¢ and in 9 simple and
straight. Genitalia (fig. F).
Length of body ef 2
Cwithoutsforceps)) aad..4) ous: 12-4-14 mm. 12-15-99 mm
Meng thwOistoncepss.on ue a. aca. 2-2:°5 mm 2-3 mm.
Distribution.—India: Assam (Rotung, Janakmukh and Dibrugarh).
Paralabis montshadskii Bey-Bienko
Anisolabis (Paralabis) montshadskii Bey-Bienko, 1959. Ent. Obozor., 38,
No. 3, p. 600, fig. 16 (¢, 9; China, Yunnan).
Paralabis montshadskii: Srivastava, Rec. zool. Surv. India, Calcutta, figs.
(In press).
Size medium, built stout, general colour dark brown or black. Pro-
notum with apical margin and sides straight, posterior margin briefly
rounded. Legs unicoloured or sometimes femora banded with black,
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 23
a
Elytra and wings absent. Abdomen in ¢ punctulate, sides of segments
obtuse, rugosely punctate; ultimate tergite transverse, narrowed apically,
median suture faint, with tumid elevations laterally above the bases of
forceps. Penultimate sternite in ¢ with posterior margin emarginate in
middle. Forceps in ¢ heavy, trigonal in basal one third, crossing near the
apex, inner margin unarmed; in © branches straight and contiguous.
Length of body S$ Q
(without forceps) ...... 11-5-14:63 mm. 10-35-13:01 mm.
Length of forceps ........ 2:2-2-5 mm. 1:97-2:37 mm.
Distribution.—India: N.E.F.A., Kameng Division, Rahung and Chug
village. China: Yunnan.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I am thankful to the Director, Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, for
providing necessary facilities. My thanks are also due to Mr John Huxley
of British Museum (Natural History), London,, for supplying the valuable
information regarding the ‘Types’ of Psalis lefroyi Burr.
REFERENCES
Burr, M. 1906. A Further Note on Earwigs (Dermaptera) in the Indian
Museum; with Description of a New Species. J. Asiat. Soc.
Beng. (N.S.), 2, pp. 387-390.
Burr, M. 1910. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma,
Dermaptera, pp. xviii+217, 10 pls—London (Taylor and Francis),
Burr, M. 1915. On the Male Genital Armature of the Dermaptera. Part II.
Psalidae. J. R. micr. Soc., 1915, pp. 521-546, pls. 10-12, figs. 58-64.
Srivastava, G. K. 1969. On a new genus of Dermaptera from India. Ent.
Rec., 81, pp. 246-248, fig. 1.
Notes and Observations
HyYDRILLULA PALUSTRIS HUBN. IN LINCOLNSHIRE—On 21st June 1902 J. F.
Musham and C. P. Arnold took a male specimen of this species near a fresh
water marsh in the coastal sand dunes at Theddlethorpe. Repeated visits
by many entomologists have failed to produce a second specimen.
On the morning of the 13th June of this year, I found a male H.
palustris in the mercury vapour light trap in my meadow. Mr R. P.
Demuth has very kindly confirmed the identity of this specimen. The
meadow overlooks a fresh water marsh some four hundred yards away.
Beyond this is some wet woodland, very reminiscent of Wood Walton Fen,
and beyond this a second marsh. In both marshes there is an abundant
growth of meadow-sweet. I do not think that either of these marshes has
ever seen an entomologist in the past. I have only recently come to live
in this area and it would appear that my time could be spent very
profitably next year in a thorough investigation of this wetland area.—R. E.
M. PiucHer, The Little Dower House, South Thoresby, Alford, Lincs.
16.xi.1970.
24 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 15/1/71
L208 LycaeNa PHLAEAS L.—On 7th November 1970 I observed for several
minutes a small copper butterfly enjoying the afternoon sunshine on a
south-facing slope above the sea at Polruan, Cornwall. The specimen
looked very fresh as it fluttered among the bushes, and finally settled on
a bramble leaf with wings outspread, almost under my nose. I could
easily have captured it but did not do so. It would be interesting to
know whether this very late individual was a straggler from the usual
October emergence or whether it was the offspring of the October butter-
flies which, for some reason, forgot to hibernate and completed its growth
abnormally quickly for the time of year—Jouwn L. GREGORY, Lepidoptera
House, 17 Grove Road, St Austell, Cornwall. 17.xi.1970.
ANTITYPE XANTHOMISTA GREGSON IN IRELAND.—I spent a short time
collecting in south west Ireland this October. On 11th October I had a
Robinson mercury vapour light trap in the Castle grounds at Castletown-
shend which is on the sea in the extreme south west corner of County Cork.
The night was calm and warm and there were a lot of insects in the trap
next morning. The commonest was Aporophyla nigra Haw. with about
one hundred specimens. There were also three Leucania unipuncta Haw.,
which is almost certainly a resident in this very mild area, and one
Antitype xanthomista Gregson. According to Baynes, this is the first Irish
record, and it is surprising that xanthomista should not have turned up in
Ireland before, in view of its presence on the facing and very similar coasts
of North Cornwall and Pembroke. It is a poor specimen and I am unable
to say whether it differs in any degree from the English form.—R. P.
DremMutH, Watercombe House, Oakridge, Stroud, Glos. 4.xii.1970.
Work oF A New Forest SPipER.—During a night’s bug hunting in the
New Forest in July, the remarkable efficiency of the spider was brought
home to us. We had arrived about 9 p.m., and, before deciding where to
set up our light and sheet, we explored a ride which led in from the main
road. Three of us walked abreast the entire length of it.
About 1.30 a.m. things began to get slack in the spot we had adopted,
so I decided to try the car headlights along the side ride. As soon as the
beam was in position I noticed about ten yards away a large spider’s web,
quite perfect with a big spider in the centre awaiting customers.
The diameter of the web was about 10”. It was 3 feet from the ground,
right in the middle of the path, and at first glance it appeared to be quite
unsupported. Curiosity forced us to investigate and we found one sup-
porting strand leading directly to a pine branch 12 feet away on the far
side of a deep ditch and 8 feet up. On the other side the upper stay led to
the top of a tall thistle 8 feet away. The lower stays were not quite so
long, but the whole structure entirely blocked the ride.
This stupendous achievement by a single spider had been completed in
less than four hours. Can anybody tell us how it was done?—B. W.
WEDDELL, 39 Victoria Road, Trowbridge, Wilts. 3.xii.1970.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 25
LOXOSTEGE STICTICALIS L. IN WESTMORLAND.—I took a specimen of
Loxostege sticticalis L. in my mercury vapour lamp trap here in New
Hutton on the night of 28/29.viii.1970. I know of no previous record of this
species from Westmorland but it was recorded in some numbers from the
Penrith area (just in Cumberland) in 1955 (Ent. Rec., 67: 273). At the time
of capture, there was no evidence of any other migratory species, and
indeed, migrant moths have generally been very scarce in this district this
year.—Dr NEVILLE L. BrrKert, Kendal Wood, New Hutton, near Kendal.
3.xii.1970.
MONMOUTHSHIRE LEPIDOPTERA RECORDS IN 1970. — Perhaps the most
interesting of several unexpected species of moths I have encountered in
Monmouthshire during the last two years was Parascotia fuliginaria L.
a single specimen appearing in my garden m.v. trap at Usk on 8rd August
1970. I am not aware of any earlier Monmouthshire occurrences of this
moth and should welcome information on any previous Welsh records.
Last year on 31st July Euphyia cuculata Hufn. appeared in my trap at
Usk.
In a small fen in southern Monmouthshire I took this year a specimen
of Leucania straminea Treits. on 10th July and later that night a Gastro-
pacha quercifolia L. came to m.v. light. This is the only time I have met
the Lappet in this county. At the same spot on 11th July 1969 a male
Spilosoma urticae Esp. came to m.v.
Hadena bombycina Hufn. which usually is rare in Monmouthshire
turned up in a number of localities in 1970.
1970 has proved a good year for Celastrina argiolus L. in Monmouth-
shire as in other parts of the country. Its appearance here was wide-
spread and when the second brood had emerged in July and August it
was not unusual to see six or more at a time flying round the hollies
and other evergreens in my garden. 1958 was Gwent’s last big Holly
Blue year but the numbers this time exceeded those of twelve years ago.
It is gratifying to be able to report the presence this year of Limenitis
camilla L. in the north of Monmouthshire. Hitherto in this country I had
only seen it in the Tintern district where I observed it from 1952 to
1962. During that decade it steadily increased in numbers and extended
its territory considerably but it then suddenly died out and although I
have searched the area most years since then it has not reappeared.
Migrants in general have been far fewer in Monmouthshire this year
than in 1969. There were very few Vanessa atlanta L. and Vanessa cardui
L. The moths Plusia gamma L., Agrotis ipsilon Hufn., and particularly
Peridroma porphyrea Schiff. were all comparatively infrequent. I saw
only a few Nomophila noctuella Schiff. and but one Udea ferrugalis Hiibn.
However I did see a single Colias croceus Fourc. on 28th September and
one Macroglossum stellatarum L. which appeared was the first I have
seen here for more than thirteen years.
It may be of interest to record here that I know of three colonies of
Zygaena lonicerae transferens Verity. in Monmouthshire, one being in
the vicinity of Usk.
Finally my m.v. trap at Usk yielded a fresh male Orthosia incerta
Hufn. on the rather surprising date of 23rd October 1970. — Dr. G. A.
Nett Horton. Plas Newydd, Usk, Monmouthshire. 21.xi.1970.
26 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 15/1/71
THE MEANING OF THE NAME Griposia.—Mr J. L. Campbell asks (antea:
296) for the meaning of this generic name in the Noctuidae. However, he
has really answered his own question when he remarks that it appears
to be only an anagram of Agriopis—a name that has been in use for
very many years, I believe. Now in general an anagram, being nothing
but a rearrangement of the letters of the original, can ipso facto have no
etymological (as distinct from entomological) meaning; though just
occasionally an author has succeeded, either by ingenuity or by a happy
accident, in creating a meaningful anagram at least as suitable as the
original name! Agriopis, like most names of genera, is taken from the
Greek or made up of Greek elements, and signifies ‘wild-eyed’ or ‘of
savage aspect.’ But as to why this should be specially appropriate to our
handsome ‘Merveille du Jour’ and its exotic allies, Mr Campbell’s guess
is as good as mine! Possibly something in the fore-wing markings may
have suggested to an imaginative person the likeness of a grotesque
face; or is the allusion rather to the moth’s actual ‘face’ seen from the
front? In any case, the choice of many names in entomology is highly
fanciful, often even entirely arbitrary.—A. A. ALLEN, 63 Blackheath Park,
S.E.3. 26.xi.70.
NEPTICULID Cocoons: THEIR GREGARIOUS NATURE.—I have in previous
years observed but not remarked upon the gregarious nature of these
cocoons when produced in captivity. This autumn, having given more
attention than before to the collecting and studying of the Nepticulid
larvae, this curious habit was particularly noticeable among those
species that I had collected in numbers (Nepticula viscarella Stt., N. myr-
tillella Stt., N. betulicola Stt./N. luteella Stt., Stigmella poterii Stt., etc.).
Although Nepticulid larvae live solitarily as leaf-miners, if a number
of tenanted leaves be collected and placed together in a box one on top
of another, many of the resulting cocoons will be found formed gregar-
iously between certain leaves without any apparent reason for this
preference. All breeders of Nepticulidae must be familiar with this
behaviour, yet I cannot recall having ever read or heard of any suggested
explanation to account for it. Perhaps our specialists in this group—Mr
Jacobs, Col. Emmet and Mr S. C. S. Brown—would be so kind as to
favour us with their views on this subject? — J. M. Cyatmers-Hunr.
30.xi.1970.
[I certainly have noticed this tendency, and many years ago exhibited
a group of eight or so cocoons of Nepticula aurella Stt. in the centre of
a three inch glass topped box. At the time I offered the suggestion that
this might be in order to facilitate mating when the insects hatched, but
Dr Cockayne stated that such foresight could not possibly be attributed
to these moths, and that the explanation was probably that they selected
the spot which offered the best micro-climate, particularly as regards
humidity.—Ed.].
CURRENT LITERATURE 27
Current Literature
Lepidoptera New Series I, No. 10, Lepidopterologisk Forening, Copen-
hagen, contains two papers by Ernst Urbahn, which should be of
great interest to Lepidopterists.
The first compares Amphipyra pyramidea L. with A. berbera Rungs.,
and starts by comparing the ova with highly enlarged micro-photographs
by Dr. Klaus Sattler, which show marked differences in the reticulation
and especially in the microphyle. The larvae are illustrated in colour
showing dorsal and lateral view of both species, side by side. Drawings
of the cremastal hooks of the pupae of both species give dorsal and ventral
aspects and photographs of four imagines show A. berbera berbera from
Algeria, A. berbera svenssoni from Zehdenick, A. pyramidea from Jena
and A. berbera svenssoni from Sweden. The paper finishes by citing 13
references to papers on the subject. The paper is in the Danish language,
and the only criticism of this excellent work is that it lacks the customary
summary in English, French or German.
The next paper by the same author deals with the two closely related
species Diarsia rubi View. and D. florida Schmidt. The subject is treated
similarly to that on the Amphipyra species, with micro-photographs of the
egg reticulation and also very highly magnified photographs of the micro-
phyle, also by Dr Sattler. The larvae are illustrated on two coloured
plates, giving lateral and dorsal views of each species; there is also a
drawing by the author showing segment VI of a florida larva from lateral
and dorsal aspects. There is also a drawing showing the chaetotaxy of the
anal segment of both species.
The cremastal hooks of the pupae of both rubi and florida after O.
Wilde and also six drawings by the author giving three examples of each
species show differences.
The imagines are compared in a coloured plate showing pairs of each
species separately and the two pairs side by side. The genitalia of both
species, male and female, are illustrated by drawings by the author.
References to nine papers are given, but here again, a summary in another
language is missing.
Finally there is a coloured plate of 20 figures showing species added
to the Danish list since the publication of Dr Skat Hoffmeyer’s book on
the Danish Moths. The plate explanation gives short details of each of
these species.—S.N.A.J.
A similar paper on the Diarsia by Ernst Urbahn appears in Zeitschrift
der Wiener Entomologischen Gesellschaft 54: 8-22 with the text in the
German language.—S.N.A.J.
Provisional Atlas of the Insects of the British Isles, Part I. Lepidoptera
Rhopalocera (Butterflies) edited by John Heath: The Biological
Records Centre, Monks Wood Experimental Station, Abbots Ripton,
Hunts.. 10/- (50p).
This book, or rather, file, for it is bound with a plastic cliv on the loose
leaf style, represents the first contribution of the Biological Records Centre
to the European Invertibrate Survey. It puts together the observations of
some 620 observers spread over the country whose reports have been
collated by Mr Heath and his staff. who have also searched for and in-
28 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 Gy /U/ral
cluded published records.
The Introduction by the Editor occupies the first page after the title
page, and on its reverse side there are indices both of scientific and of
Vernacular names. In his introduction, Mr Heath sets out the principle on
which the distribution maps have been made. These show pre-1960 records
as open circles, while 1960 onwards records are shown as filled black
circles. The maps are on a 100 Km. grid, the squares of which are divided
on the map margins into 10 Km. squares which can therefore be projected
across the map by the use of a straight edge instead of obscuring the
subject by a printed 10 Km. grid.
The maps are printed one on each side, and the first map illustrates the
places from which records have been received, and therefore showing the
distribution of the recorders. Thereafter the maps illustrate the distribu-
tion of one species per map, that of Gonepteryx rhamni L. being accom-
panied by distribution maps of Rhamnus catharticus and Frangula alnus,
its foodplants. In all, 57 maps are given, only the residential British
species being included.
The format is large quarto in stiff paper covers, and is printed by an
offset process on heavy art paper. In a later edition, it is hoped to be
able to show records pre-1940, 1940-1960, and 1960 to date. The work will
show itself to be indispensible to all who are interested in or concerned
with insect distribution.
I understand that the centre has a similar work on a selected list of
macro-moths in preparation.—S.N.A.J.
Atlas Provisoire des insectes de Belgique, Maps 1-100, edited by Jean
Leclercq. Faculte de Sciences Agronomiques de L’Etat, Zoologie
Générale et Faunistique, Gembloux.
The Editor of this file explains in his Introduction that the present
selection of distribution maps gives species from as many genera as
possible rather than the full list of species of a genus, and is issued to tide
over the necessarily long time which must pass before a complete set of
‘European Distribution Maps can be issued.
The first map shows the grid system used, Belgium being covered by a
100 Km. grid with an adjustment for the earth’s curvature, the squares
being lettered serially for longitude and latitude. These squares are
divided into 10 Km. squares, which are grouped in sub squares of 50 Km.
marked 1, 2, 3 and 4. Maps 2-64 record Hymenoptera families Vespidae.,
Formicidae, Sphecidae, Pompilidae and Siricidae. Diptera have Maps
65-88, representing Rhagonidae, and Syrphidae, while Coleoptera have
Maps 89-100 in which the Cantharidae are represented.
This set is also printed by an offset process on good heavy paper, the
format being a small fooscap, roughly 7” x10”, with two maps per side, the
binding being by two punched holes through which the two ends of a metal
ribbon are threaded, the ribbon being attached to a strong paper cover.
The appearance of this painstaking work should stimulate more
interested observers to supply data so that further issues may be able to
show the fullest possible data. The Editor, in his introduction, laments
the blank spots in his maps, which are in many cases caused by a lack
of observers. It is good to see this gigantic project beginning to come to
the hands of the interested public, and its success is assured, for it wil]
fill a very wide-felt need.—S.N.A.J.
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CONTENTS, Vol. 83, Part I
A Further New Member of Poecilmitis thysbe (L.) Group (Lepi-
doptera: Lycaenidae) from the Roggeveld Mountains. C. G.
C. DICKSON of: a a
In Search of Lepidoptera, 1970. DAVID BROWN
The Butterflies and Moths of Canna. J. L. Campbell (concluded
from 82: 299)
On Zygaena (Mesembrynus) graslini Lederer near Tel Aviv in
Israel (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae). HUGO REISS and
GUNTHER REISS, Stuttgart .. ay a2 a at
Butterflies in the New Forest, 1970. Rear Admiral A. D. TORLESSE
Some Egg Laying and Larval Habits of Papilio machaon L. (The
Swallowtail Butterfly). JOHN McFEELY
Notes on the Indian Species of the Genus Paralabis Burr (Demap-
tera: Carcinophoridae). G. K. SRIVISTAVA, Calcutta
Notes and Observations:
Hydrillula palustris Hiibn. in Lincolnshire. R. E. M. PICHER
L208 Lycaena phlaeas L. JOHN L. GREGORY
Antitype xanthomista Gregson in Ireland. R. P. DEMUTH ..
Work of a New Forest Spider. B. W. WEDDELL
Loxostge sticticalis L. in Westmorland. Dr NEVILLE L.
BIRKETT ..
Monmouthshire Lepidoptera Records in 1970. Dr G. A. NEIL
HORTON
The Meaning of the Name Griposia. A. A. ALLEN
Nepticulid Cocoons: Their Gregarious Nature. J. M.
CHALMERS-HUNT
Current Literature
Butterflies and Moths of Kent, III. J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT
13
15
16
18
(59)
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29
From the Alpes Maritimes to Albarracin
(July-August 1970)
By C. G. M. de Worms, M.A., Ph.D.
The region of the Alpes Maritimes is indeed one of the richest for
lepidoptera not only in France, but also for Europe as a whole. I made
this area my venue during the last days of July 1970 when I had arranged
a rendezvous there with Major-General Sir George Johnson who had
been on a collecting tour, mainly in Switzerland. This was my third
visit to this grand moutainous area stretching back from the Cote d’Azur
which I had already sampled in July 1955 in company with Col. C. W.
Mackworth Praed (vide Entom., 89: 26) and again with Mr R. F. Brether-
ton in August 1962 en route from Corisca.
I flew from London to Nice on July 26th where I was surprised to
find M. Dujardin and his niece awaiting for me at the airport, as I had
acquainted him on my imminent visit. It was a glorious Sunday after-
noon when we motored on the road via Grasse to Coussols where there
was a galaxy of butterflies on the wing. The collecting ground was a
large open valley bordered on one side with out-crops of limestone pave-
ment among small low-growing bushes. Of the twenty-six species of
butterflies observed during the few hours that afternoon among the
Pierids most prominent was Aporia crataegi L. The Satyrids were well
to the fore with many Hipparchia alcyone D. & S. as well as Coeno-
nympha dorus Esp., while Satyrus bryce Hitibn (cordula Esp.) accompanied
some early Arethusana arethusa Schiff. The only Fritillaries seen were
Argynnis aglaia L., Clossiana dia L., a few worn Brenthis hecate Schiff.
and Melitaea phoebe Schiff. By far the most numerous group were the
Lycaenids with swarms of Strymon spini Schiff. and a large number of
Lysandra coridon Poda, also L. bellargus Rott., some very fine Agrodiae-
tus damon Schiff., an occasional Plebeius argus and Philotes baton Bgstr.
The Hesperids were mainly represented by Pyrgus foulquieri Oberthur
and P. carthami Hubn. Agapetes galatea L. and Satyrus semele L. were
also in great plenty. We returned to Nice in the brilliant sunshine of the
summer’s evening and threaded our way along the crowded Promenade
des Anglais after a very fruitful start to the trip.
I stayed overnight in this vast city in a small hotel near the station
and not far from M. Dujardin’s home and early the following day I
picked up a small Renault at the airport and sped up the road towards
St Martin Vésubie which I last visited in 1962. It was a glorious day
again with plenty on the wing to keep me busy. Halting at a clearing
a few miles south of this well-known resort, I found a clump of buddleia
bushes in full bloom and alive with butterflies, chiefly Argynnis paphia
L., A. adippe Rott. in a very large and bright form, also lots of Brintesia
circe Fab., Aglais urticae L. while further down along the road near
one of the gorges were flying many Parnassius apollo L., Satyrus bryce
Huibn. (cordula Fab.), with a few Iphiclides podalirius L. On reaching
St Martin I at once made my way up the six miles of steep valley to the
old hospice of La Madone de Fenestre which had proved so fruitful eight
years before, but unfortunately it was much less prolific on this occasion.
There were a few Erebias flying, mainly E. alberganus de Prun. (ceto
Hiibn.), E. cassioides R. & Hochenwarth and E. montanus de Prun
(goante Esp.). But the chief quarry Boloria graeca Stdgr. so common there
30 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/2/71 1-15/ 370 2
in 1962, did not put in an appearance, only an occasional B. pales Schiff.
A few Colias phicomone Esp. were careering about the slopes. Returning
through St Martin I then motored up the very steep five miles of winding
road to the Col de la Colmiane at 5000 ft. which had been my main col-
lecting ground in 1955 and 1962. In a small dry valley which had been
a favourite haunt I found a good many Melitaea didyma Esp., M. phoebe
Schiff., with Plebeius argus L., a single Maculinea arion L. Late that
afternoon I made the very precipitous descent to the valley of the Tinée
and returned to Nice.
Another warm and bright morning welcomed me on July 28th when
I left Nice and again wended my way up the same valley as the previous
day, but this time I followed the Tinée all the way. I happened to stop
by a small lavender bank where a lot of sea buckthorn was growing
and was pleased to find a number of Lycacides idas. f. calliopis Bdv.
feeding on the flowers of the lavender. There are those who consider
this insect a species on its own as its larvae seem to feed exclusively on
the Rhamnoides. After depositing my luggage at the Hotel Issautier at
St Etienne de Tinée I made my way up the steep road to the ski resort of
Auron where a flowery field produced many Argynnis aglaia L., A. niobe
L., Coenonympha iphis Schiff. and Satyrus actaea Esp. in a nearby wood.
I next ascended in the téléférique to 7500 ft. where it was very windy.
A few small Erebias were flying at this altitude which appeared. to be
E. gorge Hubn. I descended again to St Etienne to find Gen. Sir G. John-
son had just arrived from Italy. The 29th broke another fine day when
we motored up the Col du Restefond to a height of nearly 8000 ft. We
halted at an old army camp at the end of a number of zig-zags as this
was said to be a locality of Erebia scipio Bdv., but the only members of
this genus which we saw on the rocky and grassy slopes were a small
form of E. meolans de Prun. (stygne Ochs.) and E. epiphron Knoch. Soon
about noon the whole sky became overcast and a heavy thunderstorm
broke which ended our day’s collecting. However, we once more set out
early on the 30th in two cars up the previous ascent to the same spot.
I went on to make the summit of the pass at the Col de la Bonette which
claims to be the highest road in Europe at 9300ft. A magnificent pano-
rama was awaiting me of almost the whole of the Alpes Maritimes, but
it was too high for any insects. So I descended a little way to a small
scree where a number of Erebias were flying in the hot morning sun.
These proved to be mainly E. pluto de Prun. with a few E. gorge Hiibn.
and E. pandrose Bkh. (lappona Esp.). On descending a little further I
came across a scree facing east which was alive with E. pluto in both
sexes with a sprinkling of E. gorge. Both were much easier to catch and
select in this setting. But once more a drenching thunderstorm broke
about lunchtime which prevented further collecting
On July 31st we left St Etienne early, motoring down the valley
to Nice Airport where I returned my small car and continued as a passen-
ger in Sir George’s car westwards along the Autoroute which skirts
Cannes. We ran into another big storm at Aix-en-Provence and eventually
drove into Arles on the Rhone where we spent the night at the Hotel Jules
César. August broke very fine and warm when we set out again west-
wards skirting the northern end of the Camargue to Montpellier. But soon
afterwards we ran into a big traffic hold-up of hundreds of holidaymakers
going seawards, known in France as the Aottiers. However, we were
FROM THE ALPES MARITIMES TO ALBARRACIN 3]
fortunately able to leave the unending stream of cars and strike inland via
Béziers and eventually turned southwards through the most picturesque
Route des Corbiéres, a small range of limestone mountains. This was
virtually a deserted winding road which bypassed Narbonne, so that we
finished by joining the trunk road which goes inland westwards from
Pergignan, through country which I had previously sampled for collecting
in 1965. After passing Prades we made the big ascent which I had covered
so often five years earlier, eventually putting up at the large and sumptious
Grand Hotel on the edge of the Forét at Font-Romeu which had been a
happy hunting ground in 1965, but when I ventured into the pine-clad area
near the hotel on the afternoon of August 2nd I was most disappointed in
the number of butterflies on the wing. There was no sign of Erebia
euryale Esp. which was swarming on my earlier visit. Coenonympha iphis
Schiff. was the commonest species on grass stems with an occasional Erebia
oeme Hiibn., the females being still quite fresh. However, we had a better
harvest that morning when we descended to a spot quite close to
Villefranche-de-Confient, just north of Vernet, which had proved very
prolific in 1965. As we arrived quite a cloud of Hipparchia fidia L. rose
from the rocks, but all proved to be males mostly just out. Both Pyronia
cecilia Vall. (ida Esp.) and P. bathseba Fab. (pasiphaé Esp.) were about,
but worn with a host of the only Hairstreak present which turned out to
be Strymon esculi Hiibn. also mostly past their best. Other species in fair
numbers were Coenonympha dorus Esp. with the Blues Lysandra hylas
Esp. (argester Bgstr.). Everes alcetas Hffmgg. and Polyommatus icarus
Rott. Other less frequent species included Iphiclides feisthameli Dup.,
Gonepteryx cleopatra L., Limenitis rivularis Scop., Brenthis ino Rott. and
Mellicta dejone Gr.
We made an early start in heavy rain on August 3rd crossing into Spain
with ease at Bourgmadame whence we followed a tortuous road through
the foothills of the Pyrenees to Lerida and then on to Saragossa for another
night. En route the only entomological incident was when held up at a
level crossing a Papilio machaon L. alighted on some fennel and laid an
egg in full view. From Saragossa on the 4th we followed the route I had
taken in 1966 reaching the neighbourhood of Albarracin by mid-day in
very warm conditions. We halted in a dry valley just east of that famous
resort which had proved so fruitful four years earlier, but that was in the
first half of July. By early August most of the butterflies had vanished
and all that was flying were a few H. fidia and Chazara briseis L. as well as
Pontia daplidice L., G. cleopatra, Lysandra albicans H. & S. and Sloperia
proto Ochs. Later that day we motored back the 25 miles to Teruel where
we put up at the excellent Parador where a small suite only came to
about 25/- a day.
August 5th dawned well with exceptional heat in the offing so that we
set out soon after 8 am. for Albarracin and thence to the high ground at
near 5000 ft. in the Bronchales region. En route we halted at the edge of
the fir forest by a small bridge where I had had a harvest in 1966, but little
of interest was on the wing in this attractive spot except for a few
Argynnis paphia L., A. adippe Rott. in its form with its greenish underside
together with worn Heodes alciphron Rott. In the thicker fir forest further
along the road to Orihuela we searched in vain for Lysandra nivescens
Kef. which had occurred in this terrain in 1966. Nor was there any sign of
our main quarry Erebia zapateri Oberthiir peculiar to this region, which
32 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD 15/2/71-15/3/7T1
we had been led to believe was widespread in this forest. However, Col.
Manley advised us to survey the road to Griegos. Where it left the
one to Orihuela, we found Mellicta pathenoides Kef. in plenty on thistles,
but on emerging from the main forest we came across some open flat
clearing alive with butterflies, mainly Lysandra caelestissima Verity and
Agrodiaetus damon Schiff. in a small and pale form. It was not long before
a dark insect flitted past me and I had no difficulty in identifying it as E.
zapateri of which we took only an occasional example in this spot. Other
butterflies in this most prolific locality included many Satyrus semele L.,
Hipparchia alcyone Schiff. in a small form, Hyponephele lycaon Kuhns,
Chazara briseis L. with some Agapetes russiae Esp. (iapygia Cyr.), already
past their best as also was Sloperia proto Ochs. About mid-day we
proceeded along the road to Griegos when Sir George drew up suddenly.
To our amazement there were some thistle heads smothered with E.
zapateri, nearly all males, though some were already damaged. Several
outsize Parnassius apollo L. were also sailing along this shaded part of
the road through the forest. After light refreshment in the village of
Griegos we returned to the Parador and revisited to this high level area
early on the morning of August 6th when the chief additions to the big
population of butterflies were Issoria lathonia L., Pyronia tithonus L. and
Hesperia comma L. For our final day, the 7th, in this celebrated region we
made Muscardon our venue. As we arrived on the ground we came across
a number of Satyrus actaea Esp. in a large form on scabious. When we
reached the main collecting area, so rich in 1966, we found the flat ground
with short grass flitting with L. caelestissima in great plenty and much
fresher than in the higher locality, while along a damp stretch the tall
thistles were smothered with a galaxy of species, mainly the three larger
Fritillaries, mostly A. adippe and A. paphia with a few A. aglaia L. and
lots of Arethusana arethusa D. & S. just out. There were still a few worn
Brenthis hecate Schiff. and we were delighted to find many more E.
zapateri fluttering among the firs. The chief member of the Hesperids was
Pyrgus cirsit Rambur (fritillum Schiff.). On the way back to Teruel we
stopped in a dried-up river bed just south of Albarracin where many large
Satyrids were flying, but most of them turned out to be Chazara briseis L.
However, one capture proved to be C. prieuri Pierret, still in good order.
In the vicinity of the Parador late that afternoon on some bare ground I
found many Lysandra albicans and Pyronia tithonus, also a few fresh
Hipparchia statilinus Hufn.
We set out on the homeward journey early in August, again in great
heat and retraced our route to Saragossa, thence on to Huesca where we
stayed at the very well appointed Hotel Pedro, which I had patronised in
1966. After lunch I did some collecting on the outskirts of the town where
in rough field I again saw L. albicans, P. tithonus, H. statilinus and
Melitaea phoebe Schiff. The next morning we penetrated the Pyrenees at
Jaca crossing them by the Samport Pass, then descending to Urdos, but it
was dull nothing of interest was flying. We put up that night in Salie de
Béarn and searched some woods near Dax on the morning of the 10th.
Many Pararge aegeria L. were on the wing with a few Colias croceus
Foure. That night we entrained at Biarritz with the car on board, reaching
Boulogne early on August 11th. We made for the airport at Le Touquet at
an early hour. While waiting to fly over to Lydd I surveyed the airfield
FROM THE ALPES MARITIMES TO ALBARRACIN 30
perimeter where I was surprised to see Everes argiades Pall. with Celas-
trina argiolus L. and Satyrus semele L. We were soon back in Kent
_ Whence we motored direct to Surrey, thus ending a most enjoyable and
productive fortnight which took us by road 1600 miles through the south
of France to central Spain and back to Biarritz.
I have thought it of interest to enumerate the species of butterflies we
noted on the whole of our journey which comprised 104 species in all.
PAPILIONIDAE
Papilio machaon L. Flying on Col. de la Bonette (A.M.) and, near Heusca.
Tphiclides podalirius L. Numerous in valleys near St Martin Vésubie
(A.M.).
Iphiclides feisthameli Dup. Few at Villefranche-de-Conflent (Pyr. Or.).
Parnassius apollo L. A few near la Madone de Fenestre (A.M.) and in
a larger form near Bronchales (Teruel).
PIERIDAE
Pieris brassicae L. Seen in several localities near St Martin Vésubie.
Pieris rapae L. A few at Coussols (A.M.).
Pieris napi L. Seen in the vicinity of St Martin Vésubie (A.M.).
Aporia crataegi L. Flying at Coussols (A.M.).
Pontia daplidice L. Only observed near Albarracin and Huesca, Spain.
Leptidea sinapis L. Numerous near St Martin Vésubie.
Gonepteryx rhamni L. A few near Bronchales (Teruel).
Gonepteryx cleopatra L. Noted at Villefranche-de-Conflent (Pyr. Or.)
and at Albarracin.
Colias phicomone Esp. A few at La Madone de Fenestre (A.M.).
Colias australis Verity. Flying at Coussols (A.M.) and near Bronchales,
Spain.
Colias croceus Foure. A number near St Martin Vésubie.
NYMPHALIDAE
Limenitis rivularis Scop. A few at Villefranche-de-Conflent (Pyr. Or.).
Vanessa atalanta L. Only seen in the vicinity of Albarracin.
Vanessa cardui L. A few at Coussols (A.M.) and at Albarrcin.
Aglais urticae L. Observed near St Martin Vésubie.
Inachis io L. A few in valleys near St Martin Vésubie.
Polygonia c-album L. Also seen near St Martin Vésubie.
Mellicta deione Rott. A few at Villefranche-de-Confient.
Mellicta parthenoides Kef. Only noted near Bronchales, Teruel.
Melitaea phoebe Schiff. A few at Coussols and Colmiane (A.M.), also at
Villefranche-de-Conflent and Hucsca.
Melitaea didyma Esp. Still flying at Col de la Comiane near St Martin
Vésubie.
Argynnis aglaia L. Seen at Coussols, also near St Martin Vésubie and
near Bronchales.
Argynnis niobe L. Only noted at Auron (A.M.).
Argynnis adippe Rott. Many at Coussols, near St Martin Vésubie and
with green undersides in the Albarracin and Bronchales region.
Argynnis pandora D. & S. A few still on the wing near Albarracin.
Argynnis paphia L. Numerous at Coussols and round St Martin Vésubie,
also in the Bronchales area, Spain.
34 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/2/71-15/3/71
Brenthis hecate Schiff. A few worn specimens at Coussols (A.M.) and at
Albarracin.
Brenthis ino Rott. Only seen in the Forét de Font-Romeu (Pye. Or.).
Clossiana selene Schiff. Noted at Villefranche-de-Conflent (Pyr. Or.).
Clossiana ala L. A few flying at Coussols.
Clossiana ewphrosyne L. Observed at Auron (A.M.).
Boloria pales Schiff. Only noted at La Madone de Fenestre (A.M.).
Issoria lathonia L. Only seen near Bronchales.
SATYRIDAE
Erebia epiphron Knoch Only observed on the Col de Restefond (A.M.).
Erebia alberganus de Prun. (ceto Hubn.) numerous at Madone de
Fenestre.
Erebia pluto de Prun. In numbers near Col de la Bonette (A.M.).
Erebia pluto de Prun. In numbers near Col de la Bonette.
Erebia cassioides R. & H. A few at La Madone de Fenestre.
Erebia montanus de Prun. (goante Esp.). A few at La Madone de
Fenestre.
Erebia oeme Hiibn. A few in the Forét de Font Romeu (Pyr. Or.).
Erebia meolans de Prun. (stygne Ochs.) A small form on the Col de
Restefond.
Erebia pandrose Borkh. (lappona Esp.). Seen on the Col de la Bonette
(A.M.).
Erebia zapateri Oberthtir Numerous locally near Bronchales and Albar-
racin.
Agapetes galathea L. A dark form at Coussols (A.M.).
Agapetes lachesis Hiibn. A few near Albarracin.
Agapetes russiae Esp. (iapygia Cyr.) A few worn at Albarracin.
Hipparchia alcyone Schiff. Plentiful in all localities in the Alpes Mari-
times and in a smaller form in the vicinity of Albarracin.
Hipparchia semele L. Numerous at Coussols (A.M.) and near Brochales,
Teruel.
Hipparchia statilinus Hufn. A few at Teruel and Huesca, Spain.
Hipparchia fidia L. Common at Villefranche-de-Conflent (Pyr. Or.) and
scarce near Albarracin.
Arethusana arethusa D. & S. Just appearing at Coussols and again in
the Albarracin region.
Brintesia circe Fab. Fairly common round St Martin Vésubie and in a
smaller form near Bronchales and Albarracin.
Chazara briseis L. Numerous round Bronchales and Albarracin.
Chazara prieuri Pierret. A few near Albarracin.
Satyrus cordula Fab. Numerous in the Alpes Maritimes and Pyrénées
Orientales.
Satyrus actaea Esp. A few near St Etienne-de-Tinée and in a larger
form at Muscardon near Albarracin.
Pararge aegeria L. Only seen near Dax and Le Touquet.
Pararge megera L. Observed only at Le Touquet.
Pararge maera L. A few at Coussols (A.M.).
Maniola jurtina L. Scarce at Coussols.
Hyponephele lycaon Kuhns. Plentiful in the Albarracin region.
Pyronia tithonus L. Numerous near Albarracin and Teruel.
Pyronia cecilia Vall. (ida Esp.) A few worn at Villefranche-de-Conflent.
FROM THE ALPES MARITIMES TO ALBARRACIN 30
Pyronia bathseba Fab. (pasiphaé Esp.) Similar to the previous species.
Coenonympha iphis Schiff. Noted at Auron (A.M.) and in the Forét de
Font-Romeu.
Coenonympha arcania L. Only seen at Coussols (A.M.).
Coenonympha dorus Esp. Numerous at Coussols and at Villefrance-de-
Conflent.
Coenonympha pamphilus L. Sporadic near St Martin Vésubie and Auron
(A.M.).
LYCAENIDAE
Strymon esculi Hiibn. Plentiful but worn at Villefranche-de-Conflent.
Strymon spini Schiff. Abundant at Coussols.
Strymon ilicis Esp. Seen near St Martin Vésubie.
Heodes alciphron Rott. Only seen near Bronchales.
Lycaena phlaeas L. A few near Bronchales.
Everes argiades Pall. One observed at Le Touquet.
Everes alcetas Hffsgg A few at Villefranche-de-Conflent.
Philotes baton Bergstr. A few worn at Coussols (A.M.).
Maculinea arion L. Only seen at the Col de la Colmiane (A.M.).
Lycaeides idas L. A few in f. calliopis Bdv. near St Etienne-de-Tinée
(A.M.).
Plebeius argus L. Seen at Auron (A.M.).
Aricia agestis Schiff. A few noted at Coussols.
Cyaniris semiargus Rott. Only seen in the Forét de Font-Romeu (Pyr. Or).
Polyommatus icarus Rott. Numerous in the Alpes Maritimes and at
Villefranche-de-Conflent.
Lysandra dorylas Schiff. Only at Villefranche-de-Conflent.
Lysandra bellargus Rott. A few at Coussols (A.M.).
Lysandra coridon Poda Numerous at Coussols.
Lysandra coelestissima Verity Plentiful near Bronchales and at Muscar-
don near Albarracin.
Lysandra albicans H.-S. A few near Albarracin and Huesca.
Agrodiaetus damon Schiff. Numerous at Coussols and in a smaller form
in the region of Bronchales Teruel.
HESPERIDAE
Carcharodus alceae Esp. Only noted near Huesca.
Pyrgus carthami Hiibn. Many worn at Coussols.
Pyrgus cirsii Rambur (fritillum Schiff.) Plentiful near Albarracin.
Pyrgus bellieri Oberthiir (foulquieri Oberthtir) Plentiful at Coussols.
Sloperia proto Ochs. A few near Albarracin.
Spialia sertorius Hffsgg. Noted at Coussols.
Adopea lineola Ochs. Also seen at Coussols.
Adopaea sylvestris Poda Observed at Auron (A.M.).
Thymelicus acteon Rott. Fairly common at Coussols.
Ochlodes venata Brem & Grey A few at Coussols.
Hesperia comma L. Numerous at Bronchales.
Very few moths were observed throughout the trip, mainly Burnets
including a small form of Zygaena fausta L. near Griegos, Teruel, and
Procus geryon Hubn. at Coussols (A.M.).
Three Oaks, Woking. 19.xi.70.
36 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD W5/2/71-15/3/T1
Laspeyresia saltitans Westw. (Olethreutinae) the
Mexican Jumping Bean Moth
By Joun L. GREGORY
On 13th September 1969, I arrived home at mid-day to find that a parcel
had been left for me by the postman, and it had been placed on a small
table to await my return. On approaching the parcel I soon realised that it
was making quite a loud noise, like the ticking of a a few hundred minia-
ture time bombs, or like heavy rain falling on a tin roof. Now I have
many times received from entomologists parcels which rattle when moved
or tilted, particularly when several items have been packed, not too
securely, in the same parcel, But this was the first time I had received a
parcel which was such a rattling good one that it rattled on its own. I bet
the G.P.O. were glad to get if off their hands.
The noise ceased abruptly the moment I picked up the parcel prepara-
tory to opening it. Inside was a batch of jumping beans which had been
sent to me by Mr William Wilson of Helensburgh, Dunbartonshire.
During the following weeks I distributed many of the “beans” to other
entomologists, and retained some for my own observations. The details
of the life history of the jumping bean are quite widely known. Laspeyresia
saltitans Westwood occurs in Mexico on Sebastiana pavonia (Euphor-
biaceae), the ova being laid in June on the flowers, and the subsequent
larvae feeding up fast in the seeds, only one larva to a seed. In July when
the seeds are ripe, they fall, and those which contain a larva are completely
hollowed out so that only the outer shell remains. The dry heat of semi-
desert conditions causes the larva to jump, and to keep on jumping inside
its prison, presumably in an attempt to find shade and to find a hiding
place safe from predators. Each larval jump moves the “bean” anything
up to about one quarter of an inch in a horizontal direction, and at
maximum activity the jumps may exceed one hundred per minute. As the
species is univoltine in nature, and pupation takes place shortly before
emergence, the larva would be capable of causing its “bean” to jump
continuously for about nine months! And in fact, some of my own beans
were still able to jump at well over twelve months old. Gentle warmth
(not excessive heat so as to roast them alive) keeps the larvae in healthy
jumping condition.
I cut open a few of the “beans” in order to study the larvae, and one
of the obvious things which immediately struck me was the virtually
complete absence of frass inside the “bean” and there appeared to be no
exit-hole to the outside world through which frass could have been ejected.
I am forced to the conclusion that the larva must absorb in its body
practically the whole of what it eats. The kernel of the “bean” is devoured
entirely, and the inside of the shell is lined with a thin layer of silk.
So that I could watch the behaviour of the incarcerated larvae, I cut a
small hole in each of several “beans”, and then covered the hole with
cellophane. I soon found that the cellophane windows were really un-
necessary as the larvae were unwilling to abandon “beans” with even
quite large holes cut in them. Some of them eventually repaired the
damage as well as they could with fresh silk, but others did not. The
larvae in the opened “beans” were as willing to demonstrate their powers
in jumping as were those which I had left intact.
HYDRAECIAS IN THE COASTAL AREAS OF WESTERN IRELAND 37
The jumping is produced by the larva gripping the silk-lined shell with
the anal claspers and hind pair of prolegs, bending the rest of the body
upwards and backwards with a slight stretching movement, almost to a
semi-circle, then rapidly straightening, or almost straightening the body,
thus bringing the underside of the thorax into hard contact with the
inside of the “bean”. The larva makes several jumps without changing
the position of its rear end, then walks forward a few paces in loop-the-
loop fashion, causing the bean to roll over, before it reattaches its hind end
in preparation for the next series of jumps.
The larva is pale yellowish or creamy white, with a darker dorsal line,
and rather small reddish brown head. Its body tapers fore and aft and is
rather flattened as seen from above. It becomes distinctly more yellow
before pupation. The prolegs appear small and widely spaced laterally.
When preparing to pupate, a small circular hole is bitten either com-
pletely through the shell of the “bean”, or almost through it, and then a
flimsy cocoon is constructed with its exit adjoining the hole in the “bean”
shell. The pupa is yellowish brown at first, darker between segments, but
the wing-cases and eyes soon become dark brown. The moth has a wing
span of approximately seven eighths of an inch, the forewings being a
light smoky grey colour marked with many fine black streaks running
generally from costa to dorsum, a large blackish cloud in the terminal area,
and a black, narrow wedgeshaped mark on the dorsum. The hind wings
are dark grey to sooty black. My first moth emerged towards the end of
May, and they have been emerging in odd ones and twos until the time
of writing this article. Two females have just emerged today, the 17th
November 1970
17 Grove Road, St Austell, Cornwall.
Hydraecias in the Coastal Areas of Western
Ireland
By H. C. Hucerns, F.R.E.S.
The Hydraecias to which these notes refer are those which
in the days of my youth were comprised in the all-embracing
name “nictitans’’.
This included oculea L.=nictitans Bork., crinanensis
Burrows, lucens Frey and paludis Tutt.
For thirty years now, the distribution of these species on
the coast of the West of Ireland has puzzled me. Paludis, of
course, is quite simple, there is no authentic Irish record, the
only one of any importance being that of Kane’s insects identi-
fied by Tutt, which Cockayne later showed were a mixture of
lucens and crinanensis. Occasionally an insect turns up a
greyish-green colour which, if taken on our Thames estuary
marshes would be passed at once as paludis. This form occurs
38 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/27 715/377
rarely both in the Burren and Kerry, but all I have seen on
genitalia examination have proved to be lucens (3) (2 from
Ballynalacken and 1 from Dingle) and crinanensis (2) (both
Dingle).
Oculea is a complete enigma to me; Donovan calls it com-
mon, though he considered it more of an inland insect than the
others. From 1949 until 1970 I have visited some part of
Western Ireland at the right time of the year for the moth and
until 1970 never saw a specimen. However, on 14th August
1970, I spotted a very small Hydraecia in the bottom of the trap
at Dingle; I had little doubt of its identity and Mr D. S. Fletcher
at the B.M. confirmed that it is oculea. It is exactly the same
as the ones I have taken on the Kentish Downs or in the garden
here, and looks a bit scruffy compared with crinanensis and
particularly lucens. I suppose oculea is a bit of a wanderer,
like paludis, which is not only taken in my garden here, but
which Robin Mere once caught at Chiddingfold.
Lucens is rather a local insect, I never took it at Glengarrif
in four visits at the right season, and have only taken six in all
at Dingle in nine years. It is usually a bigger, brighter insect
than crinanensis, which invariably accompanies it, but cannot
be identified with certainty except by genitalia examination. It
has, however, sometimes a look of its own; in 1970 these insects
were very common at Dingle and I picked out six as candidates
for the lucens stakes and am glad to say that Mr Fletcher con-
firmed four of them. Lucens appears to be the commonest of
the group in the Burren, where Robin Mere found it pre-
dominating at Corofin, and I did at Ballynalackan. It is usually
very big and bright with a tendency for the outer third of the
forewings to be of a different colour from the rest, though my
smallest specimen except the oculea is a Burren lucens.
Crinanensis is the commonest of the three in Western
Ireland; I have quite often seen seventy or eighty in a night
(though of course I may have missed a lucens or two amongst
them) I can well remember as a boy when my old mentor the
Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, first differentiated it, and the excitement
that ensued. The late L. W. Newman arranged for a special
collector to get some for him. It was a pity that Burrows was
working on this material from the Crinan district when he
spotted it, as it thus obtained a rather unsuitable name, but as
it is the commonest in Ireland it is as well he was not working
on some of these, as we have quite enough “hibernicas”
already. (I have added one or two!).
I wish to express my indebtedness to the late Dr Cockayne,
Mr W. H. T. Tams and above all Mr D. S. Fletcher, for their
patient examination of genitalia for me, without which I should
still be at sea.
65 Eastwood Boulevard, Westcliff-on-Sea.
TWO ‘REDISCOVERIES’ MADE IN 1970 39
Two ‘rediscoveries ’ made in 1970
By Davin AGASSIz
Parocystola acroxantha Meyr.
In late August I had been enjoying a few days of successful
collecting in Cornwall with Barry Goater. On the way back we
decided to spend one night in Torquay—the main quarry being
Eupithecia phoeniciata. The previous year a kind resident had
allowed me a plug in for an M.V. trap in his garden and when
approached he again agreed to extend his hospitality. The traps
yielded several Euplagia quadripunctaria (one of six suspected
22s actually was 9! and laid a supply of fertile eggs), and
also a few micros which looked interesting. These included
one distinctive looking Oecophorid unknown to me. Some time
after returning home I looked up Jacobs’ article in the S.
London proceedings for 1949-50 and the moth was readily
identified as Parocystola acroxantha Meyrick.
Its status is described by Jacobs (loc. cit.) as ‘locally estab-
lished on South Devon coast’ so I was pleased to have hit upon
an unexpected local speciality. Further investigation revealed
only 3!. previous British examples! It was first taken in
September 1908 (by Rev. J. W. Metcalfe) who found a specimen
near Ottery St. Mary (Clutterbuck: Ent. XLIII (1910) 96-97),
though he later seems to have had some doubt about the exact
locality. Metcalfe found another specimen near Exmouth in
1917 (Ent. L: 267) and E. G. R. Waters took one specimen on
22nd August 1925 at Dawlish and also found a single forewing
in a nearby flourmill. Apart from these records from Devon
the species is known only in Australia, and New Zealand where
it has been imported. The life history seems to be unknown,
though it is suggested that the larva feeds between spun
leaves of Eucalyptus. The species must still be resident here
at low density and some time spent searching for the larva
might well repay anyone within reach of South Devon.
Hylaea fasciaria (Linn.) ab prasinaria (Schiff. )
In early July I was staying in Suffolk and on the 6th I
decided to go to a nearby Broad as the weather was ideal for
night work. After obtaining permission from the owner, I
battled my way through thick herbage to the mouth of the
broad, almost on the sea front. There I set up my lights—two
M.V. lamps and one actinic tube. The night turned out to be
rather disappointing, it was evidently too early for Photedes
brevilinea and there was not the quantity of moths I was ex-
pecting—the total was 70 species. Numbers of Brachmia
inornatella and a few Spilosoma urticae were to me the most
interesting species. After some time I decided to remove the
sheet and leave the traps going while I had some sleep in the
car! I awoke at dawn and not much seemed to have arrived,
so I quickly bundled everything into the car and left. It was
only after further sleep and breakfast that I looked again at
40 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/2/71-15/3/72
the traps to see nothing was left. In the last one, an actinic
tube trap which had been right on the shore line there was a
beautiful olive-green form prasinaria of Hylaea fasciaria. It
was a fresh female in perfect condition which presented me
with a dilemma. Having little confidence in my capacity for
breeding, the temptation to make sure of this one was too
great and I succumbed. So did the moth. I saw no other
specimens of this species, not one of the typical red form.
South says this form is well known on the continent, but is
very rare in this country and has been taken in Kent and
Suffolk. Barrett gives more details: The first was taken by A.
H. Jones, at Eltham in June 1861, another (no data) by F. Bond;
then Rev. G. H. Rayner bred some from Brandon which were
‘soft olive-green with pink lines’ and Rev. C. Cruttwell took one
at Aldeburgh in July 1892 described as a soft, pea-green with
similar lines. In all the cilia remain red. There is one specimen
in the National collection taken in the 1890s and Tutt’s name is
on the label. According to these descriptions mine is most like
those from Brandon.
There may be further records which I have overlooked, but
if not this is the first record in this century. E. B. Ford says
that genetically, this form is a simple recessive.
Collecting Notes, 1970
By R. G. CHATELAIN and D. O’KEEFFE
The following account of collecting undertaken during
1970 is by no means complete but attempts to cover the less
mundane entomological events of the year.
Spring was again cold and late and although a few visits
were paid to local woods for wingless females, it was not
until late March that longer trips were made. One of our first
objectives was Orthosia populeti Fab. but the insect must have
had a bad year in Ham Street, as visits intended to straddle its
time of emergence drew a blank and it was not until 27th May
that a worn male was seen.
On Sth April, we departed for Aviemore, where the season
was late and the weather dismal. It snowed daily; the only
foul meteorological condition not encountered was fog, which
delayed its appearance until the return journey on the M.1.
One male Brachionycha nubeculosa Esp. was taken at m.v. with
a few Achlya flavicornis L., whilst the posts at Struan pro-
duced only ten male and one female Poecilopsis lapponaria
Boisd., one or two flavicornis and females of Erannis mar-
ginaria Fab. MHibernating larvae of Polia hepatica Clerck
(tincta Hiibn.) were found under bark on the posts and in due
course gave rise to the handsome Scottish form of this insect.
After two days, discretion was deemed the better part of
valour and the homeward journey undertaken.
COLLECTING NOTES, 1970 41
Weather conditions and early darkness restricted collect-
ing to week-ends and hampered our plans to take females of
Gypsitea leucographa Schiff. and Dasycampa rubiginea Schiff.
Three males of the former, past their prime, were seen at
m.v. at Alice Holt on 24th April together with plenty of the
common Orthosias, including a good sprinkling on the sallows,
and one early male Lampropteryx suffumata Schiff. It was
not until Ist May that we were able to try for rubiginea and,
although we took a female, she was laid out and only
deposited seven eggs, from which six moths were bred. An-
other scarce species this season was O. miniosa Schiff. which
we only saw once—at Abinger on 8th April. However, we had
each bred a series from a female taken the previous year, in
the New Forest.
Results in the spring would have been more disheartening
had we not succeeded in taking a fresh series of Bapta
distinctata H.-S. in the New Forest on 17th April, when they
were sitting low down on the blackthorn in pouring rain. We
also had emerging fine series of Tricopteryx polycommata
Schiff. and Xanthorhoe quadrifasiata Clerk. at this time from
females taken at Winchester and Stonor respectively during
the previous year.
On 4th May O’K. was joined by Bernard Skinner for a trip
to the New Forest. En route, seven larvae of Parascotia
fuliginaria L. still in the hibernating skin were found under a
log near Esher, whilst on the Test larvae of Panaxia dominula
L. were still only half grown on the comfrey. In the Forest,
larvae of Thera variata Schiff. were fairly common on spruce
and a few larvae of Ellopia fasciaria L. were disloged from
pine. Cleora cinctaria Schiff. was well out with about three
dozen collected from pine trunks. That night in Denny Lodge
enclosure, the usual spring species turned up in fair numbers
at m.v. including six Odontosia carmelita Esp. and three
Eupithecia irriguata Hiibn.
Visits to Ham Street and Abinger the following weeks con-
firmed that the usual species were about, including Notodonta
trepida Esp., a few O. carmelita, while L. suffumata, Anticlea
derivata Schiff. and Ligdia adustata Schiff. were common at
dusk at Ranmore on the 8th. On llth May, we found egg
batches of Orthosia advena Schiff. after dark on stems but for
the second time failed to rear the bug, our disappointment
being heightened by the success other collectors have had
with this species from the same locality. Later that night at
Ockham, we found we were too late for larvae of Amathes
ditrapezium Schiff. Larvae of Aporophyla lutulenta Schiff.
were again plentiful on heather locally later in the month
but this is also not an easy species to breed. The larvae take
readily to birch but have difficulty in pupating.
On 15th May, Bernard Skinner, his wife and C. drove to
Ledbury to renew acquaintance with Dr Michael Harper and
his family and to try for Xylomyges conspicillaris L. A detour
42 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/27 7A-157 5/4
was made via Andover for fully fed larvae of P. dominula.
On arrival at Ledbury and after enjoying Mrs Harper’s usual
hospitality, the afternoon was spent searching miles of posts.
Only one conspicillaris was found but as this was a heavily
pregnant female, plenty of pupae have been obtained. Light
that night was disappointing, due to the cold, clear weather
and the only noteworthy capture was Eupithecia dodoneata
Guen. of which a few were seen.
Larvae of all sizes of Philereme transversata Hufn. and P.
vetulata Schiff. were fairly common on buckthorn when we
stopped near Eynsford on 22nd May en route for Faversham
to look for larvae of Leuwcania favicolor Barrett. Here larvae
were abundant but only one produced favicolor, the remainder
being L. impura. Again, we were possibly too late.
Larvae of Cirrhia gilvago Schiff. were common on wych elm
on the banks of the Royal Military Canal, on 27th May, with a
sprinkling of B. sphinx Hufn. Light at Ham Street that night
produced nothing unusual, except for the late O. populeti
already referred to. Larvae of Lithosia deplana Esp. on yew
at Box Hill were still only half-grown on 28th May and slightly
under-sized moths were bred but Cepphis advenaria Hiibn.
was flying abundantly the same day at Abinger in fresh con-
dition with a few newly-emerged Scopula lactata Haw. A
longer trip was made on 29th May, the first stage being to
Esher where five large larvae of Parascotia fuliginaria L. were
found to supplement those taken earlier from the same log.
Near Andover, larvae of Plusia chryson Esp. were in the second
half of their growth on hemp agrimony but very few
P. dominula were still feeding. That night in the New Forest,
48 L. sororcula Hufn. were counted. It was interesting that
the great majority were in the same trap, illustrating once
again the importance of siting the lamps correctly. L. otregiata
Metcalfe was beginning to emerge but visitors to the light
were routine, including a few Hyloicus pinastri L., Cosymbia
porata L., C. linearia Hiibn., C. albipunctata Hufn. and ten
quite fresh N. anceps.
It is in June that things really begin to heat up and the
first trip of the month was to the chalk downs near Wrotham
where m.v. attracted a large concourse of species, including
Hadena contigua Schiff., Agrotis denticulata Haw., many
Horisme vitalbata Schiff., B. bimaculata Fab. and B. temerata
Schiff. Surprisingly no X. montanata Schiff. were seen and
we found the moth generally scarce this year. The 5th June
saw us in mixed woodland in the Chilterns, well known for its
supply of Trisateles emortualis Schiff. These woods harbour
many desirable species and on this occasion we were pleased
to note the dark local form of Stauropus fagi L., two Apatele
alni L., two examples of the melanotica form of Colocasia
coryli L., Discoloxia blomeri Curt, Abraxas sylvata Scop., C.
annulata Schulze, C. linearia, Ectropis consonaria Hiibn., and,
as we were packing up, thirteen Selenia lunaria Schiff.
On 6th June, Bernard Skinner accompanied C. to Tilgate
COLLECTING NOTES, 1970 43
where moths were flying in numbers, including a couple of
Harpyia bicuspis Bork., eight A. alni, five H. pinastri, one
Euphyia luctuata Schiff., and a late O. gothica L. Three days
later in Ham Street, we were surprised to be still taking quite
fresh examples of Panolis flammea Schiff. which had been
going over in Berkshire five weeks previously. The most
welcome visitors were a male Colobochyla salicalis Schiff., a
dozen E . luctuata and five Moma alpium Osb. Having worked
Sandwich for the first time in 1969, we decided to spend more
time there this year. The first visit was on 10th June when
Heliophobus albicolon Hiibn. was common at light and sugar
and A. ripae Hiibn., Spilosoma urticae Esp. and Cucullia
umbratica L. were seen at light.
A more ambitious day was planned for 12th June when
Skinner and C. headed for Dorset after Eriogaster lanestris L.
S. soon found a large nest and the larvae were successfully
sleeved on bullace. Then on to Hod Hill where Perizoma
albulata Schiff. was common but worn and two Parasemia
planataginis L., a few Euphydryas aurinia Rott. and Lysandra
bellargus Rott. were seen. The sandhills at Studland were
the next stop when thirteen larvae of Lasiocampa trifolii
Schiff. were found on the marram. That night light in the
New Forest attracted many species. H. contigua was common
on the heather with many pairs in cop. Three each of Eustrotia
uncula Clerck. and C. viridata Clerck. were taken, together
with a few Dyscia fagaria Thunb., H. pinastri, C. umbratica,
Mysticoptera sexalata Retz., and Pachycnemia hippocastanaria
Hiibn. In all, quite a good day.
The whole of June was notable for the very fine weather
but it turned cool after dark on 16th when we visited Horsell
Common. Only one D. fagaria was found on the heather but
Perconia strigillaria Hiibn. was very common. Although a
diverse range of species was attracted to the lights, the
quantity was low and we were not kept very busy. The best
insects noted were H. contigua, several Boarmia roboraria
Schiff. and Diacrisia sannio L., with a brace of Sterrha
sylvestraria Hiibn. One or two larvae of A. lutulenta were
still feeding.
The next outing, on 19th June, was to the Fens where we
were joined by the Skinners. Moths were plentiful, one of the
first species on the wing being Zanclognatha cribrumalis Hiibn.
which was common and in fresh condition. Meliana flammea
Curt., Chilodes maritima Tausch., Leucania pudorina Schiff.
and L. straminea Treits were going over, but a few fresh
E. bankiana Fab., S. lunaria and Apeira syringaria L. were
taken and one worn X. biriviata Bork. was seen.
A second visit to Sandwich, on 24th, was not very reward-
ing. A. clavis Hufn. and Apamea sublustris Esp. were the
commonest moths at sugar with one L. obsoleta. H. albicolon
and A. ripae came to light whilst C. umbratica were sitting
low down on the posts but were worn. On 28th June, S.
ochrata Scop. and Aplasta ononaria Fues. were flying in fair
44 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/27 71-157 3/7 Tl
numbers by day although past their prime.
Larvae of O. gracilis Schiff. were spun up in the tips of bog
myrtle in the Forest on 26th June and three S. muricata Hufn.
and several worn D. sannio were seen. That night dusking
at Portland yielded 19 S. degeneraria Hiibn. the majority of
which were females. Some moths were bred out in September
and the remaining larvae are now in hibernation. M.v. was
practically useless, the best visitors being L. l-album L., A. trux
Hiibn., S. conjugata Bork. and one Procus versicolor Bork.
At the end of the month, larvae of Malacosoma castrensis
L. were common at Faversham whilst larvae of Cucullia
chamomilae Schiff. were abundant in all sizes on chamomile.
July was far less active, the first trip being to the Chilterns
on 4th when nine T. emortualis, mostly females, were seen.
Although eggs were obtained and the larvae started to feed,
they quickly died off in spite of efforts to supply oak leaves
of the right age and texture. A. ditrapezium, A. sylvata, D.
blomeri and C. linearia were present in numbers but a welcome
species was P. versicolor which was just emerging and clearly
distinguishable from its co-geners by its purple flush and
reddish thoracic tuft.
Good nights were the feature of this period and moths
were again plentiful at Ham Street on 6th July, when O’K.
had over 100 species to light, including many Paracolax
derivalis, Apoda avellana, Angerona prunaria, Tethea
fluctuosa with a few M. alpium, Atolmis rubricollis, Rheum-
aptera undulata, Epione repandaria and five Heterogenea
asella. At Dungeness on 10th, Lithosia pygmeola was already
worn and the few Thalera fimbrialis seen were in tatters at
this early date.
The night of 17th July was cool, clear and moonlit, in the
New Forest. Half a dozen L. quadra L. were a pleasant sight,
together with some females of S. straminata Bork., many male
Lymantria monacha L. and two Mormo maura at sugar. At
the same spot on 24th, sugar attracted Amyhipyra berbera
Rungs, two more M. maura and one C. promissa. Deplana was
fairly common, at light, accompanied by three male quadra,
two female monacha and a female Ennomos quercinaria Hufn.
On the last day of the month, O’K. made the journey to
Walberswick where he met Dr Michael Harper who was stay-
ing in the district with his family. Together with Mr Chipper-
field, they dusked along the shore where Euxoa cursoria Hufn.
was common and in lovely condition. Scopula emutaria,
Celaena leucostigma Esp., and Apamea oblonga Haw. were also
seen. At light in the marsh, Nonagria neurica Hiibn. put in
its usual appearance, fifteen being noted but Arenostola
brevilinea Fenn. was only just coming out whilst the few
Simyra venosa Borkh. that turned up were badly worn.
By August, moths and enthusiasm were waning but on 5th
Skinner and C. found pupae of Nonagria algea Esp. in the
reed mace near Cuckfield where C. rufa Haw. was flying in
COLLECTING NOTES, 1970 45
hundreds at dusk. Walls near Brighton were searched for ten
Cryphia muralis Forst. The first night trip was on 8th, when,
accompanied again by Skinner, we visited the Broads. Areno-
stola brevilinea Fenn, Calaena haworthii Haw., C. leucostigma
Hiibn. were common, but only a few N. dissoluta Treit., Simyra
venosa Bork. and Orthonama lignata Hiibn. were taken. A
few swallowtail larvae were still about. Other trips during
the month to Ranmore and Dungeness produced nothing of
note.
Early September saw the emergence of a short series of
C. ocellaris Borkh. from Black Poplar catkins collected near
Bexley in April. This species would appear to be more wide-
spread than is generally supposed and is very easy to breed.
A second visit to Scotland was made on 13th September,
the quarry being Coenocalpa lapidata Hiibn. Once again, we
were unlucky with the Scottish weather; two of our four
nights were cold and very wet and the other two were very
cold with sharp frost. Many hours were spent trying to put
up lapidata but without success. The species is said to fly in
the afternoon but although the mornings were sunny, cloud
built up after lunch and the cold wind kept temperatures well
below normal. Larvae were not over plentiful but by working
high ground, we managed to beat Hydriomena ruberata Frey.
in numbers, together with a few common prominents. Juniper
near Aviemore Bridge held many larvae of Eupithecia
helveticaria Bdv. and a few pupae of Thera juniperata L., whilst
the pine yielded Bupalus piniaria L. in quantity, from which
we are looking forward to the white male form. Our base was
at Calvine where we ran two traps with two more in the village
of Struan. The only noteworthy species was a worn male, C.
lapidata at Struan and although singletons of such things as
A. lunibergenis Fr., Antitype chi L., Lithomoia solidaginis Hiibn.,
Xylena vetusa Hiibn., and Oporinia filigrammaria H.-S. were
seen, they were of course past their best. Chloroclysta miata
L., C. siterata Hufn. and O. autumnata Borkh. were uncom-
mon but fresh, and Dysstroma citrata L. was worn but
abundant; we have a goodly supply of eggs.
On 25th September, O’K. visited Dungeness but although
conditions appeared reasonable very little came to light or
sugar. He then transferred to Ham Street where the bugs
were different but still unexciting. Autumn is a most peculiar
time of year for collecting and seemingly ideal conditions
frequently prove disappointing. Such was the situation in the
Forest on 4th October when the temperature was 59° F. but
even the pine carpets were scarce. Of note was one each
Lithophane ornitopus Hufn. and C. siterata with a few T.
firmata Hufn. for good measure.
October was a very mild month and the usual autumn
species were quite plentiful at Ranmore on the 10th, with
Agrocola macilenta Hiibn. in plenty. The mild weather con-
tinued throughout November, and the nights of the 10th and
46 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD 15/2/71-15/3/71]1
23rd, when visits were made to Wye, were no exception. For
some reason, however, conditions did not quite suit P. plumi-
gera; only two being seen on the 10th and none on the 23rd,
although there were plenty of P. populi, Oporinia fagata
Scharf. and E. aurantiaria about.
British Coleoptera: Corrections and Supplemen-
tary Notes, including the addition of Axinotarsus
marginalis Lap. (Melyridae) to our list
By A. A. ALLEN, B.Sc., A.R.C.S.
I take this opportunity to bring together a number of post-
scripts to my papers published in the Record over the last few
years, aimed at revising the list of our species in certain groups
of beetles; and especially, to correct the chief misprints and
any errors of fact therein which have since come to my notice.
In referring to the individual papers I have thought it unneces-
sary to give the full title, as the name of the genus or group
will in each case suffice for identification. They will be taken
in chronological order.
I. AromARIA (1968, 80: 318-326)
Page 319, line 6 up, for zetterstedti read zetterstedti. p.
320, 1. 8 up, for Sjoberg read Sjoberg. p. 321, footnote, 1. 3, for
Hebst read Herbst. p. 322, 1. 4, for ‘infuscata’ read ‘infuscate’;
1. 9, for Horton read Horion. p. 323, 1. 3, for Schon. read Sch6n.;
1. 24, for ‘of the’ read ‘of in the’. p. 326, 1. 3, for zetterstedt
read zetterstedti; |. 8 up, for ‘sud-’ read ‘siid-’; 1. 7 up, for Laubb-
hume read Laubbdume; |. 5 up, for Sjobery read Sjoberg.
A. rhenana Kr. (p. 230): at the time I wrote, the correctness
of this name for the species there characterised had not been
proved and was still open to question (cf. also p. 323 ad fin.).
Since then, however, Mr Colin Johnson has found that our
insect is without doubt Kraatz’s rhenana (thus vindicating
Fowler’s usage); but that, on the other hand, Sjoberg’s attribu-
tion of it to godarti Guil. is erroneous, the latter being a
different species. |My statement, therefore, that godarti is
definitely the present one turns out to have been premature,
though everything pointed to its truth when written.
A. gibbula Er. (p. 323): | mentioned, in my discussion of the
species to which Sjoberg (not British authors) has applied this
name, that its true identity was suspect and under investigation
by Mr Johnson. He has lately discovered that our species is
really A. viennensis Reitt., which name must therefore replace
both gibbula sensu Sjoberg, Allen, and versicolor sensu
Fowler, nec Er.
BRITISH COLEOPTERA: CORRECTIONS AND NOTES 47
A. scutellaris Mots. (pp. 319-320) was British on one record
only (Scillies, Blair) at the time of writing. Since then, Mr C.
MacKechnie Jarvis has found that he had taken one example
on Tresco, 29.v.65 (Ent. mon. Mag., 1969, 105: 69).
A. divisa Rye (p. 324): the unique type has lately been
examined by Mr Johnson, who is satisfied that it is identical
with rubricollis Bris.—as suspected but not definitely known up
to now. An Irish record can be added for this (with us) very
rare Atomaria, a specimen from Killarney, Co. Kerry, having
been found in the Power collection mixed with nigripennis
Payk.
2. CERCYON (1969, 81: 211-216)
Page 211], 1. 5 up, for ‘vary’ read ‘very’. p. 212, 1. 8-9,
transpose comma after ‘1956’ and semicolon; |. 8 up, insert full
stop at end of sentence. p. 213, 1.5 up, insert dash after ‘separ-
ated’. p. 215, 1. 11, delete final ‘s’ in ‘characteristics’; 1. 16,
insert full stop at end; 1. 28, for ‘punctuate’ read ‘punctate’;
1.5 up, for Joesph read Joseph. p. 216, 1. 7, delete (Sussex).
C. laminatus Shp. (pp. 211-2): the entire upper surface may
be more or less pitchy with only the side margins obscurely
paler. I can add no further localities; but the species has con-
tinued to occur here at m.v. light at the rate of one or two a
year, and I now have virtually no doubt that pigeons’ nests are
the breeding-source.
C. bifenestratus Kiist. (p. 213) must, after all, remain on our
list, as I have since taken a specimen at Rye, Sussex, 6.viii.69
(see Ent. mon. Mag., 1970, 106: 5).
3. SCYDMAENIDAE (1969, 81: 239-246)
Page 239, 1. 26, for ‘Kies’ read ‘Kies.’ p. 240, 1. 26, for
‘chraracters’ read ‘characters’. p. 242, 1. 15, for Pararaphes
read Pararaphes. p. 243, 1. 19 up, for ‘mistakes’ read ‘mistake’.
p. 244, 1. 1, for exilus read exilis. p. 245, 1. 4 up, for Scydaenidae
read Scydmaenidae.
Neuraphes helvolus Schaum (p. 242): for a recent record
from the London district (Blackheath) see Allen, 1969, Ent.
mon. Mag., 105: 198.
Stenichnus pusillus M. & K. (=stottz Donis.) (p. 243): my
statement that ‘‘the pusillus of all our collections and literature
is obviously scutellaris” is, | now think, too incautious and
dogmatic; ‘all’ should be omitted and ‘in general’ substituted
for ‘obviously’. The actual position appears to be less clear-
cut. It should have been pointed out that Fowler’s description
and key characters for pusillus are correct, though many of his
records no doubt apply to scutellaris. I have a new Dorset
record of the true S. pusillus (Ent. mon. Mag., in press).
Euconnus murielae Last (p. 244): Dr A. M. Easton records
a specimen taken indoors at Great Bookham, Surrey, in 1937,
which is thus the earliest known capture of the species (Ent.
mon. Mag., 1970, 106: 2).
48 ENTOMOLOGIST ’S RECORD 15/2/71-15/3/71
4. MALACODERMATA (1969, 81: 269-273)
Page 270, 1. 8, for ‘inisisted’ read ‘insisted’; 1. 9, delete final
stop; 1. 13 up, for ’el. read ‘el. p. 271, 1. 12, for 1951 read 1851;
1. 16, for ‘indentified’ read ‘identified’. p. 273, 1. 26, delete I.
Axinotarsus marginalis Lap. (Melyridae).—This species,
new to Britain, is nearest to A. pulicarius F. which it much re-
sembles, but may be readily distinguished as follows : —
Smaller, |. 2:2-3 mm. Antennae shorter; segment 5 not longer than
4. Tarsi at least towards apex metallic black; front and middle tibiae
reddish or pitchy-brown towards apex at least ¢ (in 2 often obscurely).
Male: Antennae only about as long as elytra. Upper edge of elytral
apex subtruncate, (upper) sutural angles rounded right-angles seen
from above, outer apical angles not at all acute; apical excavation much
shallower, reflexed part projecting beyond rest and forming the lower
sutural angles, shiny brcown-black, of irregular twisted shape, pro-
duced upward to meet the upper angles .................. marginalis.
Larger, l. 3-35 mm. Antennae longer; segment 5 plainly longer than
4. Tarsi in great part red-yellow; all tibiae wholly dark.
Male: Antennae much longer than elytra, or at least obviously so.
Upper edge of elytral apex having the outline of an open inverted V,
(upper) sutural angles very obtuse or absent and outer apical ones
acute, seen from above; apical excavation very deep: lower sutural
angles wanting, the (not shiny) brown reflexed part largely hidden
from above inside the excavation, and having two pairs of backwardly-
directed processes, the outer with spatulate, the inner with finely
aciculate apex, and both pairs projecting to about the level of the outer
ANGIESV..€ ... ROGER Lee. BR Sas eT: Be eee eee ee pulicarius.
The complicated structure of the reflexed portion of the
male elytral apex in these species and their allies in the
Malachiini is very peculiar and remarkable, furnishing valuable
specific characters analogous to those of the male genitalia in
other groups.
Found by Mr David Appleton (who already has to his credit
a series of highly notable captures in the New Forest area, in-
cluding Hypocoelus cariniceps Rtt. unique as British) in two
localities in South Hampshire several miles apart: a wood near
Fareham, and Bere Forest. In the former place a few examples
were swept from herbage or flowers bordering the wood in the
summer of 1966, and on 1-2.vii.67 it was rather common on
flowers of Scabiosa succisa in a fire-break in another part of
the wood. In the second locality it was common in June-July
1970 on flowers and grass around the edge of an area that had
been cleared and sprayed. Quite naturally it was taken by its
captor for A. pulicarius, and the fact that it instantly runs
down to that species in British keys renders it possible that
A. marginalis is standing as the other species in a few of our
collections; this is likeliest of any captures within the last de-
cade or two, since marginalis is plainly, I think, a recent
colonist with us, whilst pulicarius is a very local insect of south-
east England which does not appear to have been taken for a
good many years. It remains to be seen whether the former,
BRITISH COLEOPTERA: CORRECTIONS AND NOTES 49
having obtained a foothold, will spread much beyond its present
stations; both species extend across central and southern
Europe to the Caucasus. We now possess as British all three
mid-European species of Axinotarsus.
Ebaeus pedicularis F.—A member of an allied genus not
‘officially’ represented in our fauna; but there are definite
records, supported moreover by actual specimens, to which the
sole objection—or so it appears—is their antiquity. This
species is the Malachius productus of Stephens (1830: 315-6;
1839: 195), concerning which Donisthorpe (1939, Prel. List Col.
Windsor Forest: 82) writes: —‘‘ ‘Windsor, Dr Leach’ (Stephens,
1830). There are three specimens in the Stephensian collec-
tion and three in the drawer of doubtful British species in the
British Museum.” I have seen no other reference to the insect
in our literature since Stephens, who records it also from
Devonshire and Bristol, and again, it would seem, on Leach’s
authority. The evidence for its having occurred is certainly no
weaker, but rather stronger, than for a number of other species
included with reserve, or at least mentioned, by Fowler (Col.
Brit. Isl.); and, as with some others, the omission of the present
species from his standard work (accidental?) explains its subse-
quent neglect. In future E. pedicularis could with advantage
be included with either the doubtful or the ‘presumed extinct’
species—preferably the former. It might well turn up again in
the Windsor Forest area, just as did (e.g.) Ludius ferrugineus
L. also taken there by Leach (teste Stephens).
A note on certain other Melyrids given as British by
Stephens.—The same author includes under his genus ‘Aploc-
nemus’ two species that deserve passing notice, as they are not
otherwise known as British. A. (now Trichoceble) floralis Ol.
is stated to have been taken at Petworth, Sussex, by Westwood
(1830: 317); but in the Manual (1839) the species is placed in
brackets as ‘not rightly ascertained to be indigenous’ and the
Petworth record transferred to Dasytes niger L. (both on p.
195). As the descriptions he gives of the two beetles do not
differ greatly, we may fairly conclude that the original A.
floralis record was a case of mistaken identity.
It is otherwise, however, with the second species, A. (now
Divales) 4-pustulatus F. (the name is given as 4-punctulatus in
the earlier work), which, with another—‘Enicopus ater F.’ (now
Henicopus pilosus Scop.)—he records as taken in Devonshire
by Dr Leach. It is of interest to note that seven good pinned
examples of the Divales are still extant among the remnants of
the old ‘B.M.Coll.’ material at the end of the Power collection,
which seem likely to be some of Leach’s specimens. Neverthe-
less, there are two reasons—perhaps really one and the same
—why it is safer to assume that the two species were ascribed
to Britain through some error: viz., that both are purely
southern in Europe, and that in the later work the entries for
both are bracketed as doubtful. Yet it is a fact that some
largely Mediterranean insects appear to be at home in at least
the south-west of England!
50 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/2/7A-15/3/ 18
It may be added that the Dasytes caeruleus F. of Stephens
is not the true species of that name—which has never been
found in this country, though it ought to be—but Psilothrix
cyaneus Ol.; that the same applies to his D. viridis Rossi; and
that his D. serricornis is evidently the male, and his D. aeratus
the female, of the well-known Dasytes aerosus Kies.
Trichodes (p. 272): in my paper there referred to, on the
British status of this genus of Cleridae, one record of T.
alvearius F. was overlooked, namely ‘Leatherhead’ (Surrey)
given by Stephens (1839: 198). He links it with Dorking (not
far off) where Waterhouse had taken a specimen as reported in
Stephens’s earlier work. We can thus tentatively date the
Leatherhead capture as being some time between 1830 and
1839, and the probability that I. alvearius was then still linger-
ing on in that part of Surrey is rendered thereby a few degrees
stronger.
Corynetes caeruleus Deg.: for a note on the habitat of this
Clerid—which present certain points of interest—see Allen,
Ent. mon. Mag., in press.
5. OXYPODA (1970, 82: 19-26)
Page 20, 1. 10 and head of para. 3, alter ‘Muls.’ to ‘Rey’; also
delete footnote and substitute: ‘Species of Staphylinidae
hitherto ascribed to Mulsant, or Mulsant and Rey jointly, are
now deemed to have been published by Rey (teste G. Fagel in
litt.). The appropriate changes should therefore be made in
the authorship of species 2, 9 and 12, and in the synonymy of
species 15 and 16, in my check-list (pp. 24-5). p. 21, head of
para. 3, delete ‘Muls. &’. p. 23, 1. 22, transpose final stop and
bracket. p. 24, 1. 21 up, for ‘diflerent’ read ‘different’. p. 25, 1.
21, delete ‘as does Fowler’.
In the check-list above mentioned I elected (provisionally,
cf. note 3 succeeding the list) to follow Tottenham (1949) and
Kloet & Hincks (1945) over the question of the correct name
for the species long known as O. longiuscula Er. (or Grav.) and
more recently as O. elongatula Aubé. The choice, however,
turns out to have been unfortunate! Mons. G. Fagel, of Brussels
an authority on the family, has been good enough to elucidate
the matter: the older name (1806) cannot stand as it is a junior
homonym of Aleochara longiuscula Grav. (1802)—now an
Atheta (Liogluta). Consequently, species no. 7 (p. 25) should
read elongatula Aubé (1850)/ =longiuscula (Gravenhorst, 1806,
nec 1802).
O. rugulosa Kr.: Dr G. A. Lohse (1970, Ent. Blatt., 66 (2):
66) has discovered that the species which has long passed under
this name on the Continent is really another, O. riparia Fairm.;
and from what he writes it is quite clear that the same is true
of the British so-called O. rugulosa—one of our rarest species.
Kraatz’s insect of which he has seen the type, is very distinct
and seems extraordinarily rare. Actually, Fowler as long ago
as 1888 (Col. Brit. Isl., 2: 32) recognised the identity of our
GORTYNA BORELII PIERRET: A NEW BRITISH MOTH ol
species with riparia Fairm. (nec Thoms.), but used Sharp’s
name for it, while querying rugulosa Kr. as synonymous.
Species 17 of the check-list must therefore be altered to riparia
Fairmaire 1859/=mutata Sharp 1871/=rugulosa auct., nec
Kraatz 1856.
O. tarda Shp. (p. 24): in a paper which I have not seen
(1959, Mitt. D. ent. Ges., 18 (4): 60-1), Dr H. Korge has split off
from O. brachyptera Steph. a species determined as O. difficilis
Roub. Dr Lohse, however (op. cit. sup., 67) points out that
O. difficilis sensu Korge is a different species from Roubal’s
and is in fact O. tarda Sharp. In my notes I have tentatively
classified tarda as a form of the evidently plastic species
brachyptera, but must stress that this treatment (like others in
the same paper) is no more than provisional. When the ques-
tion has been more thoroughly sifted it may well appear that
tarda should be restored to specific rank; but as yet—the two
forms being in any case exceedingly close—I am not convinced
of the need for this, and meanwhile we shall not be far wrong
in adopting the more synthetic point of view. It is, moreover,
quite possible that the form tarda has on the Continent evolved
further towards full speciation than it has in Britain; there are
several instances where this (or the converse) seems to have
happened.
6. ORTHOPERUS (1970, 82: 112-120)
Page 112, 1. 8, insert comma after ‘limbs’. p. 113, 1. 1, insert
full stop after (1889). p. 117, 1. 19 up, for nirgescens read
nigrescens. p. 119, 1. 13 up, for Fennoscaydian read Fennos-
candian; |. 4 up, for ‘seems’ read ‘seem’.
63 Blackheath Park, London, S.E.3. 26.x11.70.
Gortyna borelii Pierret (ssp lunata Freyer ?):
a new British moth
By J. B. FISHER
I have now taken 3 specimens of this moth, the first kindly
identified by Mr D. Read of the Natural History Museum,
South Kensington, and the second and third by myself. The
first, a female was caught at a lighted window in the autumn of
1968 and for various rather embarrassing reasons not taken to
be identified until early this year. The others were taken on
25th September 1970 at an M.V. trap in the same locality.
According to the Museum this is the first British record.
This Hydraecia is well known in Central France and Central
Europe generally I think, and has the typical Hydraecia shape.
It resembles most a giant Frosted Orange (Gortyna flavago), its
size in fact being similar to a Large Yellow Underwing (Noctua
pronuba). My three specimens have wing spans ranging from
50 mm to over 56 mm. The ground colour of the fore wings,
52 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/2/71-15/3/71
however, is paler and much more olive than flavago, all 3
stigmata are very pronounced and there is a widening dark
brown/black mark going horizontally through the orbital and
reniform. Finally there is no inner line. The body is very
similar indeed to flavago.
With no other British record and little information to go
on I thought it must be a vagrant or migrant but the capture of
the second and third this September—one of which was very
fresh—raised the possibility that this was a very local, indigen-
ous species. On the advice of Mr D. S. Fletcher of the Museum
I wrote to M. Charles Boursin in Paris and his reply was most
encouraging. The moth he said is not a migrant, is unlikely to
have been introduced recently and feeds on an extremely local
member of the umbelliferous tribe which, as it happens, grows
within 3 miles of my house (possibly nearer) and in very few
other places in this country. He also pointed out (rather
wryly) the somewhat similar circumstances of Hydraecia
hucherardi’s discovery in the 1950’s, and was not at all sur-
prised to hear that we had borelii.
Thus there is a very strong likelihood that this is a local
breeding species, possibly quite common. It is a relatively late
flyer. There are no keen collectors that I know of in the imme-
diate neighbourhood, and as the breeding area is rather remote
I suppose it could easily have been overlooked for some time.
I myself am a lazy collector at the moment, with an M.V. trap
on at weekends only, and not every weekend, so more diligence
at the right time could well have produced more specimens
here, let alone in the actual breeding area. Next year, of
course, I will search for larvae to try and prove breeding but
it is nice to think that there is a strong possibility of a casual
M.V. trap in commuter country still turning up a new breeding
species.
BUTTERFLIES OF SOUTH BOHEMIA 55
Butterflies of South Bohemia
By OrakarR Kupona, F.R.E.S.
Department of Zoology, Downing Street, Cambridge
(Continued from Vol. 82, Page 330)
SATYRIDAE
Erebia ligea L.
Eurosiberian. Coniferous forest. July-August. Quite widely distributed.
in the country mainly in large forest areas except higher level of moun-
tains. Mostly common.
Erebia euryale Esp.
Ssp. isarica Heyne. Boreo-alpine. Coniferous forest, July-August.
Continuously distributed in spruce forests and their neighbourhood in the
Sumava mountains from about 800 m. above sea level up and mostly very
common, every year in spite of its two year life-cycle.
L.: Antigl, Boubin, Cerny Kriz, Horska Kvilda, Javori pila, Jezerni slat,
Kubova Hut, Kunzvart, Kvilda, Lenora, Libin, Modrava, Mrtvy luh,
Nové Huté, Prachatice (?), Stachy, Stozec, Vacov, Vimperk, Volary,
Vyssi Brod (?).
R.: 18, 34, 36, 57, 61, 64.
Erebia aethiops Esp.
Eurosiberian. Deciduous forest. July-August. Widely distributed mainly
in lowlands and usually common.
Erebia medusa Den. et Schiff.
Eurosiberian. Meadow. June-July. Distributed over the whole country
and generally very common.
Melanargia galathea L.
Kuroriental. Meadow. June-August. Widely distributed and common
in the country but does not occur above the 1000 m. line in mountain
areas.
Hipparchia fagi Scop.
Euroriental. Forest steppe. July-August. Very rare and only a few
examples have been occasionally captured.
L.: Ceské Budéjovice, Choustnik, Jindrichuy Hradec (?), Libnié, Nova
Obora.
RESO. OV
Hipparchia aelia Hffmegg.
Atlantic. Forest steppe. July-August. Locally distributed mainly in
the valley of the river Vitava and on the sandy soils in the Trebon basin.
Uncommon or rare.
L.: Borkovice, Ceské Budéjovice, Cizova, Holubov, Klet, Kluéenice, Orlik,
Pisek, Podolsko nad Vltavou, Rihov, Ripec, Sobéslav, Trebon,
Vysehrad.
Taiyo" TL eH he ep
54 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/2/7T71-15/3/71.
Hipparchia semele L.
Mediterranean. Forest steppe. July-September. Widely distributed in
the country except higher level of the Sumava mountains (from about 900
m. above sea level up), but mostly uncommon.
Brintesia circe F.
Euroriental. Forest steppe. July-August. More continuously dis-
tributed only in the south-east part of the country, where it is in certain
years common and rather widely spread. Its permanent appearance as a
common species on the top and hillsides of the mountain Kravi hora (958
m. above sea level) near the Austrian border seems to be quite unusual.
L.: Certuv kamen, Ceské Budéjovice, Ceské Velenice, Dobra Voda,
Dubikov, Choustnik, Jindrichuy Hradec, Kaplice, Kravi hora, Prelat,
Sejby, Trhové Sviny, Trocnov.
Jai Js By PN Sp ost Birk
Chazara briseis L.
Mediterranean. Steppe. July-September. Distributed mainly in
lowlands on rough rocky hillsides, e.g. in the valley of the river Vltava.
Mostly uncommon.
L.: Kluéenice, Kotek, Netolice, Orlik, Rabi, Sobéslav, Srubec, Stachy, Tyn
nad Vitavou, Vodnany, Zahorany.
R.: 1, 12, 18, 33, 57, 64.
Minois dryas Scop.
Eurosiberian. Forest steppe. June-August. Distributed only in the
valley of the river Vitava south from Ceské Budéjovice, where the butter-
fly was in certain restricted areas very common. In the last few years it
has appeared much less abundantly.
L.: Adolfov, Borsov, Ceské Budéjovice, Holubov, Jamné, Kamenny Ujezd,
Kotek, Néma Strouha, Ranéice, Vrabée.
int, Sell Girl
Aphantopus hyperanthus L.
Eurosiberian. Meadow. June-August. Distributed over the whole
country except mountain areas from about 800 to 900 m. above sea level
up. Usually very common.
Pararge aegeria L.
Ssp. egerides Stgr. Mediterranean. Forest steppe. May-June, July-
August. Distributed throughout the whole country and generally common.
Dira megaera L.
Eurosiberian. Forest steppe. April-June, July-September. Widely
distributed in the country and common.
Dira maera L.
Eurosiberian. Deciduous forest. June-August. Distributed over the
whole country and common.
Lopinga achine Scop.
Eurosiberian. Deciduous forest. June-July. A few specimens have
BUTTERFLIES OF SOUTH BOHEMIA 55
been found in the southern part of the country near the Austrian border,
none of them in recent times.
L.: Horni Dvoristé, Vyssi Brod.
1gt 2) OG Gye
Maniola jurtina L.
Euroriental. Meadow. June-September. Distributed in the whole
country and usually very common.
Hyponephele lycaon Rott.
Eurosiberian. Steppe. July-August. Locally distributed on sandy
soils mainly in the Trebon basin. Mostly uncommon.
L.: Borkovice, Pisek, Sobéslav, Tabor, Vikov, Vodnany.
1h aly Oe Bie
Coenonympha amyntas Poda.
Eurosiberian. Deciduous forest. June-August. Widely distributed in
the country and common up to about 900 m. above sea level.
Coenonympha arcania L.
Eurosiberian. Deciduous forest. June-August. Widely distributed in
the country up to about 800 m. above sea level but really common only in
lowlands.
Coenonympha pamphilus L.
Eurosiberian. Meadow. Continuously from April until November in
3 broods. Distributed everywhere in the country and very common.
Coenonympha tullia Mull.
Eurosiberian. Marsh. June-August. Distributed in certain marshes,
fens and peat-bogs in the Trebon basin and Sumava mountains, but there
up to about 1000 m. above sea level only. Mostly uncommon.
L.: Borkovice, Ceské Budéjovice (?), Dolni Radoun, Horni Dvoristé, Jind-
richuv Hradec, Jirikovo Udoli, Mrtvy, luh, Nové Hrady, Peckov,
Petrikov, Pribraz, Rihov, Sobéslav.
R.: 9, 18, 36, 53, 57, 64.
NYMPHALIDAE
Apatura iris L.
Eurosiberian. Deciduous forest. July-August. Widely distributed in
the whole country, but almost never common.
Apatura ilia Den. et Schiff.
Eurosiberian. Deciduous forest. June-August. Widely distributed in
the lowlands, usually uncommon.
Limenitis camilla L.
Eurosiberian. Deciduous forest. June-July. Only a few specimens
have been captured. Its appearance in the valley of the river Vltava (e.g.
at Orlik) is possible according to the present distribution of the butterfly
in Central Bohemia.
L.: Orlik, Rejstejn.
Re lS site
56 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/2/71-15/3/71
Limenitis populi L.
Eurosiberian. Deciduous forest. June-August. The butterfly is rather
sporadically distributed throughout the whole country. Uncommon.
Neptis rivularis Scop. (=Iucilla Schiff.)
Eurosiberian. Forest steppe. June-August. The butterfly is distributed
continuously in the south-eastern part of the country especially along the
rivers Luznice and Nezarka, where it is common in certain restricted areas.
It has been found rarely in some other localities where its foodplant
Spirea spp. occurs.
L.: Borkovice, Ceské Budéjovice, Horusice, Hurka, Jindrichuv Hradec,
Lisov, Nova Bystrice, Nové Hrady, Plavsko, Pribraz, Rozmbersky
rybnik, Staré Reky, Sobéslav, Spoli, Straz nad Nezarkou, Schwarzen-
bersky rybnik, Trhové Sviny, Trebon, Veseli nad LuZnici, Zlataa,
Stoka, Zelnava (?).
183, 9 Js 3t, 6 ), bul, oBk Br, et
Vanessa atalanta L.
Eurosiberian. Meadow. June-August, August-May. Widely distributed
over the whole country and common. The over-wintering of adults is not
clearly proven and high abundance of the summer-brood in certain years
possibly depends mostly on immigration in June.
Vanessa cardui L.
Cosmopolitan. Meadow. June-July, August-May. Distributed
throughout the whole country and often very common in summer and
early Autumn.
Inachis io L.
Eurosiberian. Meadow. June-August, August-May. Distributed
everywhere and very common.
Nymphalis xanthomelas Esp.
Eurosiberian. Deciduous forest. July-May. Uncommon but established
in restricted locality in the valley of the river Vltava at Tyn nad Vltavou.
Occasionally the butterfly has been found in a few other localities.
L.: Jindrichuv Hradec (?), Pisek, Prachatice, Strunkovice nad Blanici, Tyn
nad Vitavou.
R.: 12, 57.
Nymphalis polychloros L.
Eurosiberian. Deciduous forest. July-May. Distributed over the
whole country and mostly common.
Nymphalis antiopa L.
Holoarctic. Deciduous forest. July-May. Distributed throughout the
country and usually common.
Polygonia c-album L.
Eurosiberian. Deciduous forest. June-July, August-May. Distributed
throughout the whole country and common.
BUTTERFLIES OF SOUTH BOHEMIA 57
Araschnia levana L.
Eurosiberian. Meadow. April-May, July-August. Widely distributed
over the whole country and common.
Melitaea diamina Lang.
Eurosiberian. Marsh. June-August. The butterfly is quite widely
distributed throughout the country and locally common on less cultivated
marshes.
Melitaea parthenie Borkh.
European. Steppe. June-August. Locally distributed in certain xero-
thermic biotypes and mostly rare.
L.: Ceské Budéjovice, Hartmanice (?), Nové Hrady (?), Ranéice, Sobéslav,
Tabor, Trhové Sviny, Vidov.
IR lO
Melitaea cinxia L.
Eurosiberian. Meadow. June-July. Distributed mainly in lowlands
and there often common.
Melitaea phoebe Den. et Schiff.
Eurosiberian. Steppe. May-June, July-August. Distributed only in a
few restricted xerothermic areas. Rare.
L.: Ceské Budéjovice, Rejta, Vidov.
15,8 BIA Bite
Melitaea didyma Esp.
Eurosiberian. Steppe. May-June, July-August. Distributed only in a
few restricted xerothermic areas, preferable on limestone, but there usually
common.
L.: Kluéenice, Milesov, Orlik, Pisek, Susice, Ujezd.
R.: 37, 50.
Mellicta athalia Rott.
EKurosiberian. Meadow. May-June, July-August. Distributed
throughout the whole country and mostly very common in summer. In
lowlands generally double-brooded.
Mellicta neglecta Pfau.
European (?). Peat-bog (?). June-July (?). A single male has been
recorded recently from the peat-bog Mrtvy luh in the Sumava mountains.
Although the relationship between M. neglecta Pfau and M. thalia Rott. is
not quite clear, nor is the bionomy, ecology and distribution either.
L.: Mrtvy luh.
R.: 68.
Mesoacidalia charlotta L.
Eurosiberian. Meadow. June-August. Distributed over the whole
country and common.
58 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/2/ TA=15/ar
Fabriciana adippe Rott.
Eurosiberian. Meadow. July-August. Widely distributed in the
country and mostly common.
Fabriciana niobe L.
Eurosiberian. Meadow. July-August. Widely distributed throughout
the whole country and usually common.
Pandoriana pandora Den. et Schiff.
Mediterranean. Steppe. July-August. Only two specimens have been
captured in the valley of the river Malse near Ceské Budéjovice (31/7/1932
and 8/8/1936). Possibly an occasional immigration from Austria.
L.: Rimov.
R.: 42, 48, 44, 48.
Argynnis paphia L.
Eurosiberian. Deciduous forest. July-September. Distributed every-
where and mostly very common.
Brenthis ino Rott.
Eurosiberian. Marsh. June-July. Locally distributed in certain
marshy habitats mainly in the Sumava mountains (up to about 1000 m.
above sea level) and its surroundings, where it is mostly common.
L.: Antigl, Divéi Kamen, Kristanovice, Lenora, Netolice, Peckov, Polecnice,
Prachatice, Prelat, Spoli, Sobéslav, Trhové Sviny, Trojice, Vacov,
Vimperk.
Ras lao, 3a; .04,,00, 48,
Proclossiana eunomia Esp.
Holoarctic. Peat-bog. June-July. Recently distributed only in restricted
area of the peat-bog Mrtvy luh in the Sumava mountains and its neigh-
bourhood, but there very common. A few specimens have been found in
peat-bogs in the valley of the river Vltava near Vyssi Brod but this
locality has been inundated by the building of an artificial lake almost
twenty years ago.
L.: Chotyéany (?), Mrtvy luh, Vyssi Brod.
R.: 12, 36, 67, 68.
Clossiana selene Esp.
Holoarctic. Meadow. May-June, July-August. Widely distributed
and mainly in lowlands common. In the lowlands only there might be a
partial second brood.
Clossiana euphrosyne L.
Eurosiberian. Meadow. May-July. Widely distributed in the country
and common.
Clossiana dia L.
Eurosiberian. Meadow. April-May, July-August. Distributed through-
out the whole country and mostly common. In mountains possibly only
single brooded.
BUTTERFLIES OF SOUTH BOHEMIA 59
Boloria aquilonaris Stich.
Eurosiberian. Peat-bog. June-July. Distributed in a few restricted
areas in peat-bogs in the Sumava mountains. Uncommon or rare.
L.: Kunzvart, Lenora, Modrava, Mrtvy luh.
Rea oOs DO ONROGe
Issoria lathonia L.
Eurosiberian. Meadow. June-July, August-May. Distributed through-
out the whole country and common. Double-brooded possibly only in
lowlands.
RIODINIDAE
Hamearis lucina L.
European. Deciduous forest. May-June, August? The butterfly is
locally distributed mainly in certain restricted habitats (deciduous forest
and rough bushy hillsides) in the valley of the river Vitava. Uncommon.
L.: Borkovice, Ceské Budéjovice, Horni Dvoristé, Klucenice, Sobéslav.
Relivo One
LYCAENIDAE
Thecla quercus L.
Mediterranean. Deciduous forest. June-August. Sporadically dis-
tributed in lowlands. Uncommon.
Thecla betulae L.
Eurosiberian. Deciduous forest. July-September. Widely distributed
mainly in lowlands, mostly uncommon.
Strymondia spini Schiff.
Eurosiberian. Forest steppe. June-July. Distributed locally mainly
in the valley of the river Vitava in restricted areas on xerothermic bushy
hillsides. Rare.
L.: Ceské Budéjovice, Hluboka nad Vitavou, Néma Strouha, Roudna,
Sobéslav, Susice, Vysenské kopce.
figs lbs BYE
Strymonidia w-album Knoch.
Eurosiberian. Deciduous forest. June-August. Distributed in a few
restricted areas. It occurs preferably on warm dry bushy hillsides. Un-
common or rare.
L.: Hluboka nad Vitavou, Nova Obora, Peckov, Vacov, Zdikov.
Reel 2a re
Strymonidia pruni L.
Eurosiberian. Forest steppe. June-August. Locally distributed in
lowlands, mostly uncommon or rare.
L.: Borkovice, Ceské Budéjovice, Horni Dvoristé (?), Kluéenice,
Sobéslav, Tyn nad Vltavou.
R.: 9) 37, 57.
60 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/2/77 1-05/ 3/7
Callophrys rubi L.
Eurosiberian. Meadow. April-June. Distributed throughout the whole
country and common.
Heodes virgaureae L.
Eurosiberian. Meadow. June-September. Distributed throughout the
whole country and mostly very common.
Heodes tityrus Poda.
Atlantic. Meadow. May-June, July-August. Widely distributed in the
country up to about 800 m. above sea level. Common.
Heodes alciphron Rott.
Eurosiberian. Meadow. June-July. Distributed locally mainly in the
Sumava mountains and hills Novohradské hory. It occurs rather rarely in
rough meadows, marshes and similar uncultivated grassy places. In a few
restricted areas common.
L.: Ceské Velenice, Dobra Voda, Hartmanice, Idina pila, Klasterec, Lenora,
Mrtvy luh, Netolice, Peckov, Pisek, Prachatice, Rihov, Vacov, Vyse-
hrad, Vyssi Brod.
IR, JPA ith Bile BBY ale, Sif,
Lycaena phlaeas L.
Holoarctic. Meadow. May-June, July-September. Distributed through-
out the whole country and common.
Thersamonia dispar Haw.
Ssp. rutilus Wernb. Eurosiberian. Meadow (marsh). May-July. Only
two single specimens have been found in the valley of the river Vltava
near Ceské Budéjovice: Ist in June 1926, 2nd 15/6/1940.
L.: Néma Strouha.
lane Gy
Thersamonia thersamon Esp.
Euroriental. Steppe. May-June, July-August. Only a few specimens
have been found in the country, all of which were recorded before the year
1930. Possibly extinct.
L.: Ceské Budéjovice, Hluboka nad Vlavou, Klet.
log BE
Palaeochrysophanus hippothoe L.
Eurosiberian. Marsh. June-August. Widely distributed in the
country, but only in certatin restricted areas really common. Possibly
partially double brooded in lowlands, certainly single-brooded in moun-
tain areas.
Lampides boeticus L.
Tropical. Forest-steppe, June-September. The only specimen recorded
in the country was one female found in the year 1898. Certainly an
immigrant or casual introduction.
L.: Horepnik.
Rese.
BUTTERFLIES OF SOUTH BOHEMIA 61
Everes argiades Pall.
Eurosiberian. Meadow. May-June, July-September. Distributed
throughout the whole country and generally common, the summer brood
locally very common, the spring brood in higher levels often uncommon
or rare.
Cupido minimus Fuessl.
Eurosiberian. Steppe. May-June, July-August. Distributed sporadi-
cally mainly in lowlands, but it occurs locally in mountain part of the
country. In certain restricted xerothermic areas very common.
Celastrina argiolus L.
Eurosiberian. Deciduous forest. April-June, July-September. Dis-
tributed over the whole country and mostly common.
Scolitantides orion Pall.
Eurosiberian. Steppe. May-June, July-August. Distributed locally in
a few restricted xerothermic biotypes, e.g. in the valley of the river Vltava.
L.: Ceské Budéjovice, Divéi Kamen, Holubov, Horepnik, Vidov.
Res 157:
Philotes vicrama Moore.
Ssp. schiffermulleri Hemm. Eurosiberian. Steppe. May-June, July-
August. Distributed in certain restricted areas on xerothermic biotypes in
lowlands. Mostly rare.
L.: Ceské Velenice, Dobra Voda, Horepnik, Chotyéany, Kajov, Koroseky,
Lipno, Vidov, Vrabée.
Into dls We BBY OI
Glaucopsyche alexis Poda.
Eurosiberian. Steppe. May-July. Sporadically distributed in certain
restricted areas on xerothermic biotypes preferable on limestone. Mostly
rare.
L.: Adolfov, Ceské Budéjovice, Divéi Kamen, Hluboka nad Vltavou,
Kluéenice, Orlik, Pisecka Smoleé, Pisek, Rantice, Sobéslav, Stranov,
Tyn nad Vitavou, Velesin, Vidov, Vrabée, Vysenské kopce.
Iie MPA SIT OIE
Maculinea alcon Den. et Schiff.
Euroriental. Meadow. June-August. Locally distributed mainly in
the valley of the river Vitava south from Ceské Budéjovice. The butterfly
usually occurs in restricted areas and appears quite rare.
L.: Ceské Budéjovice, Chynov, Koroseky, Kotek, Nové Hrady, Trocnov,
Vyssi, Brod.
Velen ide
Maculinea teleius Bergstr.
Eurosiberian. Marsh. July-August. Distributed sporadically mainly in
lowlands and mostly uncommon, but in certain restricted areas is very
common.
62 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD 15/2/71-15/3/77.
Maculinea nausithous Bergstr.
Eurosiberian. Marsh. July-August. Widely distributed throughout
almost the whole country, but usually uncommon, except for certain
restricted areas, where it is common.
Maculinea arion L.
Eurosiberian. Meadow. July-September. Widely distributed through-
out the whole country and usually common.
Lycaeides idas L.
European. Steppe. May-June, July-August. Distributed in certain
xerothermic usually restricted locaiities in lowland, usually uncommon
OF Tare:
L.: Ceské Budéjovice, Jankov, Kaproun, Klucenice, Néma Strouha, Nové
Hrady, Orlik, Pisek, Tabor, Tyn nad Vlitavou, Veseli nad Luznici, Vidov,
Vrabée.
Re ls40o, Dil.
Plebejus argus L.
Eurosiberian. Meadow. June-August (possibly only partially double-
brooded). Distributed throughout almost the whole country and gener-
ally common, on certain heaths very common.
Aricia agestis Den. et Schiff.
Eurosiberian. Steppe. May-June, July-August. Sporadically dist\ri-
buted in restricted warm and dry biotypes mostly in lowlands, un-
common. The butterfiy occurs on the hillsides of Kravi Hora (958 m.
above sea level) near the Austrian border, but is not common there.
L.: Ceské Budéjovice, Dobra Voda, Jankov, Koroseky, Netolice, Orlik,
Pisecka Smolec, Piseck, Prachatice, Sobéslav, Tabor, Trocnov, Tyn nad
Vitavou, Vysenské kopce, Zahoany.
183 2, BBL Bi, BTL
Eumedonia chiron Rott.
Eurosiberian. Marsh. July-August. Only in a few very restricted areas
on marshes with Geranium ssp., there usually uncommon.
L.: Chynov, Kratochvile, Pisek.
RS Sil, 65}
Cyaniris semiargus Rott.
Eurosiberian. Meadow. June-August. Distributed throughout the whole
country and common.
Vacciniia optilete Knoch.
Eurosiberian. Peat-bog. June-August. Continuously distributed only in
peat-bogs in the Sumava mountains and Trebon basin. In its habitat
usually uncommon, but in a few restricted areas might be found very
abundant.
L.: Borkovice, Cervené Blato, Horska Kvilda, Churdnov, Javori pila,
Jezerni slat, Jirikovo udoli, Kovarav, Kvilda, Kunzvart, Lenora,
Modrava, Mrtvy luh, Nové Hrady, Petrikov, Plechy, Popelni hora,
Sobéslav, Volary, Zlata Studna, Zelnava.
vce ts) Ob dies 16s) 36, ol, O05 00, 64.168.
BUTTERFLIES OF SOUTH BOHEMIA 63
Polyommatus icarus Rott.
Eurosiberian. Meadow. May-June, July-September. Distributed
throughout the whole country and mostly very common.
Lysandra icarius Rott.
Eurosiberian. Meadow. June-August. Distributed usually in slightly
damp, but warm meadows in lowlands and in certain restricted areas
common. The most abundant in the typical xerothermic locality of
Vysenske konpce.
L.: Borkovice, Cérvena nad Vltavou, Dobra Voda, Jindrichuv Hradec,
Jirikovo Udoli, Kluéenice, Netolice, Nova Obora, Nové Hrady,
Pisecka Smoleé, Pisek, Ranéice, Ripec, Sobéslav, Tyn nad Vitavou,
Vysenské kopce.
Ree OF W230.
Lysandra argester Bergstr.
Euroriental. Steppe. June-August. Locally distributed in certain
xerothermic restricted areas preferable on limestone, in a few of them
common.
L.: Geské Budéjovice, Chatyéany, Kluéenice, Kotek, Ranéice, Sobéslav,
Trhové Sviny, Vyseiske Kopce.
180 PA, Shy, Bile
Lysandra bellargus Rott.
Euroriental. Meadow. May-June, July-August. Widely distributed in
lowlands and sometimes common.
Lysandra coridon Poda.
Euroriental. Steppe. June-August. Distributed in certain restricted
xerothermic areas mostly on limestone, but only in a few of them common
or very common.
L.: Borkovice, Ceské Budéjovice, Klucénice, Mokra, Milesov, Pisecka
Smoleé, Pisek, Rabi, Tyn nad Vlitavou, Veseli nad LuZznici, Vidov,
Vysenské kopce.
RO kl Ove
Agrodietus damon Den. et Schiff.
Eurosiberian. Steppe. July-August. Only a few specimens have been
recorded in xerothermic biotypes mostly in the wider surroundings of
Ceské Budéjovice.
L.: Geské Budéjovice, Hluboka nad Vltavou, Horni Dvoristé (?).
18%, G0 dhe Bille
Meleageria meleager Esp.
Euroriental. Steppe. July-August. Distributed only in certain res-
tricted areas on xerothermic biotypes, only in a few of them common.
Preferably on limestone.
L.: Borkovice, Geské Budéjovice, Kamenny Ujezd, Klucénice, Orlik,
Pisecka Smoleé, Pisek, Sobéslav, Strakonice, Tyn nad Vltavou, Veseli
na LuZnici, Vidov, Vysenské kopce.
Re: 19125071.
64 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/2/71-15/ 3/71
HESPERIIDAE
Erynnis tages L.
Eurosiberian. Meadow. April-June, July-August. The butterfly is
widely distributed and common over the whole country about 900 m. above
sea level.
Carcharodu alceae Esp.
Eurosiberian. Forest steppe. April-May, July-August. Only occasional
specimens have been captured in a few xerothermic habitats.
L.: Karov, Klet, Klucenice, Sobéslav.
(2neenia sya Gy
Pyrgus carthammi Hbn.
Eurosiberian. Steppe. May-August (1 or 2 broods?). Only a few
specimens have been recorded, none of them recently. (May be extinct).
L.: Ceské Budéjovice, Jamné, Néma Strouha, Vrabée.
eae Ore
Pyrgus malvae L.
Eurosiberian. Forest steppe. April-May, July-August. Generally dis-
tributed and common throughout the whole country.
Pyrgus serratulae Rbr.
Eurosiberian. Steppe. May-July (1 brood only?). The distribution is
restricted to certain xerothermic habitats mainly in the valley of the river
Vitava. Rare.
L.: Ceské Budéjovice, Chynov, Kluéenice, Néma Strouha, Pisek, Rimov.
Ieee dy PS Site Bt
Pyrgus alveus Hbn.
Eurosiberian. Forest steppe. July-August. Widely distributed in the
country and in some areas common.
Carterocephalus palaemon Pall.
Holoarctic. Deciduous forest. May-June. Widely distributed in the
country up to about 800-900 m. above sea level, but only locally common.
Adopea lineola Ochs.
Eurosiberian. Forest steppe. June-August. Generally distributed and
common.
Adopea sylvestris Poda.
Eurosiberian. Meadow. July-September. Distributed throughout the
whole country and common.
Thymelicus acteon Rott.
Mediterranean. Forest steppe. June-August. The distribution is
restricted to certain xerothermic habitats mainly in the valley of the river
Vitava. Rare.
L.: Kluéenice, Lipno nad Vltavou, Orlik, Pisecka Smoleé, Sobéslav, Such-
dol nad LuZnici, Tyn nad Vitavou, Vrabée.
Ret cl? 37.
BUTTERFLIES OF SOUTH BOHEMIA 65
Ochlodes venata Brem. et Gray
Ssp. septentrionale Vty. Eurosiberian. Meadow. June-August. Widely
distributed in the whole country and common, locally very common.
Hesperia comma L.
Eurosiberian. Meadow. June-August. Distributed almost everywhere
up to about 900 m. above sea level and common.
NOTE
In the literature there are data of occurence of the two following
species in South Bohemia. These species have not been included in this
study, because their occurrence in South Bohemia is more than doubtful:
Colias chrysotheme Esp.: Sumava mountains (18). New data. The
occurence of this typical steppe species in this locality is certainly impos-
sible. Possibly a mistake in identification (36).
Polygonia l-album Esp.: Jindrichuy Hradec (57). Old data. Possibly
an occasional migrant (?), but it is almost certainly a mistake in identifica-
tion.
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ent. Mus. Nat. Pragae, Praha, 4: 1-81.
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Pandoriana pandora (Denis et Schiffer-muller, 1775)—Acta ent.
Mus. nat. Pragae, Praha, 37: 239-249.
5. Novak, F. A. (1954). Prehled ¢eskoslovenske kvéteny s hlediska och-
rany prirody. — in Vesely, J. (red): Ochrana ¢eskoslovenske
prirody a krajiny, Praha, 2: 193-409.
. Povolny, D. et Smelhaus, J. (1951). Colias palaeno L. ssp. europome
Esp. ve Slezsku.—Prirod. Sbor. ostr. Kr., Opava, 12: 402-410.
. Seitz, A. (1909). Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Bd. I, Die pale-
arktischen Tagfalter.—Stuttgart.
. Schack, E. (1936). Mein erster Argynnis pandora Schiff. — Ent.
Zeitschr., Frankfurt a.M., 50: 125-128.
. Schwarz, R. (1948-49). Motyli 1 & 2—Praha
. Soffner, J. (1930). Zur Schmetterlingsfauna des mittlern Béhmer-
waldes.—Mitt. munch. ent. Ges., Munchen, 20: 115-132.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
BUTTERFLIES OF SOUTH BOHEMIA 67
. Spitzer, K. (1958). K. vyskytu a bionomiii Neptis coenobita Stoll.
innominata Lewis v jiznich Cechach.—Acta Soc. ent. cechoslov.,
Praha, 55: 298-299.
. Spitzer, K. (1960). K vyskytu motylu v jihovychodnich Cechach.—
Acta. Soc. ent. cechoslov., Praha, 57: 91-92.
. Spitzer, K. (1964). Rhopalocera na Jindrichohradecku.—Sbor. Jihoces.
Mus.—pir. Vedy, Ceské Budéjovice, 4: 133-138.
. Spitzer, K. (1966). Predbézna entomogeograficka charakteristika
fauny Lepidopter jiznich Cech—II. entomologické Symposium,
Opava (1966): 327-335.
. Staudinger, O. et Rebel, H. (1901). Catalog der Lepidopteren des
palearktischen Faunengebietes.—Berlin.
3. Smolik, L. (1954). Mikroklimatologie s hlediska ochranarského.—in
Vesely, J. (red): Ochrana cGeskoslovesnke priorody a _ krajiny,
Praha, 1: 77-145.
. Sterneck, J. (1929). Prodromus der Schmetterlingsfauna Bohmens.—
Karlsbad.
. Straberger, F. (1933). Nékteré poznatky motyli fauny ve Veseli
n/Luz.—Acta Soc. ent. cechoslov., Praha, 29: 188-189.
. Sustera, O. (1944). Uvod k prodromu nasich véel. Nynejsi i byvale
prirodni poméry Cech a Moravy. /in: Prodromus Hymenop-
terorum patriae nostrae/. — Acta ent. Mus. nat. Pragae, Praha,
21-22: 443-477.
Svec, R., Nekovar, F. et Vojtéch, S. (1967-68). Zeméjisny obraz Jiho-
cCeského kraje, I-III, Prirodnn poméry.—Rozpr. ped. Fak., Ceské
Budéjovice, 4, 6.
Tronicéek, E. (1934). Hostitelske kvéty sluncemilovnych motylu v
horském pasmu stredni Sumavy.—Véda prir., Praha, 15: 270-
274, 295-299.
Varin, G. a kol. (1963). Nomenclature des Lepidopteres de France,
Grypoceres et Rhopaloceres.—Bull. Soc. ent. Mulh., Mulhouse,
1963 (Suppl.): 1-14.
Verity, R. (1940-53). Le farfalle diurne d'Italia. Vol. I-V.—Firenze.
Voldrich, M. (1963). La faune des papillons des montagnes de Sumava
Centrale——Acta faun. ent. Mus. nat. Pragae, Praha, 9: 5-55.
Warren, B. C. S. (1936). Monograph of the genus Erebia.—London.
Warren, B. C. S. (1944). Review of the classification of the Argynnidi:
with a systematic revision of the genus Boloria.—Trans. R. ent.
Soc. Lond., London, 94: 1-101.
Weiss, D. (1966). Zprava o vyskytu perletovce mokradniho (Clos-
siana aphirape Hbn.) na Sumave.—Zpravy ¢s. Spol. ent., Praha,
2: 103-104.
Weiss, D. (1967). Perletovec Proclossiana eunomia Esp., 1797 (C.
aphirape Hubner, 1799) v Ceskoslovensku.—Cas. nar. Mus., Praha,
136 (Odd. prirodoved): 195-200.
Williams, C. B. (1958). Insect migration.—London.
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don, 78: 113-116, 131-136.
68 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/2/71-15/3/71
The Editor much regrets the disruption occasioned by the
postal strike in combination with other unavoidable causes of
delay.
To rectify matters, the present issue is dated from
February to 15th March, and it is proposed that the next issue
shall be dated 16th March to April, the issues being enlarged
accordingly, and thereafter it is proposed to return to the
customary routine, but there will be ten instead of the
customary eleven issues in 1971.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 69
Notes and Observations
A PossIB_LE CASE oF DIPTEROUS ECTOPARASITES CAUSING THE
Deatu oF NESTLING HousE Martins.—During August 1969, I
received a letter from Mr J. R. Clay of Dudleston Manor Farm,
Dudleston, near Ellesmere, Salop, requesting the identification
of an insect which he had taken from a dying House Martin,
Delichon urbica (L.). On examination, I found it to be a
specimen of the louse-fly, Stenepteryx hirundinis L. (Diptera:
Hippoboscidae), a common ectoparasite of martins and
swallows.
As Mr Clay mentioned that the House Martins nesting
around his farm were dying, and deserting their nests, I asked
him for further particulars. He subsequently informed me that
he actually found two nestlings dying on the ground, apparently
having fallen from their nests, and that he removed five of
these flies from each of them. Both birds died shortly after-
wards. Furthermore, Mr Clay told me that he had 21 occupied
nests at the front of his farmhouse and 25 at the rear. A few
days after he found the second bird dying, he noticed that the
adult House Martins had deserted the latter group of nests,
and, on investigation, discovered that about half of the 25 nests
contained dead nestlings or adults (mostly the former) in them,
the number in each nest varying from 1 to 4.
Unfortunately, Mr Clay was not able to check these other
dead birds for parasites, but in view of this remarkably high
mortality and the high number of Hippoboscids he found on
the two dying birds beneath the nests, it seems to me that this
may have been a case of a heavy infestation of ectoparasites
having been responsible. The fact that the group of nests at
the front of the farmhouse were apparently unaffected would
appear to rule out starvation due to a spell of unfavourable
weather reducing the availability of food to the young. In any
case, that would not satisfactorily explain the deaths of the
adults found in the nests.
Such examples of blood-sucking ectoparasites causing the
death of their hosts are rare, but it is known that the depreda-
tions of S. hirundinis can sometimes so weaken martins and
swallows that they become incapable of flight—J. F. Burton,
BBC Natural History Unit, Bristol 8. 17.xii.1970.
An UNusua. LATE Broop oF NEPTICULA ANOMALELLA GOEZE.—
On 4th October this year, I inspected a small and nondescript
rose bush in my garden for Nepticulid mines and found two,
probably N. fletcheri Tutt. This bush usually has three or four
70 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/2/74-15/54
mines of N. anomalella, and I was somewhat surprised to see
the different mine, with no anomalella.
On 10th December I had occasion to go to the same, usually
unfrequented part of my garden and was astonished to see the
bush literally covered by anomalella mines. I counted 75 mined
leaves and some of these had two or even three mines. The
mines were all empty but gave the appearance of having only
recently been vacated. However, I found no cocoons in their
customary place on the leaf petiole against the stem. Possibly,
being a late brood, the larvae had dropped to the ground to
spin up in surface litter, or possibly they may have found their
way into the crop of our garden wren; next year may produce a
clue to show which way they went.—S. N. A. JAacoss, 54 Hayes
Lane, Bromley, Kent, BR2 9EE. 26.xii.1970.
AN UNDETERMINED LEAF-MINE ON SALLOW.—In October of
this year, when collecting at Debden in Essex, I found a vacated
mine in a leaf of Salix capraea which I could not determine.
It appeared to be the early feeding of a Tortricid larva, and it
reminded me of Gypsonoma oppressana Treits. on white
poplar in that the frass proturded through the downy under
surface of the leaf.
I consulted Hering’s herbarium at the Natural History
Museum, where I found a single example of a similar mine on
Salix cinerea which had been taken in the Berlin area on 20th
September 1953. MHering’s annotation of the mine reads:—
“Tortricide, Frassbild anlich wie bei Gypsonoma oppressana
Treits an Populus.”
Can anyone identify the mine for me? Has oppressana
ever been recorded from sallow?—A. M. Emmet, Labrey Cot-
tage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex. 18.xii.1970.
A LaTE Couias crRocEA Fourc.—It was on this date four
years ago that I noted the finding of a female clouded yellow
butterfly on the beach at Porthpean, Cornwall. The specimen
was in a lethargic state and it first appeared to be dead. It
was found on the sand only a few inches above the reach of
the oncoming waves from the sea, and it seemed to be in
danger of being washed away by the next large wave. On
examination it proved to be in good condition, except for the
absence of quite a large, almost semicircular piece which had
been torn from the terminal area of the left hind wing. Whether
this individual was an accidental wind-blown immigrant, or a
freak emergence from a local brood, is a mystery. The butterfly
remained alive in my cold garage for the following five and a
half weeks, until it died naturally on or about the 2nd February
1967. Not surprisingly, although regular supplies of fresh
clover leaves were presented, no ova were laid.—Joun L.
Grecory, 17 Grove Road, St. Austell, Cornwall. 25.12.1970.
CURRENT LITERATURE Fil
AN EARLY BUTTERFLY.—Following the extraordinarily warm
spell of weather at the weekend 9th/10th January when
temperatures were as high as 15°C. it would not be surprising
that the sighting of a dormant butterfly should come to our
notice.
This was in fact the case and I should like to record that
Mrs N. F. Macmillan sighted a large colourful butterfly at
Bromborough, Cheshire. She tells me that it was not a small
tortoseshell (Aglais urticae (Linn.)) being too large and more
colourful and I suspect it to have been a peacock (Nymphalis
io (Linn.)).—E. G. Hancock, Assistant Keeper of Invertibrate
Zoology, City of Liverpool Museums. 12.i.1971.
APROPOS !—
Now ready, price 2d.
A FAMILIAR CONVERSATION
ON DECIMAL COINAGE.
By J. J. STAINTON.
Advertisement in H. T. Stainton’s Entomologist’s Weekly
Intelligencer, Vol. 1 (No. 4): p. 32, of 26th April 1856. Was
J. J. perhaps a relative of H.T.?—C. F. COWAN.
Current Literature
Insect Pollination ef Crops by John B. Free. xi. + 544. Academic
Press Ine. (London) Ltd. £7.25 (145/-).
In his preface the author points out the scope of his
work, which is to bring together under one cover the essence
of the information scattered through the literature (over 1700
titles are given in the bibliography at the end of the book), so
that it may be readily available to the people, from growers
to research workers, who are in need of it. He acknowledges
that in some cases our knowledge is still in need of further
research, and in such cases he mentions the fact; he also in-
vites new information so that it may be included in a second
edition, foreseen for some time in the future. The plants are
limited to those of economic importance, and excludes decora-
tive plants and timber trees. After the index of contents,
there is a short list of conversion factors for the conversion of
linear, square, and avoirdupoids weights and measures into
their respective decimal units and vice versa.
Scientific names are used throughout on account of the
diversity of vernacular names current in various countries, but
a Plant Index may be consulted for the English names.
In chapter 1, headed introduction, the author begins by
pointing out the pollination requirements of crops, and how,
even with self fertile species, insect pollination can be of con-
siderable advantage, while with plants such as European
ae ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/2/T1-15/3/ #2
cucumber varieties, it is desirable to prevent pollination. The
next heading is Types of Pollinating Insects, and it is pointed
out that although many insects have been reported as visiting
the flowers of crops, few, other than bumblebees and honey-
bees are fitted by construction and/or behaviour pattern, to
be of real importance to the grower. It is pointed out that while
in natural conditions, plants do not occur together in large
quantities and the wild pollinators are adequate, with the
planting of crops, the wild species are generally insufficient
and the introduction of honeybee colonies is necessary.
Various cases from different parts of the world are cited, and
it is also pointed out how growers may make their crops more
attractive to pollinators. Mention is also made of wind
pollination. Further headings are on determining the need
for insect pollination, concentration of honeybee colonies
needed and techniques for studying foraging behaviour.
Part II (Chapters 2-7) is headed Insect Pollinators. Much
information is given on the behaviour and use of honeybee
colonies, copiously illustrated by photographs, drawings,
diagrams and charts. Chapter 5 deals with using bumblebees
as pollinators and gives interesting information on the encour-
agement of such colonies by presenting artificial nesting sites.
Chapter 6 deals with solitary bees such as Megachile and
Osmia species, and finally, chapter 7 deals with pollination
in enclosures and after bees have been dealt with, the use
of blowflies for the pollination of onion flowers in bags placed
over the flowers is mentioned.
Part Ili (chapters 8-33) is headed Crops Needing Insect
Pollination, and in this part the chapters are each devoted
to a particular plant family or sub-family; details are given of
pollination mechanisms illustrated by drawings, photographs,
and charts. This part clarifies the reasons for the varied
requirements of different plants.
Pages 444-506 are occupied by the bibliography, arranged
alphabetically under authors’ names. This is followed by an
Author Index, an Animal Index, a Plant Index, and finally a
General Index.
So much information is gathered into this book that, as
foreseen by the author in his preface, it will be of practical
use to many sections of the agricultural and scientific com-
munities in all parts of the world. The author’s industry in
collecting this material together, the industry of his assistants,
and the collaboration of the authors and publishers of that
material in giving permission for its reproduction combine to
make the book worthy of the highest commendation.
The printing has been done in good clear type on good
paper, and is well bound in boards to provide a serviceable
volume for handling. It is copiously illustrated throughout,
and beside its scientific use for the professionals, it can also
provide much entertaining information for the ordinary
naturalist, so is well worthy of inclusion in libraries other than
scientific ones as well..—S.N.A.J.
OBITUARY 73
Proceedings and Transactions of The British Entomological and
Natural History Society, Vol. 3, Part 4 (November 1970),
published by the Society. 10/-.
This part begins with Part III (Sphingidae) of Dr
MacNulty’s Life Histories of Some West African Lepidoptera
(95-122). In his introduction the author points out that he has
quoted other authors to supplement his own observations. A
good account is given of the larvae of many species individ-
ually, and at the end he gives a key to the larvae (presumed
to be in the final instar), which should be of great interest.
References to 18 works are quoted. Two plates illustrate five
species of larva. The Proceedings follow, covering indoor
meetings from 14th May to 11th June 1970. There is a book
review by J. Mackechnie Jarvis on Dr Hickin’s African Note-
book, and a note by F. D. Buck on Roeseliana roeselii (Hagen-
beck) (Salt. Tettigonidae) in Essex.—S.N.A.J.
A.E.S. Leaflet, 30: Rearing of Stick Insects. By various authors.
20 pp. 6/-.
Giving practical information on the subject to the hobby
breeder, with illustrations of breeding cages, anatomical
details, and some of the species usually cultivated. There is a
plate showing typical eggs of 15 genera with a key to these
eggs. Another key is given for older nymphs and imagines,
and 13 items for further reading are cited.—S.N.A.J.
A.E.S. Leaflet, 33: Insect Light Traps by J. Heath. 15 pp. 6/-.
Begins with an outline of the development of the use of
light for collecting insects, after which various types of light
source and their accompanying circuits are described and
illustrated, and finally various forms of trap and their applica-
tions are described. A list of references cites 12 titles; there
is a list of components, and also a list of five firms supplying
such equipment.—S.N.A.J.
Obituary
PERCEVAL JAMES BURTON (1888-1970)
Yet another of our most ardent field collectors has left us
with the passing of Jim Burton on 16th November 1970, at the
age of 82. He spent nearly half of his active life in Suffolk and
did a great deal to further the cause of Natural History in that
county and above all to add a great deal to the knowledge of its
lepidoptera.
Born in 1888 at Wellington in Somerset, his early interest in
butterflies started when he was at Dean Close School at Chelt-
enham. He made dentistry his profession and after a few
74 ENTOMOLOGIST ’S RECORD 15/2/71-15/3/71
years at Ilfracombe, he served in France during the 1914-18
War with the Army Dental Corps. It was on his demobilisation
in 1920 that he first took up practice at Lowestoft which was to
be his home for the next thirty-three years. His original col-
lection having been destroyed during the war period, he started
another with renewed ardour and became closely associated
with the late Claude Morley who was then the leading entomo-
logist in that part of the Country, and founder in 1929 of the
Suffolk Naturalists’ Society which Jim Burton joined soon after
its inception becoming one of its leading members and serving
on the Council for many years. He wielded his net in almost
every corner of Suffolk and among his major discoveries was
the wide range of the White-mantled Wainscot (Nonagria
neurica) in the local seaside marshes where with the writer he
took, in 1950, the first Fenn’s Wainscot (Arenostola brevilinea)
for the County, a species at one time thought to be confined to
the Norfolk Broads. Every year he travelled to some part of
the British Isles for collecting and more than once to the High-
lands and the Lake District where he caught that elusive little
geometer the barred Carpet (Perizoma taeniata) of which he
bred up a fine series and was one of the few collectors to have
done so. He was in fact a most successful breeder of lepidop-
tera and in this connection used to tell of an amusing occur-
rence when he was stationed in Dorset in the First War. As
his dental duties were not very onerous, he set up a lathe and
a number of breeding cages, well-stocked, in his special room
in the camp. Luckily for him he was away from it when an
on-the-spot inspection was made by the divisional commander
who demanded that his sanctum be opened up. The general’s
wrath knew no bounds when he saw the unorthodox contents
and the unfortunate camp commandant had to bear the brunt
of the outburst and make rather lame excuses. In 19535 owing
to failing eyesight Jim Burton had to give up his work at
Lowestoft. He migrated to Godshill on the western fringe of
the New Forest where he carried on his collecting to good
advantage for the next eight years, running a moth-trap regu-
larly and taking in it most of the Forest specialities.
Owing to indifferent health he moved in 1961 to Bodenham
on the outskirts of Salisbury where he spent his last nine years,
but he was forced to dispose of his fine collection of British
Lepidoptera, some of which had been supplemented by pur-
chases. Among these a superb albino Lysandra coridon realised
a probable record price of £50 at auction, while another of his
choice butterflies, an almost black Pieris napi went for nearly
as high a figure.
Of fine upstanding bearing he was a most delightful com-
panion in the field who with his most kindly nature was always
ready to give help and advice. He will indeed be mourned by
all who knew him and deep sympathy goes out to his widow
who helped him so much in his work and his hobby.
C.G.M. de W.
THE SPIDER’S WEB
THEODORE H. SAVORY
Mr Savory, who has spent a great deal of time observing spiders
and their habits, discusses such points as whether a spider
knows how to spin a web by instinct or by observation, is the
spinning a clever individually planned process, or a semi-
automatic one, etc. In many cases the author’s conclusions are
supported by comparative tables of statistics which were
compiled from his observations. Fully illustrated. 80p net
FREDERICK WARNE & CO. LTD.,
1-4 Bedford Court,
London, WC2E 9JB
PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY
R. L. E. FORD
This opens with a section on the perfect insect, describing in turn
its catching, killing, relaxing, setting and mounting. The next
section is devoted to breeding in its various stages—eggs, larva,
caterpillar, chrysalis. There follows a number of sections on
such important subjects as preserving larvae and the labelling
and care of collections. Although it is primarily concerned with
butterflies and moths, other insects are not neglected. Fully
illustrated. £1.00 net
R. N. BAXTER
Suppliers of EXOTIC INSECTS to
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LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, VOL. Il
This comprehensive work was completed with the instalment in our
May issue and a limited number of separates, unbound, with stiff paper
cover, is available for sale at 45/- per copy from The Editor, 54 Hayes
Lane, Bromley BR2 9EE, Kent. (Postage extra)
SS FE I ES
CONTENTS, Vol. 83, Parts II and III
From the Alpes Maritimes to Albarracin (July-August 1970). C. G.
M. de WORMS .. ur oS ft Bt ed a ay 29
Laspeyresia saltitans Westw. (Olethreutinae), the Mexican Jumping
Bean Moth. JJOHN L. GREGORY .. ne an ae Ae 36
Hydraesias in the Coastal Areas of Western Ireland. H. C. HUGGINS 37
Two ‘rediscoveries’ made in 1970. DAVID AGASSIZ .. te S 39
Collecting Notes, 1970. R. G. CHATELAIN and D. O'KEEFFE .. 40
British Coleoptera: Corrections and Supplementary Notes, including
the addition of Axinotarsus marginalis Lep. (Melyridae) to
our list. A. A. ALLEN .. ys ve ie ae iw a 46
Gortyna boreli Pierret (ssp. lunata Freyer?): a new British Moth.
J. B. FISHER rs 2. a - w + * a 51
Butterflies from South Bohemia. OTAKAR KUDRNA. (Concluded
from Vol. 82, p. 330) .. af on a ae Ane be 53
Notes and Observations:
A possible case of Dipterous Ectoparasites Causing the Death
of Nestling House Martins. J. F. BURTON a a 69
An Unusual Late Brood of Nepticula anomalella Goeze .. 69
An Undetermined Leaf-mine on Sallow. A. M. EMMET .. 70
A Late Colias crocea Foure. J. L. GREGORY .. fad tA 70
Current Literature a8 a ae ¥: Ae: 23 56 Ate 71
Obituary: Perceval James Burton .. ne me i a2 Et 73
Butterflies and Moths of Kent, III. J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT .. (63)
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79
Notes on some of the British Nepticulidae (Lep.)
By Lieut.-Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., M.A., F.R.E.S.
The notes which follow deal, as the title declares, with only
some of our species of Nepticulidae: they do not attempt to
cover the family exhaustively. Some common species are
omitted because I have nothing constructive to say about
them; others, which are more local, | have not yet encountered.
The notes follow no set pattern. In some cases I have tried to
widen our knowledge of biological history; in others, to record
new localities; with others, to help entomologists to differenti-
ate the mines. In short, I have included a miscellany of in-
formation, new or forgotten, which has come to my notice,
in connection with the most neglected family of the British
lepidoptera. I am filling the gaps, not writing a text-book.
The study of the Nepticulidae is in one respect a wider and
richer pursuit than that of most other lepidoptera, for it in-
volves a secondary science, that of minology. If you say “Iris”
to me, I see a handsome butterfly in my mind’s eye; but if you
say “Weaveri’, I see, not a moth, but a leaf of Vaccinium
vitis-idaea containing a mine and a cocoon. So the notes which
follow deal more with the mines than the moths. Yet both
must be studied together. New species have been erected on
the evidence of the mines alone and have proved to be
chimaeras, for there are some members of the family which
are variable in the formation of their mines. In other cases,
a small difference in the mine does indeed indicate a different
species. So, as I say, the mine and the moth are a partnership
which must be considered together, if mistakes are to be
avoided. It follows that both must be collected together, and
a herbarium of pressed leaves in which there are mines is
just as important as, and far more interesting than, a cabinet
drawer of set specimens.
The late Professor Hering did a great deal to promote the
study of minology. He emphasised the importance of sharing
information if progress is to be made. He writes: “Once again
it should be emphasised that as many entomologists as pos-
sible should get together, and where convenient work in
groups; it then becomes possible to exchange experience, and
show each other species of mines which have been identified,
so that the experience of one becomes available to the others
and in this way the unnecessary and frequently difficult breed-
ing of known species can be avoided. Reciprocal exchange
of information on breeding experiences of every kind will
facilitate everyone’s work and the amount of new information
discovered will in this way be greatly extended. Assistance
with each other’s determination problems will eliminate the
necessity for duplicating breeding of the same insect, and the
pleasure attendant on every fresh discovery will in its turn
help to increase interest in minology” (Hering, 1951, p. 330).
So in writing these notes I am hoping that others will come
76 ENTOMOLOGIST ’S RECORD 16/3/71-15/4/71
forward to supplement and correct what I have written, and
will continue where I have left off.
Some people quite wrongly regard me as an expert in the
Nepticulidae merely because I am one of the few people in
this country who studies them; a fourth-former is a scholar
among Hottentots. A question I am repeatedly asked is: “Are
we to call them Stigmellidae or Nepticulidae, or, if some are
one and some the other, what is the difference?” Stigmella
was coined by Schranck in 1802 and Nepticula by Heyden in
1843; so Stigmella has priority. When Beirne (1945) made a
revision based on the structure of the genitalia, he used the
name Stigmellidae for the family as a whole, but retained
Nepticula for one of the genera into which he divided it.
Beirne’s revision does not appear to have been entirely
accepted on the continent, but it was used by Heslop (1964)
except that he gave the family name as Nepticulidae. The
forthcoming edition of Kloet & Hincks’s check-list follows
Heslop in this respect. That work, which has not been finalised
at the time I am writing, classifies the British members of the
super-family as follows :—
NEPTICULOIDEA
NEPTICULIDAE
(=STIGMELLIDAE)
Stigmella Schranck (about 36 species)
Nepticula Heyden (about 36 species)
Dechtiria Beirne (15 species)
Fomoria Beirne (2 species)
Levarchama Beirne (2 species)
Fedalmia Beirne (1 species)
Etainia Beirne (4 species)
Trifurcula Zeller (3 species)
Bohemannia Stainton (=Scoliaula Meyrick) (1 species)
OPOSTEGIDAE
Opostega Zeller (4 species)
TISCHERIIDAE
Tischeria Zeller (5 species)
Kloet & Hincks is to be our bible as far as nomenclature
is concerned, and therefore, with that work, we should say
Nepticulidae: but we must bear in mind that our continental
friends do not talk quite the same language. I do not know
why the junior name has been adopted: it may well be on the
grounds of usage, since the abbreviation ‘“nep” is a familiar
part of the vocabulary of microlepidopterists, and the choice
will be popular.
These notes deal with only the first seven of the genera
given above, in other words with the species embraced by
NOTES ON SOME BRITISH NEPTICULIDAE ae
Nepticula in Meyrick (1928) and Ford (1949).
A scientific classification based on anatomical affinities is
one thing, but for the practical study of mining insects in the
field a more convenient grouping is according to the foodplant.
This arrangement (initiated, in the literature I have read, by
Professor Waters (1924)) is followed by continental writers and
I am happy to fall into line. It also makes it easy to leave
certain foodplants (e.g., beech) for possible future treatment.
Readers may notice that I speak of cocoons and not pupae.
The reason is that I do not know whether the insect inside the
cocoon is overwintering as a larva or a pupa. If one wishes, one
can have a look. Slight pressure with fine forceps on the sides
of the broader end of the sweet-corn-shaped cocoon will cause
it to open its mouth like a snapdragon, and one can peep inside.
But your nep is a modest insect, and it would sooner die than
stomach such an intrusion on its privacy.
I shall conclude this introduction by stressing once again
that I am not an expert and have not been studying the
Nepticulidae for long. Perhaps it would have been wiser for
me to have kept my mouth shut for the time being, for I am
bound to have made mistakes. But if I have done so and they
are corrected by other writers, a useful purpose will have been
served. The notes which follow reveal many gaps and un-
certainties in our knowledge of this family, which offers one of
the richest fields to the entomological explorer. Too many
people are dissuaded from tackling the neps because they are
afraid to handle such tiny insects, but it is in resolving the
problems of entomology that its fascination lies. The physical
difficulty of setting the Nepticulidae will be found to be far less
formidable than the imagination painted it, while the intellec-
tual difficulties involved in their study offer an exciting
challenge.
ACER PSEUDOPLATANUS L. (Sycamore)
Mr S. Wakely (1962) recorded mines of two types in the
leaves of sycamore at Mickleham, Surrey. He had submitted
them to the late Mr Carolsfeld-Krausé of Denmark, who pro-
nounced that those with the thicker excremental line of dis-
persed frass were made by Nepticula speciosa Frey, while those
with the very narrow continuous line of frass were N.
pseudoplatanella Skala, a species new to Britain. Wakely bred
parasites, but no moths. Since then I have visited Mickleham
on three or four occasions, always with Mr Wakely, and have
found a good many mines of both types, both not uncommonly
occurring in the same leaf. Our timing has been bad and few
of our mines have been tenanted, but from those that were I
have reared two specimens of speciosa. It has always seemed
odd that two such local species should occur together and I
have long suspected that both forms of mine were made by the
same insect. These suspicions are confirmed by Borkowski
(1969) who has bred from both types of mine and found no
78 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 16/3/71-15/4/71
difference in the imagines. Pseudoplatanella Skala becomes a
synonym of speciosa Frey.
The species appears to be distinctly uncommon. Apart from
Lyndhurst, Hants, where it was first discovered, Mickleham
and Blackheath (Wakely, loc. cit.), the only locality I know is
High Halstow in Kent, where Mr Wakely showed me a mine
during a field meeting held in October 1968.
Meyrick (1928) and Ford (1948) make speciosa univoltine,
with a larval season from August to October: Hering (1957)
and Borkowski regard it as bivoltine with larvae in June as
well as the autumn. It may, of course, have one generation
in England and two on the continent, but the number of
vacated mines I found on the 29th July 1970, when I also took
an imago on a trunk, suggests that we have two generations
too. On the day in question, I also found four tenanted mines
(two of each type), whose larvae duly spun up; these could
have been late examples of the first of early members of the
second brood. No imagines have yet resulted, but their emer-
gence next spring is still a possibility.
On the 9th July I also took a specimen of Eiainia decentella
H.-S., which was resting on the same trunk as the imago of
speciosa. This species was introduced as new to Britain by
Robert Adkin (1933) and has rarely been recorded since that
date.
AGRIMONIA EUPATORIA L. (Agrimony)
Nepticula nitens Fologne (1862) (Lep. Nepticulidae)—a species
new to Britain
Our standard text-books record three species of Nepticula
feeding on Eupatoria agrimonia. These are N. aeneofasciella
H.-S., a relatively common species which makes a fine gallery
leading abruptly to a blotch, Dechtiria agrimoniae Frey, which
makes a broad gallery gradually widening into a blotch in
which the larva pupates, and N. fragariella Heyd., which makes
a long, irregular gallery. Until recently I had attributed all
gallery mines to this third species, but when I found some
mines on agrimony, at Durfold, in Surrey, during a field meet-
ing held there on the 9th of November 1970, I was at once
struck by their dissimiliarity from the other gallery mines on
this foodplant which I had found in north Essex and preserved
in my herbarium. Investigation showed that it was the Dur-
fold mines which were fragaviella Heyd. (or aurella Fab.—see
below), while those I had previously encountered belonged to
Nepticula nitens Fologne, a species hitherto not recorded from
Britain in our own literature.
I therefore sent examples of each type of mine to Dr Joseph
Klimesch in Austria for his opinion, and he was kind enough
to confirm my determination. In his letter, however, he added
the following proviso: “By the way, the imagines of fragariella-
dulcella-aurella-nitens are all very similar to each other. I
could not find any difference in the male copulatory apparatus.
NOTES ON SOME BRITISH NEPTICULIDAE 79
Perhaps there may be differences in the females but I had
no chance to examine these.”
The uncertainty regarding the status of these ‘“‘species”’ is
of long standing and is still far from being resolved. It there-
fore seems the best course to record nitens as a British species
while at the same time making it clear that it may, in due
course, be degraded to synonymy.
Fologne (1862) describes nitens as smaller than aurella.
The basal portion of the wing is brilliant bronze with green
reflections. The fascia beyond the middle of the forewing
is brilliant yellowish silver, being less golden than that of
aurella, and is wider on the dorsum than on the costa. A
band preceding the fascia and the apical area beyond it are
deep purple, being less bluish than these areas in aurella;
furthermore, the transition from the coppery basal area to the
purple outer area is abrupt; the underside of the wings is
darker than in aurella.
Tutt (1899, p. 166) mentions nitens as a species feeding on
agrimony which has been recorded on the continent but not
in Britain. It therefore came as a surprise to find that Hering
(1957, p. 42) includes Great Britain in his account of the dis-
tribution of nitens. I at once suspected that Waters was his
source of information and wondered whether I would find
mines furnished by him in the Hering herbarium. In this I
was disappointed, but I was interested to see that he had sent
Hering mines of aeneofasciella from the Oxford district.
Nevertheless, I think my hunch was correct, since in a paper
from which Hering quotes in another context, Waters wrote
(1924, p. 100), “Yellow larvae of the aurella type, inhabiting
long slender galleries, are fairly common in this district
[Oxford] on Agrimonia. The mines usually differ from those
of aurella in having a much narrower and more compact
excremental line, with wide empty margins. The imagines
come close to aurella, but the ground-colour is greenish-golden
(not coppery-golden or purplish-golden) and the colour of the
head varies from orange to black. There is little doubt that
this is a distinct species, and I refer it to N. fragariella Hein.
I feel convinced, however, that fragariella sometimes feeds on
bramble, and aurella probably on agrimonia. I have found a
few mines with a slender excremental line on bramble, and
have bred from them imagines with a greenish-golden ground-
colour, and one with a black head. Conversely, I have bred
specimens with a coppery-golden ground colour from
Agrimonia. These cases, though apparently exceptional, in-
dicate that the food-plant is not an infallible guide to the
species’’.
Here we see Waters making the same mistake as I had
done, and jumping to the conclusion that the gallery mines
which he had found in agrimony were those of fragariella. The
mines with the narrow exremental line, which he describes so
clearly, are, in fact, those of nitens: all I would add to his
80 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 16/3/71-15/4/71
Nepticula nitens Fologne
8]
NOTES ON SOME BRITISH NEPTICULIDAE
S.N.A.Y-
2H -Ri1.I97O-
Nepticula fragariella Heydn
82 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 16/3/71-15/4/71
description is that there is a common tendency for the early
mine of nitens to follow the margin of the leaf. The reader
will notice that both Waters and Fologne describe the ground-
colour of the moth in very similar terms.
I felt it essential that I should visit the Hope Department of
Entomology at Oxford to see Waters’s specimens, and at the
same time I took the opportunity to study the mines in his
herbarium. Both the moths and the mines are all placed over
the label “aurella’, though a question mark is added on one of
the pages of mines. The food-plants are clearly indicated on
the labels under the moths, but there is no way of linking
particular specimens with particular mines. The mines are
mainly of the nitens type, but among them there are some with
a broader band of dispersed frass: I shall discuss the identity
of these in due course. The imagines from Agrimonia were
just as Waters described them, but a further striking character
was their markedly smaller size than that of the specimens of
aurella bred from Rubus—another point of agreement with
Fologne’s description. In case I was regarding them with a
biased eye, I invited Mr E. Taylor of the Hope Department to
pass judgment on the relative sizes, and he at once declared
emphatically that the specimens from agrimony were smaller.
I had no certain means of picking out the specimens bred from
bramble which came from mines with a narrow excremental
line, but what Waters had to say about the coloration of the
imago enabled me to select several likely candidates.
Hering states that nitens is bivoltine, the larvae appearing
in June and again in August to September. The scanty evidence
at present available suggests that these dates apply equally to
nitens in this country.
The other type of gallery mine is longer and broader and
the excremental line is wider, with the frass tending to be
dispersed in separated grains. Hering states that these are
mines of aurella, and adds that the larvae may be found to be
still feeding in the winter. Some of the mines I found at Dur-
fold in the second week of November contained still active
larvae which have since spun up. This winter feeding is, of
course, characteristic of aurella on the evergreen bramble.
Hering (1957, p. 445) recognises fragariella as a distinct species,
but confines it for food-plant to Fragaria vesca. Waters, it
appears, is in agreement with Hering in identifying these
agrimony mines as aurella, and on the present evidence I think
our best course is to fall in line with these authorities.
To sum up, there are two types of gallery mine on Agri-
monia occurring at different times in the year and providing
imagines which show constant marks of difference; the geni-
talia, however, appear to be identical. The moth from the
smaller mine with the narrow line of excrement is Nepticula
nitens Fologne, which is, in my opinion, a good species. The
moth from the larger mine with dispersed frass is Nepticula
aurella Fabricius. The record of Nepticula fragariella Heyden
PAPILIO CINYRAS RIDENS FASSL 83
feeding in agrimony is probably an error.
I am grateful to Mr S. N. A. Jacobs for the drawings of the
mines of nitens and aurella (or fragariella), executed with his
usual skill; and to Professor C. G. Varley for permission to
study Water’s specimens, mines and diaries preserved in the
Hope Department of the University Museum at Oxford.
(To be continued)
Papilio cinyras ridens Fassl: a new status
(Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)
By JoHn H. MASTERS
(P.O. Box 7511, Saint Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A.)
Papilio cinyras ab. ridens Fass] (1915) was described from a
single male taken at Rio Songo, Bolivia, in March of 1913. Fass]
called it a striking aberration and the only example in over
1000 Papilio cinyras that he had examined. While the original
description is brief, the accompanying colour plate is excellent
and ridens is readily recognised. Apparently the other speci-
ments examined by Fassl were from Peru, for his form ridens
is typical of specimens of cinyras from eastern Bolivia, which
now appear to constitute a valid geographical subspecies.
Although it has been ignored in the literature since the original
description, ridens is the earliest available name for ihe
Bolivian subspecies of Papilio cinyras and I am hereby elevat-
ing it to subspecific rank.
Papilio cinyras Menetries has long been considered con-
specific with Papilio thoas Linnaeus, after they were united by
Rothschild and Jordan (1906). Rothschild and Jordan were the
first to use the male genitalia as a taxonomic criterion for the
“Papilio thoas” group of swallowtails; a criterion which very
conveniently separated Papilio cresphontes Cramer, Papilio
homothoas Rothschild & Jordan, and Papilio paeon Boisduval
from the others whom they united under Papilio thoas. Field
data, which includes the sympatric occurrence of Papilio thoas
and Papilio cinyras at several localities, leads me to believe
that they are distinct species.
I have received a fairly large number of “Papilio thoas”
from Bolivia, from Franz Steinbach of Cochabamba, over the
past ten years. Steinbach had tentatively divided these into
three ostensibly sympatric subspecies of Papilio thoas: brasil-
iensis Rothschild & Jordan, thoantiades Burmeister and
cimyras. A careful examination of long series has shown me
that there is no apparent intergradation or hybridization
between the three forms, nor are they seasonal or brood forms.
Their external appearance is very close, as is that of a half
dozen closely related species, and I am unable to detect dis-
tinctions in the male genitalia, however I conclude that three
species are involved. Steinbach’s “cinyras” is a large-wide-
banded form which agrees perfectly with Fassl’s figure of
84 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 16/3/71-15/4/71
ridens, it is undoubtedly related to cinyras and specifically
distinct from Steinbach’s “thoantiades”, a smaller narrow-
banded form, very close in appearance to thoantiades, which I
ally with Papilio thoas. The third form, Steinbach’s
“brasiliensis”, appears to be a complete undistinct and possibly
undescribed species; it has longer and narrower wings than
the others and is quite distinct from Papilio cinyras brasiliensis.
This ‘mix’ of populations in eastern Bolivia has led most
authors to dismiss the area as a blend zone. The ranges of
Papilio cinyras brasiliensis and Papilio thoas thoantiades also
overlap in southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and northern
Argentina. Rothschild and Jordan note the apparent overlap
in these regions and give a rather unsatisfactory explanation
by the statement: ‘It is probable that P. thoas is in these dis-
tricts a wanderer like the Nearctic P. cresphontes, which would
explain the absence of a strict line of separation between the
Brazilian and Argentinian forms’’.
Papilio thoas and Papilio cinyras may be distinguished by
the following characteristics:
1. Size. Papilio cinyras is considerably larger, length of fore-
wing, as measured from tip to base, averages 70 mm. in
males from Bolivia and specimens from Peru or Brazil are
even larger. Papilio thoas from Bolivia, have an average
fore-wing length of about 60 mm. in males, and Bolivian
examples seem to average slightly larger than P. thoas
from other areas including Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela,
Colombia and Mexico.
2. Yellow bands on fore-wings. These bands are typically
much wider and solider in Papilio cinyras than in Papilio
thoas. However, they are intermediate in width in Papilio
cinyras brasiliensis.
35. A few other characteristics which I have used for Bolivian
specimens, and which may or may not apply to other
populations include: Ground colour of wings, which is
slightly more ochraceous in thoas and a cleaner brighter
yellow in cinyras. The length of the tails which averages
25 mm. for males of cinyras and 20 mm. for males of thoas.
The red-brown colouration at the base of cells M, and M,
on the ventral hind-wing are much larger and more pro-
nounced in thoas than in cinyras.
There are a number of characteristics that can be utilized
for separating the three subspecies of Papilio cinyras, however
the maculation of the dorsal fore-wing (figure 1) seems most
reliable and convenient to use. The characteristics for distin-
guishing the subspecies of Papilio cinyras by the dorsal fore-
wing are:
(A) Papilio cinyras ridens. Yellow band relatively wide; Four,
or sometimes three, submarginal spots present; Apical
spot relatively large; Spot in cell M,, slightly indented
towards costal margin and small spots in Sc, usually
present.
PAPILIO CINYRAS RIDENS FASSL 85
(B) Papilio cinyras cinyras. Yellow band relatively wide; Sub-
marginal spots never present; Apical spot quite variable in
size; Spot in cell M,, whole and never indented on costal
margin; Small cell spot nearly always present.
(C) Papilio cinyras brasiliensis. Yellow band comparatively
narrow; Four,or sometimes three, submarginal spots always
present; Apical spot, usually large and triangular shaped;
Spot in cell M,, always deeply indented on costal margin;
Cell spot usually absent or, if not, very small.
Figure 1. Representations of dorsal forewings to illustrate distinctions
between subspecies of Papilio cinyras Menetries. (A) P. cinyras ridens,
Beunavista, Dept. Santa Cruz, Bolivia. (B) P. cinyras cinyras, Huallaga
Central, Huanuco, Peru. (C) P. cinyras brasiliensis, Belem, Para, Brazil.
(D) P. thoas thoantiades, Beunavista, Dept. Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Actual
sizes are shown.
A revision of Papilio thoas as proposed by Rothschild and
Jordan (1906) seems in order and I propose the following:
86 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 16/3/71-15/4/71
Papilio thoas Linnaeus
a. t. oviedo Gundlach Cuba
b. t. melonius Rothschild & Jordan Jamaica
c. t. autocles Rothschild & Jordan Mexico
d. t. nealces Rothschild & Jordan C. America to Trinidad
e. t. thoas Linnaeus Orinoco and _ lower
Amazon
f. t. thoantiades Burmeister Bolivia and Brazil to
Argentina
Papilio cinyras Menetries
a. c. cinyras Menetries Peru
b. c. ridens Fassl Eastern Bolivia
c. c. brasiliensis Rothschild & Jordan Brazil and southward
References
Fassl, A. H., 1915. Neue Schmetterlingsformen aus Sud-Amerika
Papilioniden. Deutsche Entom. Zeitschrift Iris, 29: 186-189.
Rothschild, W. and K. Jordan, 1906. A revision of the American
Papilios. Novitates Zoologica, 13: 27-752.
Proclossiana eunomia Esperin Andorra
By J. V. Dactige, M.D.
The range of this northern insect is well known to extend
into Central Europe, and Higgins and Riley (1970) mention its
occurrence in widely scattered colonies in the Vosges and the
Pyrenees in France as well as in Belgium, Germany, Czech-
slovakia, Austria and Bulgaria.
In the Pyrenees it appears to have been recorded only in
the vicinity of Porté Puymorans, the local race being referred
to by both Bretherton and Manley and Alicard as ssp. cere-
tanensis Deslandes. I now wish to report the finding of a
colony in Andorra about 25-30 km. East of the locality at Porté
Puymorans and separated from it by a formidable mountain
barrier. The butterflies were seen flying on the 28th June 1970
in company with C. selene Schiff. and H. virgaurae L. in a
damp and flowery meadow on the South slope of the Pyrenees.
Only males were seen. Comparison of a short series with
specimens taken at Porté Puymorans on the 29th June did not
show any major differences between the two colonies.
REFERENCES
Bretherton, R. F. 1966. A Distribution List of the Butterflies (Rhopalo-
cera) of Western and Southern Europe. Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent., 17,
(Part 1): 1-94.
Higgins, L. G., and Riley, N. D. 1970. A Field Guide to the Butterflies
of Britain and Europe. Collins, London.
Manley, W. B. L., and Allcard, H. G. 1970. A Field Guide to the
Butterflies and Burnets of Spain. Classey, Hampton, England.
10 Alan Road, Wimbledon, London, S.W.19.
TEMPORAL SUB-SPECIATION IN MANIOLA JURTINA 87
The possible existence of temporal Sub-speciation
in Maniola jurtina (L.) (Lep., Satyridae)
By GrorGe THomsoN, F.R.E.S.
It is generally held that the formation of races is dependent
upon the isolation of populations from each other, thus creat-
ing a protected gene pool, each acquiring particular features
suited to its own environmental conditions. The geographical
isolate, however, may be linked to other races of the species
by a cline in which the two extremes have acquired recognis-
ably distinct characteristics, the intervening populations con-
sisting of either a gradual change from one form to the other,
isolated populations consisting of one or other of the extremes
(indicating distinct sub-speciation) or, more commonly, a mix-
ture of the two. The factors causing such isolation have been
observed to be geographical, in butterflies at least, and it is
not surprising that this has been the most frequently observed.
It is a comparatively simple matter to find out whether or not
two or more populations are isolated from each other; nor
does it take a zoologist to tell if the ‘extremities’ of the range
of a widespread species differ in any marked way. Much more
difficult to detect, however, are cases of sympatric evolution—
where two populations in breeding condition within the ‘cruis-
ing range’ of each other largely keep characters peculiar to
itself. The problems of detecting this phenomenon, which is
known in plants, are so great that it was 1957 before it was
detected in the Meadow Brown Butterfly (see Ford, 1964).
Clearly sympatric evolution could well be awaiting discovery
in many species of Lepidoptera and other insects, but it is
likely, I surmise, that it is very uncommon, if not rare, in
zoology.
Temporal sub-species have been the domain of the palae-
ontologist, but recently I have found a case which suggests
that isolation of this nature exists in Maniola jurtina. In a
previous paper (Thomson, 1969) mention has already been
made of voltinism in this Satyrid, a subject to which Verity
(1953) and others have contributed. The facts, as we have
them, are that jurtina has in some parts of its range an ex-
ceptionally long emergence and flight period—possibly seven
months in some parts of the Mediterranean region. In spite
of this the butterfly is univoltine and no case is known where
breeding under various conditions has produced a second
brood. This is probably partly explained by the fact that
the larvae feed at very different rates. What is no so well
known is that in many regions, mainly in the south of Europe
(but, as we shall see, not exclusively so), the butterfly emerges
in late spring or early summer, almost disappears for a few
weeks at the height of the summer and then reappears. This
second emergence is not simply the earlier specimens appear-
ing again, but a quite fresh emergence of individuals of both
sexes.
88 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 16/3/71-15/4/71
I collected material evidence of this during my two visits
to France—one in 1968 and the other in 1970—and through the
help of several friends who went out of their way to collect
for me a series of jurtina in the south of that country and
Spain. In the last week of June 1968 I collected in several
parts of Vaucluse, Var, Alps Maritimes and the Basses Alps.
Without exception, in these departments I had no trouble in
finding a locality in which jurtina was common and I collected
a series from several localities. In all cases, with the excep-
tion of the Esterol, both the males and the females were fresh,
showing little sign of wear and tear. I collected such a series
at Fountain de Vaucluse, St Valier and Digne. This year, but
this time in the third week of July, I looked for the Butterfly
at Fountain and found none, at St Valier with great difficulty
I was able to get twelve and at Digne two days’ hunting pro-
duced only four individuals. Although I had no previous ex-
perience to compare other localities with those of two years
before, the difference between the number of jurtina in the
two years in south-east France could be described as nothing
less than considerable. In spite of this I received a number
of fresh jurtina from Provence taken in August 1970. Clearly
the butterfly had re-appeared after we had left.
Remarkable these facts may be in a species which has
been shown, by other criteria, to be univoltine. The presence
of a ‘double emergence’ in British jurtina would be surprising
in the extreme—but this is, in fact, what has been found by
Mr T. D. Fearnehaugh. In 1966 he wrote to me to say,
‘ ... Last year an unusual event occurred in that there was a
definite second brood. . . . last year (1965) the butterfly was
about from late June to mid-September as usual, then on
October 16th I was surprised to find a freshly emerged brood
in good numbers. .. .’
Through Mr Fearnehaugh I have been able to gather
together the following information concerning a population of
jurtina on the Isle of Wight. For reasons which should be
obvious, | would prefer not to disclose the actual location of
this insect’s haunt.
There exists on the Isle of Wight a population of jurtina
which every year emerges towards the end of June or
beginning of July (a little later than other localities on the
island) with a flight period lasting until the beginning or
middle of October depending upon the season. During this
period there may or may not be a reduction in numbers at
the end of August or the beginning of September about which
time fresh males and females emerge in varying numbers.
From what I can gather, the locality is, to all intents and pur-
poses, similar to other localities on the island, yet in these
the species emerges in the middle of June and is well over
by early September by which time any stragglers are well
worn. The situation throughout the United Kingdom is the
same, although the insect comes out a little later in the
TEMPORAL SUB-SPECIATION IN MANIOLA JURTINA 89
north, and I know of very few instances when jurtina was still
flying in September. In the Isles of Scilly I have collected
cassiteridum Graves fairly fresh in the second week of Sep-
tember. It is possible that the emergence period is extended
there as they are still flying in good numbers when the butter-
fly has disappeared from the Cornish mainland. The long
and double flight period of this Isle of Wight population is
therefore similar to that know in the south of Europe, in
Sicily, Malta and possibly elsewhere.
Had it been that the actual flight times were the only way
in which these late individuals differed from the situation
throughout most of its range, I would probably not have in-
vestigated the situation much further, accepting the fact that
under certain conditions, probably environmentally con-
trolled, some jurtina undergo a period of aestivation in the
late larval or pupal stage emerging fresh in late summer.
However, Mr Fearnehaugh very kindly sent me a series of
seventeen specimens taken on the 18th September 1970 (six
males and eleven females) all but two in very fresh condition,
and two females taken on the 9th October of the previous year,
once again fairly fresh. It was immediately apparent that
they differed markedly from the long series I have from the
island taken in June, July and August over a period of two
years. They were consistently smaller than the Isle of Wight
series, the males being only 44.2 mm and the females a mere
48.8 mm. This compares with the Isle of Wight averages of
49.9 mm and 55.3 mm—a difference in each sex of about
5 mm. The markings, too, were considerably modified. In
both sexes the fulvous was more extensive, much more in the
male with several specimens having it spread towards the
central area in a fashion typical of the Irish iernes Graves.
The fulvous of the female while being more extensive was
distinctive, the width of the band being narrower, as in
cassiteridum, and with a clear fulvous ‘point’ on the hindwings.
Also in both sexes, the underside was considerably darker
than most insularis Thomson and more striate, often approach-
ing a greenish-grey, or greyish-brown but none with the clear
yellow light band so frequent on the island in the female.
Probably the most remarkable feature of the butterflies was
the very small apical eyespot in the female which, further-
more, had the outer margins of the forewings rather more
concave.
I then compared early (May and June) and late (August
and September) jurtina from southern Europe to see if any
parallel could be found to what exists on the Isle of Wight.
By now, I was not surprised to find that these late jurtina also
were, in general, smaller with the underside markings darker
and more striate, they had the apical eyespot smaller and
the fulvous, though more extensive, narrower. I should point
out, however, that the occurrence of fresh jurtina in late
August and September, even in the south of Europe, is not
90 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 16/3/71-15/4/71
common but I have evidence of it in the Basses Alps, Vauc-
luse, Tarn and one or two spots in the north of Spain,
although this is complicated by the fact that there is a very
fluid situation in which there is no clear-cut line between a
rather long emergence period and the cases in which an actual
double emergence has taken place.
How then can we explain the fact that, although breeding
experiments have been unable to show jurtina to be bivoltine
(and have almost proved it not to be), field observations and
the presence of the different phenotypes in some jurtina
populations give all the indications that this is, at least very
occasionally, the case? I can find no evidence to support the
suggestion that there exists sibling species with slightly
different emergence times. The genitalia of the two forms
are identical. I can offer only one explanation—that in these
double-emergence jurtina we are seeing the very early stages
in the formation of a temporal sub-species, not the temporal
sub-species of the palaeontologist, but one in which a certain
degree of reproductive isolation has been created by a pro-
longation of the flight period to such an extent that these
individuals which emerge early are effectively isolated from
these that emerge much later. It would be difficult, I must
admit, to prove such a hypothesis, but in the European butter-
flies alone there are cases where this could well have already
occurred. Euphydryas aurinea debilis Oberthur, for instance,
emerges when the other aurinea races are over, or almost so.
Furthermore, in several genera in which most of the species
emerge at approximately the same time, there is an odd species
which flies much earlier or later than the others. The Satyrid,
Erebia serotina Descimon and de Lesse is found in September
when most of the other species of the genus are over. Perhaps
it has become isolated in time from another (possibly extinct)
closely related species. Nor is it surprising that we find such
examples in genera of single brooded species as this type of
evolution might well be their alternative to bivoltinism.
The fact that entomologists have not recognised the differ-
ences between the early and late jurtina has, no doubt,
hindered the acquisition of knowledge of the pattern of races
in southern Europe, not by confusing similar races, but by
obscuring real differences between them. It would be
extremely interesting to determine how widespread is the
occurrence of late jurtina emergences in central and northern
Europe, including the British Isles, to try to establish some
pattern which would possibly give us further information
about the nature of this interesting phenomenon.
Backcroft, Dunblane, Perthshire. 25.i.1971.
REFERENCES
Ford, E. B. 1964. Ecological Genetics, London.
Thomson, G. 1969. Ent. Record, 81: 265.
Verity, R. 1953. Le Farfalle Diurne d'Italia, 5: 8-9.
MANX RACE OF MANIOLA JURTINA 91
The Manx Race of Maniola jurtina (L.)
(Lep., Satyridae)
By GreorGE THomsovn, F.R.E.S.
The Isle of Man is, I am told, an accessible and popular
holiday spot. This being so, it is a little surprising that the
interesting nature of Maniola jurtina (L.) on the island has
virtually escaped the attention of those who have worked on
jurtina or the Manx fauna. Unfortunately, I have not had the
opportunity to collect there myself, and it was not until this
year that, through the kindness of Mr J. M. Chalmers-Hunt and
his two friends Mr J. Pugh and Mr J. Hedges, that I was able to
obtain a series of thirty-three specimens of the species (consist-
ing of 19 males and 14 females) from various localities on the
island, collected during 1970. This, although a short series,
was remarkably homogenious for a jurtina sample and clearly
indicated the nature of this race. Three specimens sent to me
for examination by Mr P. W. Finbow pointed to the same con-
clusion which I am about to detail.
The only mention of the Manx race, other than as part of a
distribution list, which I have been able to find was by Graves
(1930) in his discussion of the British jurtina. He commented:
(p. 75) ‘.. . jurtina of both sexes from the Isle of Man resembles
very small Irish specimens .. .’
Higgins and Riley (1970) include them with splendida
B.-White, but it should be noted that they extend this name to
cover noi only the north-west Scottish form, but also the Irish
(iernes Graves) and the Scillonian races (cassiteridum Graves).
[I believe this treatment of the situation in the British Isles
is valid only if all the Atlantic races are included under the
name splendida (i.e., splendida, iernes, cassiteridum and
insularis Thomson) which is, after all, the earliest available
name for a distinct British race. To exclude insularis from this
group is to deny the fact that it is closer to the Irish race than
to any other. Furthermore, the type of geographical variation
seen in splendida and cassiteridum is in a direction away from
that of central and northern Europe, while iernes is an intensi-
fication of it. ]
On examining the specimens that I had received it was at
once obvious that they belonged to a race much akin to that of
Ireland. The most distinctive features of zernes are well deve-
loped in the Manx form: in the male, frequent bipupillation of
of the apical eyespot or a doubling of it (f. erymanthoides Esp.),
a well developed sub-apical fulvous band, and a very distinct
light sub-marginal band on the underside hindwing; while in
the female, extensive fulvous on the upperside and a very
bright, contrasty underside. Furthermore, seven of the thirty-
three specimens (2 males and 5 females) were of the form
addenda Mousley which is frequent in the Irish race. In spite
of these characters linking them closely with iernes, they
92 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD 16/3/71-15/4/71
contrasted sharply and consistently with them in size. Irish
males are strikingly large with a wingspan of from 46 mm. to
more than 57 mm., averaging nearly 52 mm., while the females
range from 50 mm. to 62 mm., averaging nearly 56 mm. How-
ever, two series from the Aran Islands of Inishman and Inish-
more, kindly collected for me by Mr T. C. Dunn in 1969 and
1970, are smaller than those from the Irish mainland, averag-
ing almost 50 mm. in the male but very little smaller in the
female. Graves also knew of an ‘exceptionally small’ race from
Rush, Co. Dublin. Besides the Aran series the Manx specimens
are diminutive. Indeed they are smaller than any of my series
from individual locality in Britain or Europe, smaller even than
the typical sub-species of Sweden!. The actual measurements
are shown in Table 1 together with figures for jurtina from
south-west Sweden, British insularis and iernes from the two
Irish Arans and the Irish mainland.
TABLE 1
~ Locality , a Oe ee Males: ak waell Females vi wares
average largest smallest average largest smallest
A Isle of Man 45-2 48-0 40-0 48-9 53-0 45-0
B South-east
Sweden 46-2 50-0 41-0 50-6 53:5 43-0
C Britain 48-0 55:0 38-0 53-0 60-0 42-0
D Inishmore,
Aran 49:5 52-0 47-0 53:7 55:0 52-0
E Inishmaan,
Aran 50:3 57:0 44-0 56:0 57:0 55-0
F Ireland 519 STS 460 BG 60 500
The wingspan in millimetres of various races and populations of
Maniola jurtina (L.). All measurements taken as twice the distance
from the centre of the thorax to the apex. The figures for Britain (C)
exclude north-west Scotland, Ireland and the Isles of Scilly.
1Verity (1913) in his ‘Revision of the Linnean Types of Palaearctic
Rhopalocera’ said that the jurtina ‘type’ in the Linnean collection
is of the North African race known as fortunata Alph. Although
the specimen is certainly of southern European origin, I would
say that it was more likely to be from south-east France or Spain.
However, as Lindroth (1957) has pointed out, ‘Linnaeus never de-
signated any specimen as a type. Whether his description was
based on one single or on several specimens it cannot even be
taken for granted that these were preserved in his collection, or,
the original specimen may later have been substituted by another,
in better condition, by Linnaeus himself.’ Mayr (1969) remarks,
‘No nomenclatural decision should ever be made by relying on a
“Linnean type”. There is no such thing.’ Thus, it should be clear
that Verity’s action in 1913 restricted the type locality of jurtina
to ‘North Africa’ in spite of the doubtful origin of the specimen
in the Linnean collection, Alpheraky’s fortunata being sunk as a
synonym, a solution which has been followed by de Lattin and
others. The type locality of janira was at the same time restricted
to ‘Central Europe’.
MANX RACE OF MANIOLA JURTINA 93
One of Mr Finbow’s specimens, a male taken in 1968, was a
remarkable dwarf of the form parafeminea Thomson with a
wing-span of only 36 mm. Populations consisting of smallish
specimens occur in both splendida and insularis, but as far as I
know neither of these races attain such diminutive dimensions
as those of the Isle of Man. Little allowance need be made for
annual fluctuation as size varies little from year to year in this
species, and it is safe to say that the Manx population repre-
sents one of the smallest, if not the smallest race of jurtina
anywhere in its known range, with the possible exception of the
form parvalua Stauder, recorded from Monte Faito and S.
Angelo (Sorento) which was said to be the size of a female
Coenonympha pamphilus (L.), but which, for lack of confirma-
tion, must rank with the other apocrphal records of species
whose nature or existence is somewhat less than certain.
Considering the geographical situation of the Isle of Man
and the fact that morphologically they are close to iernes, it
was interesting to compare them with samples from the
adjacent mainland of Scotland, England and Wales. The very
few specimens that I have examined from Galloway make no
approach to the Irish race—much less indeed than the indivi-
dual bright specimens which are found in parts of central
Scotland and some maritime localities in the south of England.
It would be extremely interesting, however, to examine a series
from the extreme south-west peninsular which terminates in
the Mull of Galloway as here we might see one of two interest-
ing situations—an approach to zernes or a reverse cline. This
is, in fact, what I have found in the Colwyn Bay and Great
Orme region of north Wales. Here, although the size is almost
identical to that of the insularis average in both sexes, and the
males are also typical of the widespread British race, the
females show a marked reduction in the extent of fulvous on
the upperside. Often this is strongly veiled with scales of the
ground colour. Furthermore, a number of specimens were of a
rather unusual colour—a somewhat uniform light sepia—much
less reddish or blackish than is usual in Britain, a colouration
typical of the eastern races of the species. It is therefore,
that much more remarkable that a few of the males have geni-
talia of the ‘eastern type,’ but this is a complex subject which
is not directly relevant to this discussion and will be dealt with
in a paper now in preparation. In short, the north Welsh
specimens indicated a movement away from iernes to a greater
extent than that found anywhere else in Britain. I can trace no
approach whatsoever to the Irish form in jurtina from West-
moreland, although it certainly would be very interesting to
examine the species on the Isle of Walney.
I hope that the individual nature of the Manx jurtina will
now be recognised by those who have the fortune to see speci-
mens from that Island. A name is not justified for this race,
however, as it differs only in one character from iernes with
which it should be placed but in which it should not be for-
gotten.
94 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 16/3/71-15/4/71
I have to thank Mr J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, J. Pugh, J. Hedges,
T. C. Dunn and R. L. Dennis for their very generous help in
obtaining material from the region which I have mentioned.
Also Mr P. W. Finbow for the loan of three specimens from his
collection. a
Backcroft, Dunblane, Perthshire. 2.i1.1971.
REFERENCES
Graves, P. P., 1930. Entomologist, 63: 75-81.
Higgins, L. G. and Riley, N. D., 1970. A Field Guide to the Butterflies
of Britain and Europe, London.
Lindroth, C. H., 1957. J. Linn. Soc. Lond., 43: 325-341.
Mayr, E., 1969. Principles of Systematic Zoology, New York.
Thomson, G., 1969. Ent. Record, 81: 7-14, 51-58, 83-90, 116-117.
Verity, R., 1913. J. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool., 32: 184-5.
Inverness-shire in 1970
By Commander G. W. Harper, R.N. Retd., F.R.E.S.
The last five years or so have shown a distinct climatic
change from the previous fourteen that [ have been residing in
Badenoch. This change has been characterised in three main
respects; first, a reduction in the severity of depth of winter
snowfall and higher minimum temperatures, fewer occasions
of Zero F. frost readings. This change has been accompanied
by more prolonged winters, starting much earlier and extend-
ing well into May. Thirdly, the summers have become colder,
windier and less sunny. I think that these three changes have
probably helped predators such as birds and parasites to
reduce the population of Lepidoptera, and certainly the bird
population locally has made a good recovery from the severe
winter of 1962-63. In addition to all this the human destruction
of our small local entomogical habitats by Forestry Commission
and other developers proceeds apace in spite of the rare suc-
cesses of conservationists. A classic example of this vandalism
perpetrated by a proprietor and the Forestry Commission,
which is officially committed to pay due aitention to conser-
vancy considerations should be publicised. About 1955 the
Nature Conservancy, at my request and duly furnished by me
with the facts of many rare and local plants and insects occur-
ring on the western cliff and scree of Greag Dhub near Newton-
more, officially declared this most interesting and restricted
habitat to be a S.S.I. (Site of Scientific Interest). About 1965 I
noticed suddenly that a 40 acre strip of this steep and rough
hillside had been cleared and fenced, and a year or so later
planted with Douglas Fir, an entirely alien tree in the very
centre of this area. When I drew the attention of the regional
Forestry Commission Officer to this lamentable happening, he
seemed to be sincerely sorry about it, and pleaded ignorance of
MANX RACE OF MANIOLA JURTINA 95
the S.S.I. but, of course it was too late to reverse the damage
done
The 1969-70 winter was the earliest and longest with the
coldest November officially recorded for many years. But it
evertheless remained an open one, with only a few heavy
snowfalls and severe frosts. But no insects were seen at all
until March, when the first snowdrops appeared together with
a beautiful Waxwing cock and the first Songthrushes from
the South. These were followed by a few early Oystercatchers
and Plovers on 12th March. At last, on 13th Phigalia pedaria
Fab. began to emerge on to the wooden posts up my glen.
Starting the m.v. light trap in my spinney was the signal for
more snow and frost, so that the first hibernating moths,
Conistra vaccinii L. and Xylena vetusta Hb. together with the
first Orthosia incerta L. did not appear until 30th.
April opened with a blizzard and continuous frost night and
day, and I eventually found the first Brachyonica nubeculosa
Esp. just emerged on a Birch trunk on 11th, and some sunshine
the next day produced a few Brephos parthenias L. and hiber-
nated Aglais urticae L. on the wing. The early Spring moths
appeared slowly due to night frosts, and the Sallow blossom
was not until the very end of the month together with the
daffodils.
May welcomed Spring with mild and sunny weather, which
resulted in a fine emergence of all the usual species earlier
than I expected together with a rapid development of vegeta-
tion; Odontosia carmelita Esp. appeared in good numbers be-
fore the middle of the month, as also did the first Pieris napi L.
and Thecla rubi L. flying in some nice sunshine among the
moorland Vaccinium. Only a very few Endromis versicolora L.
were reported to me and [! saw none; this splendid insect’s
survival is far from assured. On 16th the only Vanessa atalanta
L. seen this year briefly refreshed itself on my garden Arabis
before I watched it resume a northerly course. By the 27th P.
napi L. were abundant, and Brethis euphrosyne L. and
Anthocaris cardamines L. rapidly becoming so, more than for
some years. I also understand that good numbers of the pupae
of Amathes alpicola Zett. were collected on the high ground.
The month ended with a short rather cold spell.
Early June brought the arrival of our real Summer weather
which has been the pattern now for three years, and this year
lasted a little longer, nearly three weeks. It was briefly
punctuated by a few very severe thunderstorms which dis-
rupted electricity supply badly. The Spring broods of butter-
flies were in greater profusion than I have ever seen here
before, especially B. ewphrosyne L., P. napi L., A. cardamines L.,
and E. tages L. On 4th June I found male specimens of Cupido
minimus Fues. commonly in its very restricted habitat, the
earliest date so far. I noted no less than nine species of
butterfly on that memorable day! On 13th June two more
species were flying, Brenthis selene Schf. and a few very fresh
96 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 16/3/71-15/4/71
Pieris brassicae L. probably locally bred and of the northern
single-brooded race; four days later a very large influx of
immigrants of this species suddenly appeared in the Spey
valley, very fresh and many pairs were seen in copula, a re-
markable and unusual sight. Meanwhile the sunny weather
was tempered by the prevalence of cool East winds and cold
nights limiting my m.v. light trap catches, but the usual Sum-
mer moths appeared rather earlier than normal in recent
years. But on 22nd June the weather broke and our Summer
was virtually over. The month ended in cold rain storms with
high winds from the north-west.
July was cold, wet and stormy throughout, though a brief
sunny interlude on 8th showed a few Argynnis aglaia L.,
Maniola jurtina L. and Coenonympha pamphilus L. to be on the
wing. The Lycaenids were, however, either scarce or disinclined
to fly in such stormy weather. A full Westerly gale raged from
11th to 14th, heavy rain fell every day, with severe flooding on
20th, while snow crowned the high tops on 23rd! The month
ended with further Northerly gales, heavy rain, and a few
moths in my trap included a worn pale grey immigrant Eurois
occulta L. on 3lst.
August began well with one warm sunny week which pro-
duced a good emergence of Erebia aethiops Esp. only a few
days later than usual; on 8th, however, the cold stormy weather
returned culminating on 17th with very severe flooding in the
Findhorn valley and widespread damage in the Firres area
completely stopping any collecting there. I made further efforts
to discover Orgyia antiqua L. in my Badenoch area by assemb-
ling with the offspring of Mr Noble’s 1969 captures which failed
again. Squally wet weather ended the month.
September continued the cold wet squally weather, so that
night flying activity of insects was still low. Autumn species
continued to emerge, but most were in small numbers as
measured by light trap catches. There were sharp frosts on
15th and 16th of the month. So far this year, immigrant
insects had been very few and far between but now a few
Agrostis ipsilon Hufn. appeared in the light trap, probably
locally bred from an earlier migrant. On 27th several immi-
grant P. rapae L. appeared again this year, which now seems
to be a regular annual pattern. On 30th the month ended with
a worn male Herse convolvuli L. being brought to me from the
village pavement where the modern m.v. street lighting had
apparently been too much for it.
October began with ten days of the usual squally cold wet
weather and virtually no moth activity at all. This was
followed by a fine sunny spell but the previous gales had killed
off most of the Autumn species as well as removing half the
leaves from the trees thus spoiling the colours. On 18th the
winter snows arrived on all the low ground a fortnight earlier
than last year and brought the season to an early close. To
sum up, a very promising start in May and early June, especi-
PLATE Itt
IpIsIgpUN I[PWII} “Pp dptIsioddn v[eulof ‘7
dpisiopunN s[euU “¢ opisioddn oyew ‘T
‘aou ‘ds isawnl sdoshsysopidaT
NEW SPECIES OF LEPIDOCHRYSOPS FROM CAPE PROVINCE 97
ally with large flights of Butterflies soon petered out with
wretched cold wet windy weather and an early onset of winter.
My total m.v. trap catch for the six month period from April
to September inclusive was disappointing, even lower than in
1969 being only 3846 moths, and did not include even a single
Plusia gamma L. for the record!
Neadaich, Newtonmore, Inverness-shire. 14.i.1970.
A new species of Lepidochrysops Hedicke (Lepi-
doptera: Lycaenidae) from the Roggeveld
Mountains of the Cape Province
By D. A. SWANEPOEL
Lepidochrysops jamesi sp. nov., plate III, figs. 1-2 and 3-4.
S — Holotype: Exp. 35 mm., figs. 1 and 3. Head: frons
dark grey; palpi below and at side white, black above, third
joint fairly long; antennae black, shaft finely chequered with
white, club very elongate and whitish below. Thorax: black
above clothed with brownish hairs, below with whitish hairs
and scales. Legs whitish. Abdomen: whitish below, brownish
above and at sides with whitish rings showing abdominal seg-
ments.
Upperside: both wings dark brown with a coppery sheen.
Bases black. Cilia: greyish-white and clearly chequered with
dark brown.
Forewing: discocellular mark very narrow and indistinct.
Apex rather pointed. Outer margin convex. Inner margin
about three fourths the length of the costa.
Hindwing: same colour as forewing, discocellular mark
absent, tornal spot round, black with orange ring which is
broader on the inner side and a faint greyish mark in the
centre of the tornal spot. The spot next to the tornal spot very
indistinct with similar ones hardly visible along the distal
margin towards the apex where faint greyish markings occur.
Inner margin broad clothed with brownish hairs and scales.
Underside: Forewing, ground colour dark brownish grey.
Discocellular mark slightly lunulate, black and edged with
white. Six discal spots, darker than the ground colour and
ringed with white, in cellules from 2 to 7. Those in 3 and 4
placed inwardly, that in 2 placed outwardly and rather indis-
tinct in holotype but better developed in other specimens.
Marginal spots heart shaped, black and surrounded with
whitish, Cilia broadly chequered with white.
Hindwing: no tail, ground-colour much as in forewing, but
with scattered white scaling in places, within the basal half
of the wing. Five black spots ringed with white, two along
costa, one in cell and a very small one just below it in ad-
jacent area and one along inner margin. Discocellular mark
black edged with white and slightly lunulate, and longer than
98 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 16/3/71-15/4/71
that of forewing. A row of six discal spots, black and ringed
with whitish. That in area 3 shifted inwards, that in area 4
shifted slightly outwards, that in area 5 shifted more out-
wards, larger than the others and slightly oval, that in area 6
shifted outwards and that in area 7 shifted inwards. A row of
distinct sagittate marks whose points touch the discal spots
slightly. Those in areas 5 and 6 are smaller and placed more
outwards. That in area 7 very blunt. Tornal spot round,
black with yellow orange lunule outwardly, the centre with
bluish grey scaling. Marginal spots blurred with whitish. Cilia
as in forewing.
2—Allotype: Exp 35 mm. figs 2 and 4. Upperside: colour
same as in male but coppery sheen brighter and inclining to
be more yellow. Internervular dark markings along distal
margins. Tornal spot black with rather broad yellowish brown
ring. A faint yellowish mark near tornal spot. Forewings
broader than those of male. Underside: about the same as
in male except that some of the discal spots are smaller and
the whitish scaling in the basal half of the hindwings is more
intense.
Remarks: one is inclined to compare this species with a
number of similarly looking species of this genus e.g. L.
badhami van Son, L. mcgregori Penn., L. penningtoni Dickson
and even with specimens of L. variabilis Cottrell from Lesotho
where the forms show much of the coppery sheen, though in
a lesser degree, on their wings as this species. One
is truly amazed at the degree of variation in the coppery
colours of the various species. Perhaps the upperside colour of
L. megregori Penn., which vary tremendously among individual
specimens comes closest to this one. Other, rather similar to
them are L. bacchus Riley and L. penningtoni. The prominent
white markings of this species come closest to those of L.
badhami, especially the scattered white scaling in the basal
half of the hindwings. underside. Much resemblance is to be
seen between this one and L. mcgregori. This is a larger insect,
although a few specimens of L. mcgregori that were netted
near the habitat of this one—though a mile or more away—
are nearly as large. The forewing of this species is more
elongate than that of L. mcgregori. On the underside the
markings of L. mcgregori are very similar to this one but are
more linear and the white scaling less intense. Material
examined: Roggeveldberge (Sutherland district Cape province)
6.x.70, D. A. Swanepoel, ¢ holotype; idem 11.x.70 D. A. Swane-
poel, 2—allotype; idem paratypes 3 ¢, 2 2 6.x.70,1 46,1 2
10.x.70, 1 2 14.x.70 all in my collection.
I discovered this species on the 6th October 1970 on the
summit of one of the Roggeveld mountains some 35 miles north
of Sutherland, Cape province, and some miles south of Middel-
pos. It flies fairly rapidly, sometimes slowly, in circles of zig-
zags among some tall bushes, or over low shrubs. It seemed to
be confined to a comparatively small area where it visited all
NEW FOREST M.V. LIGHT RECORDS 99
sorts of flowers. Now and then it would rest on the ground
when clouds come over. It may be on the wing from September
to November.
I have much pleasure in naming this beautiful coppery
brown blue for my friend the late Arthur James who during
his term of office as secretary of Clovelly Country Club, Kalk-
bay, Cape Town, showed a warm interest in my activities—
writing my book, Butterflies of South Africa. His friendly atti-
tude was an inestimable stimulus spurring me on towards my
goal.
New Forest Mercury Vapour Light Records
for 1970
By L. W. S1ces
In spite of abnormally high numbers in May, and more
particularly in June, the yearly total of specimens coming to
the trap at Minstead was below average.
Nights Total Average
March 16 208 13
April PAH 2493 92
May 25 1900 76
June 30 10294 343
July 30 6274 209
August 31 7462 242
September 30 2163 fies
October 13 451 30
November 11 349 32
There were four additions to the Minstead list.
Oria musculosa Hiibn. Unexpected in the Forest as there
is no arable land nearby. The specimen, a male, was
in mint condition.
Procus versicolor Borkh.
Lampropteryx otregiata Metc. (This is, of course, fairly com-
mon in parts of the Forest.)
Perizoma albulata Schiff.
Lobophora halterata Hufn. was taken in 1963 but was over-
looked in submitting my annual lists.
During the year, several doubtful identifications have been
checked, with the result that the following should be added
to the list—
Eupithecia millefoliata Rossl.
E. intricata (ssp. arcuethata) Zett.
E. indigata Hibn.
E. sobrinata Hibn.
and the following should be deleted—
Euphyia picata Hibn.
Eupithecia tenuiata Hibn.
E. valerianata Hiibn.
E. satyrata Hubn.
100 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 16/3/71-15/4/71
The following captures are worthy of note—Nola albula
Hiibn. (2), Anaplectoides prasina Fab. (2), Pyrrhia umbra
Hufn., Orthosia advena Schiff., Leucania obsoleta Hiibn.
Eremobia ochroleuca Schiff. (2), Procus literosa Haw., Celaena
leucostigma Hiibn., Moma alpium Osbeck., Perizoma flavo-
fasciata Thunb., Asthena albulata Hufn.
Lithophane leautieri Boisd. Five specimens, all male, were
taken on 1.x., 4.x. (2), 10.x. and 3.xi. In 1969, a single speci-
men was taken and assumed to be a casual visitor, but the
sudden increase this year suggests that a colony has been
set up here.
Two remarkable late records (Diacrisia sannio L., 4.ix. and
Leucania comma, 25.ix.) suggest the possibility of second
broods. Both species normally occur in June and July. D.
sannio is said to have two broods abroad (South).
MIGRANTS. 1970 was a poor migrant year.
Lithosia quadra L. (20), Agrotis ipsilon Rott. (237), Peri-
droma porphyrea Schiff. (6), Laphygma exigua Hiibn. (1),
Plusia gamma L. (112), Rhodometra sacraria L. (1), Nycterosea
obstipata Fab. (2), Nomophila noctuella Schiff. (309), Plutella
maculipennis Curt. (15).
POLYMORPHISM
Biston betularia L. Sterrha arversata L.
typical 66 (88%) remutata 74 (75%)
carbonaria T @3%) aversata 25 (25%)
insularia 2 (3%)
Biston strataria Hufn. Typical 134, melanic 1 (previously
reported Ent. Rec., 82: 215).
Eilema deplana Esp. Typical 2, unicolor 2.
E. griseola Hiibn. Typical 15, flava 4.
Agrotis exclamationis L. Typical 5867, melanic 1.
Apamea crenata Hufn. Typical 10, alopecurus 1.
Lomaspilis marginata L. Typical 138, pollutaria 1.
Semiothisa liturata Clerck. Typical 37, nigrofulvata 1.
Alcis repandata L. Typical 51, conversaria 3.
Sungate, Football Green, Minstead, Lyndhurst, Hants.
CorRIGENDA.—It has been brought to my notice by Messrs
Bretherton, Warren and de Worms that my record of Erebia
eriphyle Freyer on the Simplon would be improbable (Ent.
Record, 82: 285-292). Unfortunately, the species which I
identified as eriphyle was, in fact, melampus Fuessl. The
record of Leptidea duponcheli Staudinger from the Col du
Tende should be corrected te sinapis L., and we did not take
Colias hyale L. at Ivrea as stated. To the list, however, should
be added Hipparchia alcyone Schiff. which we found at
Bolzano, Sospel, St. Valier, Grasse, Mt. Ventoux and Digne,
fagi Scop. being taken at Ivrea, St. Valier, Fountain de
Vaucluse, Ventoux and Digne.—GrorGe TuHomson, 98 George
Street, Dunblane, Perthshire.
BUTTERFLIES IN THE BRISTOL AREA 101
A Review of the Butterflies in the Bristol Area
By A. D. R. Brown, F.R.E.S.
Introduction
Over the past ten years, much information has been col-
lected about the local lepidoptera of the Bristol area, and
especially the butterflies. The Entomological Section of the
Bristol Naturalists’ Society has been largely responsible for
this, and every year members of the Society have been kind
enough to send in observations of what they have seen, both
privately and on organised field meetings.
It has been the custom of the Entomological Section to pre-
serve these observations by recording them on index cards,
and a report has been published annually in the Society’s “Pro-
ceedings” giving details of the features of that particular year.
Since this system was initiated many changes have taken place
as a result of ‘progress’ altering the balance of flora and fauna
in this area, and this has been especially noticeable with our
lepidoptera. When Monks Wood had established its national
lepidoptera mapping scheme, members of our Section formed
a committee to co-operate with this scheme on a more local
basis. We decided to concentrate on vice-counties West Glou-
cestershire and North Somerset, and in 1969 we published our
first set of distribution maps in the Bristol Naturalists’ Society’s
“Proceedings” together with the usual annual report.
This article is just a general survey of the various species of
butterfly taken from our extensive records, and an attempt has
been made by the author to give some idea of the situation in
this part of the world, together with notes on the destruction
of habitats, local variation and various other points. A series
of distribution maps covering the two vice-counties in question
has been included, and these are identical with the ones that
we have previously published.
Owing to the shortage of entomologists in the Bristol area,
it is not possible to cover the entire region from one year to
the next, so, as can be expected, there will be many gaps in our
knowledge of the precise locations and distributions of many
of the species. However, where there is a certain lack of in-
formation, this has been mentioned while describing the
species in question, and suggestions are made of likely haunts
which need to be studied.
It is hoped that some benefit may be gained from this
report, and that it may throw some light on the lepidoptera
situation as a whole in this country.
DANAIDAE
Danaus plexippus Linn. (Milkweed)
During the great invasion of this North American migrant
butterfly to this country in the autumn of 1968, two of them,
out of total of over sixty, were observed in the Bristol area, one
102 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 16/3/71-15/4/71
from each vice-county. On the 14th October of that year, one
was seen on the wing at Brent Knoll between Weston-super-
Mare and Bridgewater, while a second was noted twelve days
later at Churchdown in Gloucestershire.
SATYRIDAE
Pararge aegeria Linn. (Speckled Wood)
The Speckled Wood occurs in almost any suitable habitat
in the Bristol area, but is never common. However, in certain
isolated localities in the Cotswold and Mendip Hills, it has been
observed in strength from time to time, mainly on the early
summer bramble blossom. We usually see four broods every
year, there being two parts to each generation. The first
specimens appear on the wing in April and are of a particu-
larly bright and even exotic character, with very prominent
yellow markings. In the spring of 1967, the author captured
two contrasting aberrations at one locality on the same day.
They were both females, and had emerged during a warm
sunny spell following a period of heavy frosts and bitter cold.
With the first specimen, the characteristic yellow patch sur-
rounding the eye-spots on the forewings was absent, whereas
on the second one most of the yellow markings on the fore-
wings had been extended into broad streaks, and the eye-spots
themselves were enlarged. It is thought that the prevailing
weather could have been responsible for these variations.
During the latter part of the year, specimens are seen on
the wing right up to the end of October.
Pararge megera Linn. (Wall Brown)
Over the whole of the two vice-counties, this species has
been seen at sometime or another, but only in very small num-
bers. Its strength varies from one season to the next, and
occasionally it may be absent from certain popular haunts for
quite a number of years. Unfortunately, it is extremely diffi-
cult to give any indication of the trends of this species, but in
one or two localities its status never dwindles. These places
are mainly in the open areas along the Cotswold escarpment in
Gloucestershire, and Sand Point near Weston-super-Mare in
Somerset also appears to be a stronghold of the Wall Brown.
Despite extensive searches little in the way of variation has
occurred.
Maniola jurtina Linn. (Meadow Brown)
There is little to say about this butterfly except that it is
common nearly every year, and can be found on almost any
suitable piece of ground. Those specimens with white blotches
known as “bleaches” are met with in most seasons, but are not
nearly so frequent as in South-East England. It might be of
interest to note that the butterfly usually appears on the wing
in mid-June and may be seen up to the end of October, if
mild weather prevails.
BUTTERFLIES IN THE BRISTOL AREA 103
Maniola tithonus Linn. (Hedge Brown)
This species, too, is found all over the two vice-counties
but is not usually observed in very large numbers owing to its
comparatively short season on the wing. However, this is quite
deceiving since if one approaches a suitable haunt at the right
time when the weather is good, the species may often be
found to be plentiful. We have much evidence of this each
year from various localities and so this conclusion is well
founded. 1968 was an outstanding year for the Hedge Brown
in the Bristol district, particularly in the City itself, where it
‘swarmed’ at Kingsweston Down. It may safely be said that
nearly fifty per cent were of the form ab. multiocellata
Oberthur, some being quite extreme. Examples of ‘‘bleaches”
or ab. transformis were also taken. Our latest record is of
one butterfly at Yatton in North Somerset on 12th September
1965.
Eumenis semele Linn. (Grayling)
Here we have a species which is renowned for its charac-
teristic of inhabiting two quite different haunts. On the one
hand it normally flourishes on limestone hills, whereas on the
other it can be found in low-lying heathland areas. Although
we have no records from West Gloucestershire, the above
statement can be applied to North Somerset. In the Mendip
Hills, which are primarily limestone, the Grayling butterfly
has been noted in no less than five localities. On the rocky
outcrops and open areas in Goblin and Brockley Combes it
can also be found. In contrast, it is especially common along
the coastal reaches either side of Weston-super-Mare, from
Sand Point to Brean Down. Unfortunately, the author has
not yet had an opportunity to compare specimens from both
regions. It is of interest to note that we have no observations
from the extensive marshy lowlands and moors south of the
Mendip Hills, although one would assume this to be an ideal
location.
Melanargia galathea Linn. (Marbled White)
This species, fortunately, does not appear to be in any
danger, as indicated from the records. Although it is dying
out in some of its former localities, we receive reports of new
discoveries every year. In many of its Cotswold haunts, it is
the most common of the Satyridae butterflies, and frequently
‘clouds’ of them have been observed. Whether this is an indica-
tion that the Marbled White is on the increase is difficult to
assess, but there is certainly no evidence that it is on the
decline. It is not only plentiful on the limestone hillsides but
also in many of the country lanes and rough fields, extending
between Gloucester and Bristol. At Kingsweston Down in
northern Bristol, which incidentally is a Roman encampment
surrounded by an abundance of various grasses interspersed
with hawthorn trees, the Marbled White is common each year.
104 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 16/3/71-15/4/71
In 1967, a superb aberration was taken here, in which the
normal black markings were replaced by those of a pinkish-
buff colour.
In North Somerset, it occurs in nearly every type of habitat,
ranging from the bleak open areas in the Mendip Hills,
through to the coastal regions near Weston-super-Mare, includ-
ing the inevitable Goblin Combe, and down across the Somerset
lowlands south to the Polden Hills near Street. 1970 appears
to be a peak year for the Marbled White, in Goblin Combe at
any rate, where numbers of the butterfly were fighting for
nectar on each flower head. A male specimen with normal
forewings and near-transparent hindwings was caught at this
time.
Aphantopus hyperantus L. (Ringlet)
As can be seen from the map, this species is quite widely
distributed throughout the two vice-counties, and can be found
in a variety of different habitats. It occurs in small numbers
on the slopes of Stinchcombe Hill near Dursley in Gloucester-
shire, which is typical Cotswold limestone scenery containing
rough open pastures interspersed with dense scrub. In other
areas, such as Wetmoor near Wickwar and Michael Wood, not
far from Stone, the Ringlet can be seen in far greater numbers,
where there is thick deciduous forest with overgrown rides.
Unfortunately, in the latter locality, numbers have been
drastically reduced owing to extensive clearing and wide-
spread damage from the development of the MS motorway.
In North Somerset, the picture is in complete contrast. The
butterfly occurs all over the Mendip Hills wherever there is
sufficient scrub or woodland, and particularly in the deserted
lead-mine areas around Charterhouse and Priddy. In the
marshy peat lowlands south of the Mendips, the Ringlet is
widely scattered and often very common. However, nearer
Bristol, a colony exists in what might be termed a ‘unique’
locality. This is Goblin Combe, a deep ravine in the limestone
uplands not far from Bristol’s Lulsgate Airport. More will be
said about this spot when describing other species. In Goblin
Combe, the Ringlet is perhaps more abundant than in any
of the surrounding areas. As can be expected, there is con-
siderable variation with such numbers, and abs. parvipuncta
and caeca are occasionally met with. These two forms are
being bred experimentally in the hope of increasing the
strength of their populations. Ab. magnipuncta, a much rarer
variation, has also been found here, and in July of this year
(1970) a superb asymmetrical “bleach” was captured.
Coenonympha pamphilus Linn. (Small Heath)
Over the past eight years, the numbers of this little butter-
fly have increased noticeably, especially in the Bristol district,
and reached a peak in 1969. in the early 1960’s, only two or
three specimens would ever be seen on a particular day,
BUTTERFLIES IN THE BRISTOL AREA 105
generally being more plentiful in the first generation.
Starting with West Gloucestershire, including Bristol, the
Small Heath was quite scarce on Filton Golf Course but in 1965
there was a marked increase in its strength. In other places
such as Wetmoor, Tockington, and Kingsweston Down, the
situation has been exactly the same, the last named colony
being quite variable owing to its growing status. In more
recent times many new colonies have been discovered in the
Cotswold Hills, with equally encouraging results. During 1970,
we received a bulk of reports from the somewhat built-up
areas east of Bristol, such as Purdown, where no fewer than
fifty specimens were counted on a day in August.
In North Somerset we have further evidence that this
species is on the increase, especially from 1965 onwards.
Observations come from a number of localities in each type
of habitat, ranging from the Mendip Hills westwards to the
extensive sand dunes along the Somerset coastline, and south
across the moors and lowlands to the Polden Hills. It appears
to be the most common each year at the coast, but a reason
cannot be given for this.
NYMPHALIDAE
Euphydryas aurinia Rott. (Marsh Fritillary)
This butterfly, whose numbers appear to be declining else-
where in Britain, still maintains two strong colonies in the
Bristol area. At present, only one remaining locality is known
to the author in Gloucestershire, but at one time the Marsh
Fritillary was widespread along the Monmouthshire border
near the River Wye. Recent flooding is believed to be
responsible for the extermination of at least one of these
colonies near Tintern. As for the still surviving colony, it
appears in strength about every four years at its haunt at
Wetmoor, an extensive region of deciduous forest and marshy
clearings, located between Wickwar and Hawkesbury Upton.
Mild damp winters, typical of the West of England, seem to be
detrimental to the hibernating larvae, and this could be the
cause of the continual fluctuation in numbers from one year
to the next. There is very little in the way of variation within
this colony, although quite dark specimens appear from time
to time.
The situation in Somerset is a little more encouraging, as
can be seen on the map. This species occurs in two of the
areas up in the Mendip Hills, where there are ancient lead
mine workings, but has not been observed from one of them
in more recent years. There are several possibilities which
could account for this sudden absence. Due to the altitude
and lengthy cold bitter winters in these hills, it is unlikely
that the climate can be blamed for this, as opposed to the
colony in Gloucestershire. There are two picturesque lakes
which are popular with sight-seers, but owing to the rough
106 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 16/3/71-15/4/71
terrain it is not very probable that the suitable breeding spots
get trampled over. Nearby, much of the heathland has been
taken over by the Forestry Commission, but here again the
most likely areas have been untouched. The final factor, and
the one which I believe to be the prime cause, is the wide-
spread destruction by fire. The remaining flourishing colony
near Charterhouse was nearly wiped out by fire a few years
ago, but managed to be saved. This colony has long been
known to local entomologists and possesses certain unique
characteristics. Lastly, there are several sparse colonies down
on the Somerset moors, but their survival is threatened by
peat cutting.
Argynnis selene Schiff. (Small Pearl-Bordered Fritillary)
At the present time it is difficult to estimate the range and
strength of this butterfly in Gloucestershire for various
reasons. Until recently a flourishing colony thrived in Michael]
Wood near Stone, as shown on the map, but its chief breeding
ground was completely devastated last year when the M5
motorway development scheme ploughed straight through the
woodland. Small patches of Michael Wood are still remain-
ing, in particular those areas owned by the Forestry Commis-
sion, where the butterfly may still be surviving, but it is too
soon to give any idea of the long-term effects of this ruthless
destruction. The Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary has been
discovered in considerable strength at two localities in the
Forest of Dean, but it is highly probable that many others
exist owing to the superb and unharmed natural conditions.
This region may easily have the potential that the New Forest
once had. There is little threat from tourists, since they
usually confine their activities to the picnic areas and nature
trails; the greatest problem is undoubtedly the steady on-
slaught and the notorious hardwood-conifer conversions by
the Forestry Commission. Let us learn our lesson from the
case of the New Forest and prevent a similar catastrophe
from ruining this last of the great forests.
In Somerset, the butterfly is usually met with in the same
haunts as the Marsh Fritillary (Euphydryas aurinia Rott.), such
as the old lead mines in the Mendip Hills and on the marshy
lowlands, but is never common. Goblin Combe, mentioned
earlier, is an ideal locality for this species, and it is observed
there in abundance every year.
Argynnis euphrosyne Linn. (Pearl-Bordered Fritillary)
This species is far scarcer in the West of England than the
one previously described. The apparent widespread distribu-
tion in Somerset is rather misleading; sightings of the Pearl-
bordered Fritillary were recorded from these localities during
the early 1960’s by members of the British Naturalists’ Society,
but only in very small numbers, and there is doubt as to their
authenticity. None have been recorded in more recent years,
BUTTERFLIES IN 'THE BRISTOL AREA 107
Aphuntopus hyperantus L. Melanargia galathea L.
(Ringlet) (Marbled White)
- J
x
x
* &
e . my Pe
Euphydryas aurinia Rott. wer, ; Argynnis selene Schiff.
(Marsh Fritillary) (Small Pearl Bordered Fritillary)
xArgynnis euphrosyne L.
(Pearl Bordered Fritillary)
108 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 16/3/71-15/4/71
and it is possible that they could have been confused with its
cousin, the Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary (Argynnis selene
Schiff.) which is on the wing at the same time of year and
which, itself, occurs in most of these places. However, there is
one definite exception, and that is a predominant colony of this
butterfly existing alongside its relatives in the area around
Goblin Combe. As with selene, it is seen here every year,
although the first specimens are on the wing about a fortnight
earlier. An unusual asymmetrical aberration was taken here
in 1966 by the author, where some of the black markings on
the forewing (right) are united by an extra black bar, whereas
the left-handside of the specimen is completely normal.
At Wetmoor in Gloucestershire, which incidentally is now a
nature reserve under the management of the Gloucestershire
Trust for Nature Conservation, the butterfly is only occasionally
met with and is frequently absent during some years. Across
the River Severn in the Forest of Dean, the future prospects
for the Pearl-bordered Fritillary look most promising. This
year, the butterfly was observed in profusion along some of the
old deserted railway cuttings between Lydney and Coleford,
and I have received several reports regarding discoveries of
other colonies in this region.
THE PROFESSOR HERING MEMORIAL RESEARCH FUND
The British Entomological and Natural History Society
announces that awards may be made from this fund for the
promotion of entomological research with particular emphasis
on : —
(a) Leaf miners
(b) Diptera, particularly Trypetidae and Agromyzidae
(c) Lepidoptera, particularly Micro-Lepidoptera
(d) General entomology
—
in the above order of preference, having regard to the suit-
ability of the candidates and of the plan of work proposed.
It is envisaged that awards would be made to assist travel-
ling, and other expenses necessary for field work. In total
they are not likely to exceed about £100 in 1971 or 1972.
Applicants should send a statement of their qualifications,
of their plan of research, and of the precise objects for which
an award is sought, to R. F. BRETHERTON, C.B., MAGE RES
Hon. Treasurer, Folly Hill, Birtley Green, Bramley, Surrey, as
soon as possible, and in any case not later than 50th September
1971
Applicants need not be resident in the United Kingdom,
and research in any part of the world may qualify.
GENERA ADRAMA WALKER AND MERACANTHOMYIA HENDEL 109
A Note on the Genera Adrama Walker and
Meracanthomyia Hendel (Diptera : Tephritidae)
By V. C. Kapoor
Associate Professor of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural
University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.
(Division of Entomology)
Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 12.
Adrama Walker and Meracanthomyia Hendel belong to
the tribe Adramini in the subfamily Dacinae. These two
genera are presently separated by the presence in the former
of short pendant antennae, absence of antennal prominence,
strong anterior supra-alar and basal scutellar bristles and well
bristled r4-5, and in the latter of long porrect antennae, well-
defined antennal prominence, absence of basal scutellar
bristles, vein r4-5 not bristled. In recent years male genitalia
characters are also considered important in generic segrega-
tions. These have been largely neglected in Tephritidae
though workers like Munro (1947) and Hardy (1951) have given
some importance to genitalic studies in fruitflies. In view of
this the author has studied these two genera with reference to
their male genitalia with common examples available to him,
namely Adrama determinata Walker and Meracanthomyia
kotiensis Kapoor (in press). The male genitalia of the former
are figured (figs. 1-3) here while those of the latter can be com-
pared with those under publication. The most important
Fig. 1—Ejaculatory apodeme; Fig. 2—Aedeagus (aed) and Phallotheca
(Phal.); Fig. 3—Ninth tergum (rear view).
110 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 16/3/71-15/4/71
difference between these two is the presence of tubular
structures on the phallotheca in M. kotiensis while such are
totally absent in A. determinata. This difference appears to
be of generic importance, though the author has had no oppor-
tunity to study the genitalia of the typical species of both the
genera.
Acknowledgments
The author is grateful to Dr M. G. Ramdas Menon, Senior
Systematic Entomologist, for valuable suggestions and to Dr
S. Pradhan, Head, Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural
Research Institute, New Delhi—12, for facilities.
References
Hardy, D. E. (1951). The Kraus collection of Australian fruitflies.
Pacific Sci., 5: 115-189.
Kapoor, V. C. (1971). A new species of the genus Meracanthomyia
Hendel from India. Oriental Ins. (in press).
Munro, H. K. (1947). African Trypetidae (Diptera). Mem. Ent. Soc.,
Southern Africa, 1: 1-284.
Warwickshire M.V. Recordings, 1970
By Davin BROWN
This was my third full year with the m.v. trap. As opposed
to previous years it was operated throughout at a higher level
in order to take advantage of the aspect of some miles of
flat countryside. Only on nights when I was away or on
nights of very high winds or severe rainstorms was it not
switched on. Indeed, to allow operation even in adverse
conditions, I arranged a permanent covered protection
anchored firmly to the flat roof on which the trap stood. Pre-
vious to this I had lost expensive lamps by the chilling action
of the rain against the hot lamp in the middle of the night.
This year, too, I eventually realised that birds were enter-
ing the trap for usually it would be seven or eight in the
morning before the trap was brought indoors for inspection.
A suitable arrangement of wire in the aperture prevented
further nuisance from this source. Nevertheless, I have
almost resolved to be up with the dawn next year as I am sure
a considerable number of species—especially the prominents
—are lost in the vicinity of the trap itself.
I also found it advantageous to have sessions about the
light, as I have often wondered how many moths are attracted
to it but which, in the event, do not acually enter the trap.
It was during such sojourns that I ensured the boxing of three
GENERA ADRAMA WALKER AND MERACANTHOMYIA HENDEL 111
Mormo maura L. (Old Lady) and four Zeuzera pyrina L.
(Leopard).
Species not previously recorded at the Charlecote Trap: —
Apocheima hispidaria Schiff. (Small Brindled Beauty), Ist
March, 11th April; Panolis flammea Schiff. (Pine Beauty), 16th
April; Drepana lacertinaria L. (Scalloped hooktip), 12th May;
Clostera curtula L. (Chocolate-tip), 12th May; Acasis viretata
Hubn. (Yellow-barred Brindle), 15th May; Itame wauaria L.
(V moth), 9th June; Ceramica pisi L. (Broom Moth), 9th June;
Apamea unanimis Hiibn., 15th June; Comibaena pustulata
Hufn., 18th June; Abraxas sylvata Scop. (Clouded magpie),
26th June; Scopula imitaria Hiibn. (Small Blood-vein), 2nd and
4th July; Bupalus piniaria L. (Bordered White); Zeuzera pyrina
L. (Leopard), three on 4th July; Geometra papilionaria L.
(Large Emerald), 8th July; Apamea ophiogramma Esp.
(Double Lobed), 22nd July and 3rd August; Mormo maura L.
(Old Lady), 3rd, 15th and 29th August; Perizoma alchemillata
L. (Small Rivulet), 3rd August; Pelurga comitata L. (Dark
Spinach); Plusia gracilis Lempke (Lempke’s Gold Spot), 22nd
August; Trichiura crataegi L. (Pale Oak Eggar), 29th August;
Sterrha emarginata (Small Scallop), 26th September;
Agrochola macilenta Hiibn. (Yellow Line Quaker), 8th, 11th
and 15th October; and Tiliacea aurago Schiff. (Barred sallow),
8th, 11th, 12th and 14th October.
I felt that such a long list of newcomers must have been
due to the exceptionally long period of warm weather during
June and July. I also found it strange that some species such
as T. aurago and Z. pyrina should occur in such good numbers
in a single week. It was a coincidence that my friend ten
miles away at Cubbington caught his first pyrina on the same
night as my first three.
The following were absent in 1970:—Lampra fimbriata
Schreber (Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing), Orthosia
munda Schiff. (Twin-spot Quaker), Lithomoia solidaginis Hiibn.
(Golden Rod Brindle), Lithophane semibrunnea Haworth
(Tawny Pinion), Antitype chi L. (Grey Chi); Apatele leporina
L. (Miller), Anchoscelis helcola L. (Flounced Chestnut),
Hydraecia oculea L. (Ear), Pyrrhia umbra Hufn. (Bordered
sallow), Heliothis peltigera Schiff. (Bordered Straw); Rhizedra
lutosa Hiibn. (Large Wainscot), Arenostola pygmina Haw.
(Small Wainscot), Nonagria typhae Thunb. (Bulrush Wains-
cot), Miltochrista miniata Forst. (Rosy Footman), Lithosis
griseola Hiibn. (ab. flava) (Dingy Footman), Cosymbia porata
L. (False mocha), Nycterosea obstipata Fabr. (Gem.) Perizoma
flavifasciata Thunb. (Sandy Carpet), and Theria rupicaparia
Schiff. (Early Moth).
The most common moths were very similar to previous
years and the following table indicates some species which I
was very pleased to find on the increase : —
112 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 16/3/71-15/4/71
1968») 1969.19 70
Deilephile porcellus
(Small Elephant Hawk)
Cerura vinula (Puss Moth)
Notodonta dromedarius L. (Iron prominent)
Cucullia verbasci L. (Mullein Shark)
Tiliacea citrago L. (Orange Sallow)
Cirrhia gilvago Schiff. (Dusky Lemon Sallow)
Apatele alni L. (Alder Moth)
Erombia ochroleuca Schiff. (Dusky Sallow)
Cosmia diffinis L. (White Spotted Pinion)
Pseudoips prasinana L. (Scarce Silver Lines)
Catocala nupta L. (Red Underwing)
Gastropacha quercifolia L. (Lappet Moth)
Selenia lunaria Schiff. (Lunar Thorn) 28 30
Plagodis dolabraria L. (Scorched Wing) 15 ol
With the revised position of the trap it became quite a
common occurrence to record totals upwards of a thousand
per night and, by the end of the season, I became quite ex-
perienced at sorting and recording such vast numbers.
—
NOrReH NOS
we)
ao
TS
ORDOWNNND
jl
OBE NRF ORrFONOOCOCrFrF;
=)
bo
ay caoes
Sth WaWee.2 5. ae: 1,300
AGI Dull vies. Pac sages oe 1,100
Gthe July +ihcexe- 2,500
TEM, UY eeenenee « 6,000 (Record for Charlecote)
AGthS Malye esse 1052
Ord Aveustyaesae Leg G2
athPAwesusti i.e: 1,391
GtheAugust eee D252,
ith Avigusts 25.2 5,000
I would be interested to hear the size of other collectors’
most prolific catches.
PARASCOTIA FULIGINARIA L. — Following Dr G. A. Neil
Horton’s Monmouthshire records in 1970 (antea: 25), I have
captured Parascotia fuliginaria L. at my home in Gloucester-
shire, about 24 miles north-east of Usk, regularly for the past
four years. The numbers captured have varied from 2 to 7 in
one year. Last year a female was captured, all the other
specimens being males. Whether or not the fact that I have
not seen it prior to the last four years may or may not be
coincidental since it is only in these years that I have run a
mercury vapour trap.
Since P. fuliginaria L. is known to feed on bracket fungi
common on birch and pine, I suggest that the insect may be
well established in the Forest of Dean and surrounding areas,
since the Forest is continually being replanted with birch and
pines where oak woodland once stood. Both Usk and
Westbury-on-Severn are reasonably near to the Forest.—
R. A. Watson, Vine Tree Cottage, Westbury-on-Severn, Glos.
19.iv.1971.
PLATE IV
ARCHIBALD JOHN WIGHTMAN, 1884-1971
OBITUARY 113
Obituary
ARCHIBALD JOHN WICHTMAN
1884-1971
With the death of A. J. Wightman British lepidopterists
have lost an outstanding figure. He died on 21st January 1971
aged 86 years, after a lifetime crammed with adventure,
originality and prodigious activity; and the greater part of
these energies were expended on the study of British noctuid
moths and their varieties which he collected and reared on a
scale hitherto unknown.
He was a Sussex man, born in Lewes on 6th November
1884, and apprenticed in London to his father’s trade of iron-
mongery. He was sent in 1909-10 to Australia where he took
his chance living rough in the Queensland bush and where he
learned much of the insects, birds and animals of that
country. After his return to England he married Alice Holder,
a Lewes girl, in 1915. He saw service in World War I as a
tank commander and then instructor. Between the wars he
lived at Pulborough where he was branch manager of an old-
established ironmongers. He retired soon after the war but
remained at Pulborough, his wife dying in 1957. There were
no children.
He was interested in everything and fascinated by all. His
was a questioning mind that sought answers in classical fields
as well as in everyday matters, his judgment was sharp, his
experience immense and his power of debate quite indomit-
able. Above all he was an acute observer of every facet of
people and life and of all forms of wildlife; he never accepted
the commonplace, nor took things for granted, instead he end-
lessly asked himself why creatures behaved as they did, and
how they came to be as they were. His entomological career
spanned a revolutionary change from the old-world concept
of collectors and collecting to the modern genre of conserva-
tion and environmental study, and he took in his stride, self-
taught, the growing sciences of evolution, ecology, genetics
and practical taxonomy with its attendant snares of nomen-
clature.
His entomological interests date from when he would elude
his nurse to watch Swallowtail moths at dusk, through his
early working life when he would spend the night collecting
and return directly to work in the shop. He came to the
fore in 1908 discovering Nonagria neurica with Sharp at East-
bourne at a time when its separate existence from N. dissoluta
was in question. His special interest in the noctuids had
already developed so his early and lasting friendship with
Edelsten and Cockayne followed. He quickly built up a
reputation for first-hand knowledge of this group of moths,
especially of where and how to find them and their early
stages; it is not easy for us to-day to understand how rudi-
114 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 16/3/71-15/4/71
mentary was the knowledge then of life histories of so many
noctuids, and especially of the reed and internal feeding
species known only from moths collected at hand lanterns.
The work of Wightman in discovering the smallest details of
these insects both in the wild and in his cages is still too little
known. He used his colossal energy to ferret out the secrets
of the Sussex fauna and had his taste of collecting further
afield until the Second World War intervened.
During his life he was father-figure to a succession of
Sussex entomologists to whom he gave shape and purpose in
their study and collecting as indeed he did to all who were
fortunate enough to work with him, both the youthful and
the not so young. After the Second World War he threw
himself into the new era of collecting with a vigour and suc-
cess that continued to astound all of us. After the death of
his wife he realised long-cherished dreams by residing in turn
in the classical collecting grounds of the fens, west country,
Ireland and Scotland and by making excursions to wherever
else his interests lay. As he grew older he seemed to become
yet more active; his sixties found him walking all night long
lamp in hand at Salisbury and Dungeness or coming in at
dawn at Woodwalton; his seventies found him clambering
over the Burren limestone and trudging the Manx cliffs, at 83
he went further into Borth bog at night than any of his juniors,
and we wondered what ninety might bring.
But the loss of friends and colleagues years younger than
himself began to sap the spirit even of this remarkable man,
and the death of Don Odd especially saddened him; now he,
too, is gone.
His writings on A. xerampelina and A. luneburgensis reveal
but a glimpse of the professional scholarship he exercised in
his researches. Although his published work spans his full
active career it comprises but a fraction of his labours which
instead lay for years in scattered manuscript except for his
Diary, but recently he sorted these papers into loose-leaved
volumes. These constitute a rich source of forthright com-
ment, an uninhibited testament of uncommonly erudite can-
dour, an anthology of lepidoptera collecting since 1900.
The depth and scope of his work is best seen in the unique
collection he built and developed; the precision of nomencla-
ture and organization of material is quite unequalled in
private collections, while the quality of the specimens and
scope of material is of the highest possible order. Wight-
man’s comprehension and breadth of knowledge of his sub-
ject nurtured this collection to a dimension quite unknown in
British Noctuidae. He was fastidious to a degree and observed
the most scrupulous of standards. The scale on which he
worked is exemplified by his success with a favourite species
Atethmia xerampelina; these he collected as larvae each
spring by ingenious trapping and then reared in cages de-
signed to provide for their special feeding requirements on
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 115
expanding ash flowers. From 1940 to 1965 he bred over 30,000
moths, a staggering achievement with a species scarcely
known to collectors outside the light trap.
His recollection of personalities and events remained always
lucid, his anecdotes and collecting dates were a legion. He
was intensely practical both in commonsense approach to
planning work and in the construction of his own glazed
cases, rearing equipment or collecting gadgets, of which he
invented novel implements for special jobs. Of robust
physique and large frame he was in every way a big man,
who for the most part enjoyed sound health and iron constitu-
tion; indispositions that bothered him in later life derived
from the indifferent way he treated his digestive system.
A. J. Wightman enjoyed the distinction, achieved by few
British lepidopterists, of becoming a legend in his own time;
others have been equally well loved or respected or admired
but few have commanded such compelling authority derived
from original work of such calibre.
A great man is gone.
G. M. HAGGETT.
Notes and Observations
COSYMBIA PUPPILLARIA HUEBNER IN BRITAIN: ADDENDA AND
CorRRIGENDA.—Since my “Survey of Cosymbia puppillaria
Huebner in Britain” (Ent. Rec., 82: 93-100) was written, the
following additional records have been published or have been
kindly communicated to me privately, and may be added to
the list given to it: —
1964 Martyr Worthy, Hants, 22.ix, female (D. W. H. ffennell,
in ht.):
1967 Tattenham Corner, Surrey, 30.ix, female in good condi-
tion in m.v. trap in the garden. (R. B. Wallis, in lit.).
1969 Martyr Worthy, Hants, 7.x, male; 13.x, male; 17.x, female
D. W. H. ffennell, in lit.); Shillingford, Oxon, 19.x, male
in fair condition (M. Bourne, Ent. Gaz., 21: 64); Watts
Common, Aldershot, Hants, 19.x, female at m.v. light;
eggs obtained and adults reared (W. G. Kittle, Ent. Rec.,
82: 101-102); Micheldever, Hants, 22/23.x, male at m.v.
light (C. H. Dixon, in lit.); Lee, Kent, one 20.x (de Worms
—C. G. Bruce, Lond. Naturalist, 49: 84, 88); Totteridge,
Middlesex, one 22.x (de Worms—R. Lorimer, Lond.
Naturalist, 49: 84).
These ten additions bring the total recorded in the wild in
Britain to 73 (including one larva). They also make 1969, with
20 records, decisively the best year. I have not heard of any
occurrence of the species in 1970.
In the original list, Sir Robert Saundby’s record at Burgh-
clere was erroneously referred to Berks. This should be cor-
rected to Hants. Mr R. A. French has kindly pointed out to me
116 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 16/3/71-15/4/71
that the date of the second record at Bishopsteignton, S.
Devon, in 1964 should be 20.ix. (not 1.ix. as printed); and that
altogether three specimens were reported there in 1964,
though the date of the third is uncertain. He also tells me that
for Minstead, Hants, 1965, there is only a single record, on
27.x. (not two, on 27.viii. and 24.x., as printed). — R. F.
BRETHERTON, Folly Hill, Birtley Green, Bramley, Surrey.
LOsasral!.
HELOPHILUS CONSIMILIS MALM (DIPTERA: SYRPHIDAE) IN
East GLAMORGAN.—My observations over the past five years
have led me to the conclusion that this attractive but allegedly
rare hover-fly is not only maintaining a foothold in one East
Glamorgan habitat (the precise location of which is withheld
for conservation reasons) but may even be increasing its num-
bers.
The colony first came to my notice on June Sth 1966, when
four insects which I had on first sight assumed to be either
Helophilus versicolor F. or H. frutetorum F. proved, on closer
examination, to be H. consimilis. The discovery of this species
has prompted me to revisit the site each year since, at
approximately the same date.
The 1967 and 1968 visits were fruitless, possibly due to the
unfavourable weather conditions prevailing at those times, but
on June 7th 1969 I was again rewarded by the sight of three
males of H. consimilis, this time in company with H. pendulus
L. and H. lineatus F.
This year, on June 6th 1970, although no other species of
the genus were recorded, H. consimilis was again present and
in such numbers that I was unable to count it.
With the solitary exception of one male, taken at Haw-
thorn blossom at a height of about eight feet above the ground,
all the specimens observed, on all three occasions, were flying
low over or amongst damp lakeside vegetation, and none
were seen to stray more than a few yards from the water’s
edge. Could these unobtrusive habits have perhaps given
the species an undeserved reputation of rarity, when “local”
may be a more apt definition of its distribution?—A. W. PEaRcy,
6 Melbourne Road, Llanishen, Cardiff. 13.xii.1970.
HALISODOTA TESSELLARIS ABBOT AND SMITH (LEP. ARCTIIDAE)}—
A batch of ova which I received from North America in late
June, were spherical and shining pearly white; less than a
week later the heads of the developing larvae were clearly
visible as large black spots occupying most of the space inside
the top third of each egg.
The newly hatched larvae consumed very little, if any, of
their eggshells, and during this first stage, they were very
pale grey, virtually hairless and with large black heads.
In their natural state they feed on the foliage of many
kinds of trees and shrubs, seeming to have a special liking for
Robinia, but among various foodplants offered in captivity,
rambler rose seemed to be preferred. During the later stages,
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 117
oak and sallow were readily accepted, but willow was refused.
At the second instars a few hairs appeared and the thoracic
and eleventh segments became yellow. Later the larvae were
sparsely covered with whitish hairs, the body being light
yellowish grey with black subdorsal lines edged inwardly with
numerous small black dots. The head remained black
throughout larval life.
At the penultimate instar the larvae were fairly densely
clothed in whitish grey hairs, partly hiding the body mark-
ings which had become darker, and included a dark dorsal
line. The deep yellow colour fore and aft being still visible
through the hairs. In addition there were long slender tufts
of black hairs at the front and rear of the larva, reminding
one of some of the Lymantriids.
In the final instar the likeness to the Lymantriids was
increased when further long slender tufts, some black and
others white, made their appearance, the thoracic tufts point-
ing upwards, sideways, and straight forward, whilst a pair of
black tufts on the eleventh segment were directed outwards
and rearwards at an angle of about 45° to the body. At this
stage the remainder of the body was covered with greyish
brown tufts of shorter hairs.
In September the full-fed larvae descended to the bottom
of the cage, and constructed their light greyish-brown close-
fitting cocoons, with more body hairs than silk. Some were
just below the soil surface and others were spun en masse
on top of the soil. The cocoons were not attached to any-
thing, and even where several larvae had selected the same
corner of the cage, the individual cocoons were not attached
to each other, and were very easily separable.
The shining reddish brown pupae were typical Arctiid
shape, and the moths which emerged the following June were
surprisingly large for the cocoons which had contained them.
The illustration of this moth in W. J. Holland’s The Moth Book
does not do full justice to this species, either in the earlier
edition or in the later one. The body and legs are pale yellow.
The ground colour of all the wings is light cream, and the
darker cross lines of the forewings are finely edged with
black. The forewing markings are quite distinct, but the hind-
wings are without markings. On the edge of the lappets there
is a small pale blue streak which is nevertheless conspicuous
on account of its strongly contrasting colour. — Jonn L.
GreGory, 17 Grove Road, St. Austell, Cornwall. 6.ii.1971.
THE FUTURE OF THE NEW Forest. — Many readers will
probably be aware that the future of the New Forest is at
present under consideration, the outcome of which could cause
probably more profound changes than at any time past.
Basically it is whether the forest should be developed to a
far greater extent for the production of softwoods (i.e.
conifers). I understand that the Minister of Agriculture, who
will be making the decision, is intending to visit the New
118 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 16/3/71-15/4/71
Forest in April to assess the case for or against such develop-
ment. It need hardly be said that despite its comparatively
depleted state compared with earlier days, it is still a valuable
reserve for all forms of wild life and also provides a most
essential area of ‘‘wilderness” for the increasingly heavily
populated and over-developed counties of Southern England.
It would, I think, be most beneficial if anyone who feels
as I do that the New Forest is an asset too valuable to lose to
mere timber production, would write to the Minister of Agri-
culture before April, and also to his M.P.
Such action just may help to save a unique and splendid
heritage.—S. L. MEREpITH, 283 The Broadway, Dudley, Worcs.
iasl9iAls
Current Literature
A Field Guide to the Butterflies and Burnets of Spain by
W. B. L. Manley and H. G. Alleard, 192pp+41 coloured
plates; E. W. Classey, £15.
With the increasing travel facilities available, the study of
entomology in an ever widening sphere has become possible to
many more people interested in the subject. In some cases
the travellers have published their observations for the benefit
of others contemplating similar journeys, but in all too few
cases has it been possible for them to collect their observations
and those of others into a comprehensive book which can
serve amateur and professional entomogists alike. The present
book is the result of many visits to the Iberian collecting
grounds, and in their Introduction the authors explain the
scope of the work, their sources of information, and their
methods of setting these out in the book. They appreciate the
fact that some of the conclusions reached may not be the last
word on the subject, and they must be congratulated for hav-
ing set these conclusions down none the less, for failure to
publish deprives those who would follow the matters up of the
foundations for their work.
The treatise follows, in which the species are treated in-
dividually. It is divided into four parts, the main part being
notes on the species of the Iberian peninsula, including France
on the south side of the Pyrenees and Andorra. The smaller
sections cover the Balearic Islands, The Canary Islands, and
Madeira respectively. In dealing with the species, the authors
have left the descriptions in the main to the excellent coloured
plates, and begin with general notes on the species, including
outstanding features, the terrain favoured, and its range. This
is followed by a general note on its variation, and mention is
made of any subspecies or forms described from the area. In
the smaller sections, in the case of the Balearic Islands, all the
species are known also from the mainland, and mention is only
made of one or two of particular interest in the notes on the
fauna. In the cases of the Canaries and Madeira, the species
CURRENT LITERATURE 119
are mentioned individually as in the main treatise but only
details concerned with the local forms and habits are men-
tioned.
The authors are to be congratulated on their hard work in
coordinating the great amount of information available from
their own research work and from their many helpers with
their own observations.
The main treatise is followed by a systematic check-list,
divided similarly to the treatise, with a reference to Zerkowitz,
Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 54: 51-87,
115-165, 211-261 for a list of the species to be found in Portugal.
Synonymy and references to original descriptions being given
for species and sub-species.
The Bibliography section is divided so as to be available for
easy reference into General publications, those referring to the
Balearic Islands, to the Canary Islands, to France south of the
Pyrenees, and Andorra, to Gibraltar, to Madeira, and to Portu-
gal. In all, nearly 600 titles are mentioned.
A short list of addenda covers four species added since the
writing of the book.
The alphabetical index includes genera, species and sub-
species, with synonyms in italics, reference being made both to
the mention in the systematic list and the treatise, the main
paragragh dealing with the insect being in heavy type.
The coloured plates illustrate the species and sub-species,
the name and data for each specimen being given on the
tracing paper fly leaf or leaves preceeding the plate. Where
the absence of material from the particular district under dis-
cussion has made it necessary to include a specimen from else-
where to illustrate the subject, the fact is mentioned in the
data, and the entry is also marked by an asterisk. These
specimens are included to give an idea of the insect in question
but the authors call attention to the fact that they must not be
taken as exact representatives. These plates are composed of
specimens specially selected from the collections of the
authors, supplemented where necessary by specimens on loan
from the British Museum (Natural History), the Hope Depart-
ment of the Oxford Museum, and from various private collec-
tions.
The mounting of these specimens for photographing is a
task which must have called for the greatest skill and patience
to bring all the insects into focus, for each plate is photo-
graphed as a whole. The very few blemishes to be found in
these 41 plates, which comprise 1155 actual specimens, speak
volumes for Mr F. Hall’s work in photographing them. Most
of these consist of pencilled border lines which had to be in-
cluded because one or more specimens had overlapped the line,
and in no way detract from the value of the plate. The small
remainder consists of cases where portions of an insect are
slightly out of focus, but these are very few indeed.
The quarto format allows for a good clear type; the paper
is of good quality, and the binding strong. The plates are
120 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 16/3/71-15/4/71
specially bound in after the letterpress, and these are on good
art paper, with the captions, as mentioned, on strong tracing
paper fly leaves.
The edition is limited, and should soon sell out, for it is a
book which should be included in the libraries of all natural
history museums and scientific university libraries, beside hav-
ing a strong appeal to all those private workers able to afford
the price.—S.N.A.J.
The Butterflies of Trinidad and Tobago, by Malcolm Barcant;
314 pp.+28 Plates (16 in colour), Collins, 8vo. £2.75.
The Author, with nearly fifty years of experience behind
him, sets out with this work to bring the joys of studying
butterflies to the young and inexperienced people of the
islands, rather than to produce a scientific text book for
students, though students will only have themselves to blame if
they ignore the book on that account. For his purpose he pre-
supposes ignorance of entomology and explains matters for
the beginner. The better informed may avoid this part if they
wish, but I have always resented instructors who fail in their
task because they have not the courage to risk the displeasure
of a few stilted know-alls in their audience by explaining the
simple as well as the complicated.
Six hundred and seventeen species are recorded from these
islands, of which 230 belong to the Hesperiidae; the 387 others
all receive individual treatment, but the Hesperiidae are only
given treatment by family representatives, which should enable
the reader to identify the genus. They are, however, fully
listed in the systematic list.
The author opens with a short description of the four stages
of the life cycle; section 2 is headed “The Butterfly, a study”
and first deals with its structure, illustrated on the opposite
page by annotated drawings. The nervous system, breathing
and circulation, and breeding are the subjects of sub-headings.
A compliment is paid to the almost complete friendliness of
butterflies to man, and finally, a rough idea of nomenclature is
given. Section 3, headed “Enemies, protective devices, rarity”
groups the enemies as parasites, predatory animals and insects,
the natural elements, and man. Against these are mentioned
the many protective devices and finally refers to the rarity or
common-ness of certain species as a direct result of these
devices are enemies mentioned. Section 4 covers methods of
collecting and completes Part I. It mentions certain aspects
of collecting met with in the tropics. Mention is also made of
the Riker mount system, where the pin is extracted after
setting and the specimens placed on cotton wool in shallow
glass-lidded drawers.
Part IJ commences with the subject of population and men-
tions the general decline in butterfly populations as one moves
away from the equator. The author mentions the numbers of
butterfly species found in various Caribbean islands, showing
CURRENT LITERATURE 12)
Trinidad having far and away the most species of any. This is
followed by a brief historical note, mentioning collectors of
note who have worked the area under discussion; this ranges
from 1891 to the present time. There follow notes on the
local seasons and collecting grounds, at first in general, and
then listing 32 favourite collecting grounds with a short des-
cription of each and a map showing their positions and also
features separating the north side of Trinidad from the south.
These sites are finally tabulated showing what families and
genera may be expected from each. This is followed by family
classification in which each family receives attention. The
popular names of the groups included head its paragraph and
the salient points are set out in simple form, giving habits and
habitats, rarity, variation, early stages and other details. In
all 13 families are represented. There follows a six page table of
the families and genera with headings: Flight, Resting, Feed-
ing, Rarity, Association, Time of Activity, Migration, Distribu-
tion and Environment. This table is important to the reader,
for, in this work the author has grouped the butterfly fauna
under habits, habitats, etc. Section 6 gives information of this
grouping and instructions on how to use the book, the eleven
groups adopted being listed. Thereafter these groups are taken
in turn and their species detailed under families, with serial
number, scientific name, vernacular name and page reference
for the illustration. These are followed by range, foodplant,
description, and habits and habitat. The plates also bear cross
references to the descriptions.
The plates, both coloured and half tone should give good
guidance to the collector, and although the colour work can-
not be described as first class, it is a very long way from
deserving adverse criticism, and I only mention the quality of
the colour having in mind the really superb colour work in
some more expensive books recently published.
The systematic list follows with references to serial number,
plate number and page number. The species occurring also in
Tobago have this fact noted. This again, is followed by a list
of vernacular names with the same serial number and page
references, and finally there are half a dozen blank pages left
for the collector’s own notes.
The author’s departure from the conventional systematic
arrangement leaves one wondering whether this is going to be
of assistance to the amateur collector or not, but it may well
be that his long experience has shown it to be so. The more
scientifically minded reader is left, however, to refer to several
plates, sometimes some distance apart, to enable him to com-
pare members of a genus. Let us not, however, be too critical
of this, but rejoice that resident collectors and visitors have
now a reasonably priced pocket sized book to use in the de-
termination of their catches: after all, it is made clear
that the book is firstly intended for the use of beginners, and
the more sophisticated will certainly find it easier to carry
122 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 16/3/71-15/4/71
around than the relative volume or volumes of Seitz! As
travel facilities make it progressively easier to visit distant
places, there should be an increasing demand for excellent
small books of this nature.—S.N.A.J.
The Norwegian Species of Tribus Olethreutini Obraztsov, 1946
(Lep., Tortricidae) by M. Opheim. (Ent. scand. I, 1970:
241-257).
In this paper, Mr Opheim mentions 59 species of Olethreu-
tini from Norway of which Eudemis porphyrana Hibn.,
Apotomis fraterculana Krogerus, A. algidana Krogerus and
Argyroploce tiedemanniana Zeller make new records for Nor-
way. Of the 59 species, the author withdraws Endothenia
oblongana Haworth in a postcript, after Mr Jakh had pointed
out probable confusion with E. marginana Haworth.
The paper is in the English language and the author has
given a short account of each species, illustrated with some
genitalia details of closely allied species, distribution maps for
Apotomis algidana and A. demissana Kennel, and photographs
of Apotomis and Endothenia species. This paper is another of
this author’s efforts to get the Norwegian microlepidoptera
covered by up-to-date information, and is a valuable contribu-
tion.—S.N.A.J.
Two papers from Josef Moucha from Acta Faunistica
Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 12: 35-42 and 13: 67-70
give an account of macrolepidoptera encountered during two
Czechoslovak expeditions into Mongolia. These are in the Ger-
man language and some 92 species are mentioned.
From Alfred Borkowski I have a separate from Polskie
Pismo Entomologiczne entitled Studien an Stigmelliden
(Lepidoptera) Teil Il. Fedalmia thymi sp.n.—eine neue Art aus
Mitteleuropa. An account is given of this new species with a
black and white drawing of the adult, the male genitalia, and
also the interesting mine, which involves two leaves of Thymus
pannonicus All., the larva moving from one leaf to the other
by boring through the leaf stems and the branch. There are
also two photographs of typical localities for this species, and
it is hoped that microlepidopterists visiting similar sites will
find time to look for these interesting mines.—S.N.A.J.
The Teen International Entomology Group Newsletter, Fall
1970, Vol. 5, No. 3, has just reached me. This contains abstracts
of six papers by young finalists with entomological projects in
the 21st International Science Fair held in Baltimore, Mary-
land. These include four projects with Drosophila, and others
with a beetle, a satyrid butterfly, and the American cockroach.
There are many and varied articles of personal and scientific
interest; an assembling cage is described, and there is a table
setting out food and locality for 17 Sphingidae species. It is
good to see that this active junior society seems still to prosper;
these juniors are the seniors of tomorrow.—S.N.A.J.
R. N. BAXTER
Suppliers of EXOTIC INSECTS to
Museums, the research worker, the amateur entomologist, etc.
LEPIDOPTERA and COLEOPTERA a Speciality
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Tel. Gerrards Cross 87131 (4 lines)
LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, VOL. II
This comprehensive work was completed with the instalment in our
May issue and a limited number of separates, unbound, with stiff paper
cover, is available for sale at 45/- per copy from The Editor, 54 Hayes
Lane, Bromley BR2 9EE, Kent. (Postage extra)
IS EAE TILE LIT CLEP EE PTS EE EL LL TE EPS ET ET EET ET ES STI TS
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Price lists of the above are issued from time to time, so if you
would ‘ike to receive regular issues please send me a postcard
stating your interests
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(Postal business only)
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Society
THE AMATEUR ENTOMOLOCISTS’ SOCIETY
The Society was founded in 1935 to cater especially for the youn:er
or less experienced Entomologist.
For full details of publications and activities, please write (enclosing
6d. stamp to cover postage) to:—R. D. HILLIARD, Hon. Advertising
Secretary, A.E.S., 18 Golf Close, Stanmore, Middlesex.
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CHATHAM, KENT
PLEASE SEND FOR CATALOGUE. (MAIL ORDER ONLY)
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(Macro-Lepidoptera)
Separates of the collected instalments which appeared serially
in The Naturalist (1967-1970) are now available on application to:
The Editor of The Naturalist,
Department of Botany, The University, Leeds 2
Price 10/- plus 4d postage
BUTTERFLIES FROM MADAGASCAR
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For price list please write
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EXCHANGES AND WANTS
For Sale or Exchange.—Butterflies and moths. Many species from Africa,
Madagascar and other countries, also Europe. Sometimes livestock. List
on request by sending International Postal Coupon.—Robert Keiser,
Frederick Van Eeden Plein 3, B-2050 Antwerp, Belgium.
SEITZ Bombyces (all regions). — Wanted good second-hand bound
volumes, Text and Plates. Full details including price asked to The
Butterfly Centre, ‘Plummer’, Tenterden, Kent.
Wanted to Purchase.—Large or small collections of Tropical Butterflies.
—Write to C. P. Sturgess-Lief, Gymindge Brook Cottage, Sellinge, Nr.
Ashford, Kent.
For Sale-—Mahogany 36-Drawer Cabinet, drawers 17” X17” newly corked,
£60.—R. G. Chatelain, 36 East Drive, Orpington, Kent. Tel. 20339.
Museum of Entomological Materials of Historic Interest.—I have formed a
small museum of entomological materials of historic interest, including
items of early collecting equipment, photographs and curiosities. Among
the objects that I particularly desire to locate are examples of the Clap
Net, Umbrella Net (cord and pulley operated), old Oil and Acetylene
Collecting Lamps (not bicycle or pressure lamps), and old photos of
collectors and entomological apparatus. If anyone has any such items
they think might be of interest, I should be glad if they would kindly
communicate with me.—J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, 1 Hardcourts Close, West
Wickham, Kent.
Seek persons currently rearing Abraxas grossulariata please correspond.—
Vinton Thompson Botany Building, University of Chicago, Chicago, IIl.,
U.S.A. 60637.
Isle of Wight—Furnished Bungalow overlooking Sandown Bay, (3 Bed-
rooms sleep 6) convenient for several good collecting areas. Would ex-
change for similar accommodation. Short periods Europe/UK or may
possibly rent.—Gerald Hanrahan, 20 Riverpark Drive, Marlow, Bucking-
shire England.
Furnished Cottage to Let during May and first half June in Roundstone
on Lake Connemara. Reasonable terms, accomodates four persons.—
Apply Mrs M. G. Evans, “Bennear”, Foxrock, Co. Dublin, Eire.
CONTENTS: Vol. 83, Second Fart, No. 3 March and No. 4 April
Notes on some of the British Nepticulidae (Lep.) A. M. EMMET ..
Papilio cinyras ridens Fass! A new status (Lepidoptera: Papili-
onidae). JOHN H. MASTERS
Proclossiana eunomia Esper in Andorra. J. V. DACIE
The possible existence of temporal Sub-speciation in Maniola
jurtina (L.) (Lep. Satyridae) GEORGE THOMSON ..
[The Manx Race of Maniola eae (le) Tee: Gun aoe GEORGE
THOMSON By &
Inverness-shire in 1970. G. W. HARPER ..
A new species of Lepidochrysops Hedicke (Lepidoptera: Lycaeni-
dae) from the Roggeveld Mountains of the Cape Province. D.
A. SWANEPOEL 6 Bt of ‘ be
New Forest Mercury Vapour Light Records for 1970. L. W. SIGGS
Corrigenda. GEORGE THOMSON
A Review of the Butterflies in the Bristol Area. A. D. R. BROWN ..
The Professor Hering Memorial Research Fund ..
A Note on the Genera Adrama Walker and Meracanthomyia Hendel
(Diptera: Tephritidae). V. C. KAPOOR .. ne ae
Warwickshire M.V. Recordings, 1970. Parascotia. DAVID BROWN
Parascotia fuliginaria L. R. A. WATSON
Obituary: Archibald John Wightman, 1884-1971. G. M. HAGGETT
Cosymbia puppillaria Huebner in Britain. R. F. BRETHERTON ..
Helophilus consimilis Malm. (Diptera: Syrphidae) in East
Glamorgan. A. W. PEARCY ve AS se a a
Halisodota tessellaris Abbot and Smith heh. :Arctiidae). JOHN
L. GREGORY .. : se
The Future of the New Forest. S. L. MEREDITH
Current Literature:
A Field Guide to the Butterflies and Burnets of ne ak W. B.
L. MANLEY and H.G. ALLCARD .. i
The Butterflies of Trinidad and Tobago. MALCOLM
BARCANT oe = a At a ae ys
The Norwegian Species of Tribus Olethreutini, 1946 (Lep.::
Tortricidae). MAGNE OPHEIM .. ifs S. ws
Macrolepidoptera of Mongolia. JOSEF MOUCHA
Studien an Stigmelliden (Lepidoptera) Fedalmia thymi sp. n—
eine neue art aus Mitteleuropa. ALFRED BOROWSKI
THE BUTTERFLY CENTRE
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the large and important collections we have purchased.
If you are a collector of the butterflies of the world you
just cannot afford to miss our monthly published lists.
These lists are sent out every month of the year. In
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A Handbook
of.
Water Plants
By Eva M. Burshe
Translated by Hella Czech
This book is a simple and concise guide to the plants
that grow in or near ponds, streams and lakes. The
author, an experienced botanist who has devoted
many years to the study of these plants, also gives
authoritative information on their habitats, botan-
ical features, economic value and importance in
fishing waters. For each of the nearly one hundred
plants described there is a carefully detailed line
illustration, and often an additional illustration of
enlarged details to make identification even easier.
This is essentially a practical book which should be
appreciated not only by botanists and other natur-
alists, but also by all whose occupation or interest
takes them to the water. ISBN 0 7232 1295 3
65p net
WARNE 1-4 Bedford Court, London WC2E 9JB
PLATE V
1. U. clareae sp. n. 3 Holotype, Fiji, Savusavu.
2. U. l. stigmata Roths. §, Fiji, Lautoka.
3. U. p. marshallorum Roths. 6, Fiji, Savusavu.
123
The Genus Utetheisa Hiibner in Fiji with a
description of a new species (Lepidoptera,
Arctiidae)
By GADEN S. ROBINSON
(Department of Zoology, University of Durham)
South Road, Durham City, England
Summary
A new species of Utetheisa Hiibner is described from Fiji.
The morphology, distribution and biology of the three
described Utetheisa species inhabiting the western Pacific is
reviewed. A possible explanation of their relationship to the
Asian and Papuan representatives of the genus is discussed.
Introduction
When Jordan (1939) revised and redescribed the Old World
species of the genus Utetheisa Hiibner very few specimens
from the south-west Pacific were available and only a single
Fijian specimen of the genus, this in the Tring Museum.
Roepke (1941) revised the Javanese species but, apparently
ignorant of Jordan’s work, synonymised Utetheisa pulchel-
loides Hampson with Utetheisa lotrix (Cramer) and described
a specimen of U. lotrix as a new species, indica Roepke. Viette
(1950) synonymised indica with lotrix.
Viette (1949) referred to U. salomonis Rothschild as U.
lotrix (Cramer) subsp. salomonis Rothschild and recorded
Utetheisa pulchella (L.) from the New Hebrides and Gambier
Is. I consider that the New Hebrides and Gambier Is.
‘“nulchella”’ are specimens of U. lotrix stigmata Rothschild and
U. pulchelloides marshallorum Rothschild as Viette (1950)
recorded the two latter species from the respective localities
above. Viette (1950) referred to U. salomonis Roths. as U.
pulchelloides Hampson subsp. salomonis Roths.
Fletcher (1957) recorded U. salomonis Roths. as a good
species from Rennell and Bellona Is. (British Solomon Islands
Protectorate). Comstock (1966) recorded U. p. marshallorum
Roths. from Tutuila, American Samoa, and mentioned in-
dividuals with a somewhat different appearance from Swain’s
I., American Samoa. This latter observation will be mentioned
again below.
Bhattacherjee and Gupta (1969) revised the Indian repre-
sentatives of Utetheisa and recognised five sympatric species,
an apparent fragmentation of U. pulchella (L.) at the edge of
its range.
Collections of Utetheisa have been made on the island of
Viti Levu, Fiji, by H. S. Robinson and me. A number of speci-
mens were collected at Savusavu, central southern Vanua
Levu, Fiji, in March 1970 by H. S. Robinson. On examination,
the latter collection was found to be apparently divisible into
three groups of specimens on the basis of wing pattern. Jordan
124 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 16/57 fa
(1939) recorded U. lotrix stigmata Roths. from Fiji and one
group, clearly separable from the rest in that the males
possess no line of scent-hairs in the anal fold of the hindwing,
is clearly referable to this species. The two other groups were
both found to possess an anal fold scent-organ of apparently
identical structure in the two groups and at first glance, both
might be identified as U. pulchelloides marshallorum Roths.
Indeed, one group is clearly this species, specimens of which
were found by H. S. R. flying around flower-beds near the
shore with stigmata, two hundred yards away from where
specimens of the third group were collected, on or flying
around a bush of Messerschmidia argentea (Linn. f.) Boragin-
aceae). Larvae collected from this same bush by H. S. R. and
me in December 1969 and by H.S.R. in March 1970 produced
only adults referable to this third group (H.S.R. pers. comm.).
The third group differ from marshallorum in wing pattern,
vesica ornamentation and antennal structure in the male and
the shape of the female seventh sternite. This third group of
specimens is described as a new species below and the charac-
teristics of the other Utetheisa species inhabiting the south-
west Pacific are discussed.
All type material and genitalia preparations have been
deposited in the British Museum (Natural History), (B.M.
(N.H.)).
Scale lines on all drawings are 1 mm.; on the plate 1 cm.
Utetheisa clareae sp.n.
Male: Wings patterned as in plate fig. 1. Forewing yellow-
buff patterned with black and bright scarlet. Head and pro-
thorax bright yellow dorsally, meso- and metathorax pale buff
patterned with black. Abdomen white. Hindwing with fold
in anal angle containing pale yellow scent-hairs. Antenna
(fig. 1) with well-defined pectinations. Genitalia similar to
U. salomonis Roths.; vesica with extensive scobinate area but
only one group of cornuti (fig. 5). Tip of valve straight (fig.
1d);
Female: Similarly patterned to the male. Seventh sternite
with a narrow, elongate medial emargination posteriorly (fig.
8).
Diagnosis: Immediately separable from U. p. marshallorum
Roths. and U. l. stigmata Roths. by wing pattern (compare
plate figs. 1, 2 and 3) but wing pattern is similar to that of
salomonis. Male possesses scent organ in hindwing, absent in
salomonis and stigmata. Vesica with only one group of
cornuti: marshallorum and salomonis have two (compare figs.
9 and 6). Stigmata has a single large cornutus. Tip of valve
more flattened than in marshallorum (compare figs. 11 and 10),
and similar to that of salomonis (compare figs. 11 and 9).
Antenna of male differs substantially from marshallorum
(compare figs. 1 and 2) but similar to that of salomonis (com-
pare fig. 1 with 3 and 4.) Females are separable from those
of marshallorum on the shape of the seventh sternite (com-
THE GENUS UTETHESIA HUBNER IN F'lJI 25
pare figs. 7 and 8).
Holotype: ¢, Fiji, Vanua Levu, Savusavu, Namale Estate,
27-29.iii.1970 (H. S. Robinson), in B.M.(N.H.).
Paratypes: ¢,2 2°, same data as holotype, in B.M.(N.H.).
Distribution: Known only from the type-locality.
Biology: Larvae feed on Messerschmidia argentea (Linn.
f.), and were taken in large numbers on a bush just above
high-water mark. The bush was always partly defoliated by
the continuous-brooded larvae. No dispersal has been noted,
the adults remaining firmly attached to the bush on which
they developed. The individuals on a bush are thus thought
to be much inbred. WM. argentea is the foodplant of U. p.
marshallorum Roths. throughout its range. Marshallorum
Roths. is recorded as feeding on M. argentea on Viti Levu
by R. H. Phillips (1937) but the specimens on which this record
was based do not appear to have survived so we do not know
whether Phillips’ “pulchelloides” was pulchelloides or clareae.
The foodplant of Marshallorum on Vanua Levu in the possibly
competitive presence of clareae is unknown. Messerschmidia
is the only native member of the Boraginaceae in Fiji (Parham,
1964) and marshallorum is not known to feed on anything but
Messerschmidia. The colony of clareae at Savusava occupies
two Messerschmidia bushes twenty yards apart. The colonies
appear to be composed of only clareae. The origin of the day-
flying specimens of marshallorum collected two hundred yards
from the clareae colony is a mystery.
Remarks: Comstock (1966: 16) states:
“We also took a series of Utetheisa on Swain’s I. which
had a uniformly larger wingspan, and heavier red spots
on the primaries than the Tutuila examples. This may
well represent an unnamed race or subspecies of U.
pulchelloides. The larvae were observed there feeding
on the same tree, Messerschmidia (=Tournefortia),
Samoan name Tausuni’’.
I cannot locate Comstock’s specimens from Swain’s I. but
it is unlikely, though possible, that they might represent U.
clareae. In Fiji U. clareae has a slightly smaller wingspan
than U. p. marshallorum Roths. but its red spots are heavier.
If, like clareae, marshallorum lives in discrete, inbreeding
colonies, it is likely that each colony will exhibit a consistent
wing pattern which could well differ slightly from that ex-
pressed in a series from a different island or even a different
colony on the same island. Further observations will no
doubt resolve this question and that of the problems of co-
existence of two Messerschmidia—feeding species on Vanua
Levu.
Utetheisa pulchelloides Hampson subsp. marshallorum
Rothschild
Hampson (1907): Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (7) 19: 239.
Rothschild (1910): Nov. zool., 17: 182, no. 52.
126 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD NSy/ey/ 7A
Male: A male Fijian specimen is illustrated on plate fig. 3.
Forewings cream marked with black and scarlet. Hindwing
with scent-organ, white marked with black. Abdomen white;
head and thorax markings similar to those of U. l. stigmata
Roths. Jordan (1939: 282) describes the subspecies and
figures the male genitalia of U. pulchelloides subsp. vaga Jor-
dan (ibidem) (258, fig. 228). The aedeagus and everted vesica
are illustrated in fig. 6 and the tip of the valve in fig. 10. Jordan
(1939: 285, figs. 250, 251) illustrates the antenna: the antennal
segments of a Fijian specimen are shown in fig. 2.
Female: Similarly patterned to the male; illustrated by
Comstock 1966, (pl. III, fig. 1). The seventh sternite is illus-
trated in fig. 7.
Diagnosis: Separable from U. clareae by its indented hind-
wing pattern and less dense forewing markings (see diagnosis
for clareae). Males with hair fold in hindwing immediately
separable from U. l. stigmata.
Local distribution: Known only from Savusavu, central
southern Vanua Levu. This species is presumed to be present
on Viti Levu from the notes made by Phillips (see above) but
we have not found it.
World distribution: U. pulchelloides ranges eastward from
Madagascar through the Oriental region forming a number of
subspecies (see Jordan, 1939). U. p. marshallorum Roths,
inhabits an arc from Wake I. and Bikini southwards through
the Marshall Islands and Gilbert and Ellice Is. to Fiji and south-
east to Tonga. It occurs in Samoa and the Tokelau Is. and
its range extends further south-eastwards from Samoa to the
Cook Is. and on to the Society Is. and Tuamotu Archipelago
reaching the eastern limit of its range in the Gambier Islands.
Biology: U. p. marshallorum feeds on Messerschmidia
argentea (Linn. f.) throughout its range. Comstock (1966: 16)
described its life history on Tutuila, American Samoa, and
illustrated the egg, larva, and pupa in colour (ibidem pl. IV,
fies):
Legend to figures
. clareae sp. n. Paratype—part of ¢ antenna.
. p. marshallorum Roths. Fiji—part of ¢ antenna.
. sdlomonis Roths. Loyalty Is.—part of ¢ antenna.
. salomonis Roths. Guadalcanal—part of ¢ antenna.
. clareae sp. n. Holotype—aedeagus with vesica everted.
p. marshallorum Roths. Tokelau Is.—aedeagus with vesica
everted.
. p. marshallorum Roths. Fiji—Q sternite VII.
. clareae sp. n. Paratype—®Q sternite VII.
. salomonis Roths. Loyalty Is.—tip of valve.
. p. marshalloruwm Roths. Tokelau Is.—tip of valve.
. clareae sp. n. Holotype—tip of valve.
Ooh WH
Se ereicie ss
Re}
SiS) Stseis
THE GENUS UTETHESIA HUBNER IN FIJI AA
128 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD laysay/ifal
Utetheisa salomonis Rothschild
Rothschild (1910): Nov. zool., 17: 181
Male: Illustrated by Rothschild in Seitz (1914: pl. 13k as
ruberrima, pl. 24g as salomonis). Pattern extremely variable,
similar to U. clareae but black markings much more extensive.
The medial antennal segments of a male from “Guadalcanar”’
(Guadalcanal, British Solomon Islands Protectorate) are illus-
tated in fig. 4 and the corresponding segments from a speci-
men from the Loyalty Islands in fig. 3. The latter appear to
be of slightly more robust structure, a little larger than those
of the Guadalcanal specimen. Jordan (1939: 277) redescribes
the species and illustrates (ibid.: 277, fig. 242) the valve. Viette
(1950: 86) illustrates the uncus and valve. Hindwing without
scent-organ but there is evidence that this character once
present, has been lost (Jordan, 1939: 264). The tip of the
valve is illustrated in fig. 9.
Female: Similarly patterned to the male.
Diagnosis: Characteristic wing pattern. Differs from U.
clareae and U. p. marshallorum Roths. in absence of scent-
organ in male hindwing. Aedeagus and vesica similar to that
of marshallorum but tip of valve shaped differently (compare
figs. 9 and 10). Antennal segments different from those of
marshallorum (compare figs. 2, 3 and 4). Black markings
much more extensive than in U. l. stigmata which does not
have dentate male antennae.
Local distribution: Not known to occur in Fiji.
World distribution: From New Britain south-eastward to
the Loyalty Islands through the Solomons and New Hebrides.
Apparently not recorded from the Santa Cruz and Banks
Islands or New Caledonia. All too few specimens are known
of this interesting species.
Biology: Details of life history and foodplant unknown.
Possibly feeds on Boraginaceae (? Messerschmidia) in common
with U. p. marshallorum Roths. and U. clareae.
Remarks: I follow Jordan (1939) and Fletcher (1957) in
considering salomonis as a good species.
Utetheisa lotrix (Cramer) subsp. stigmata Rothschild
Cramer (1777): Pap. Exot. ii, pp. 29 and 149, pl. 109, figs. e
and f.
Rothschild (1910): Nov. zool., 17: 182, no. 48.
Male: A male Fijian specimen is figured on plate fig. 2.
Forewings cream patterned with black and red; hindwing
white patterned with black. Head and prothorax pale yellow
marked with black; abdomen white. Jordan (1939: 289) re-
describes the species and figures the genitalia (ibidem: 258,
fig. 229) as does Roepke (1941: 6 and fig. c on page 3 respec-
tively) under the name indica Roepke. Viette (1950: 86)
figures the valve and uncus. The vesica bears a scobinate
area and a single large cornutus.
Female: Similarly patterned to the male. Jordan (1939;
THE GENUS UTETHESIA HUBNER IN FIJI 129
258, fig. 233) figures sternite VII.
Diagnosis: Apart from the highly characteristic male
genitalia with the posterior ventral edge of the valve extended
and clothed with stout spines and with a much wider uncus
than the other three species considered here, the wing mark-
ings of U. l. stigmata Roths. are distinctive. The head and
prothorax are a paler yellow than in U. clareae. The males
lack the anal fold scent-organ.
Local distribution: Widespread and common on the island
of Viti Levu, occurring from sea level to the highest point
investigated, 1000 metres. Has been collected from Suva,
Sawani, Vunidawa, Kakiraki, Lautoka, Nandi, Namaqumaqua,
Nausori Highlands and Nandarivatu. Also from Savusavu,
Vanua Levu.
World distribution: U. l. stigmata Roths. has been collected
throughout the New Hebrides, New Caledonia and the
Loyalty Islands. It reaches its eastern limit in Fiji. U. lotrix
(Cramer) extends from west Africa to Fiji, forming a number
of local subspecies (see Jordan, 1939).
Biology: Neither the life history nor the larva appear to
have been described although stigmata is recorded as feeding
on the following members of the Papilionaceae: Crotalaria
retusa L., C. mucronata Desv., Desmodium spp., Vigna marina
(Burm.) and V. sinensis (L.). It is said to feed on the green
pods of Crotalaria (Veitch & Greenwood, 1921). There is a
record (queried) of its feeding on Cassia spp. (Caesalpiniaceae).
Discussion
U. p. marshallorum Roths., U. clareae and U. salamonis
Roths. form a complex of closely related species. The geo-
graphical distributions of the first two overlap on the island
of Vanua Levu, Fiji, where they do not interbreed. All three
species are morphologically distinct. Salomonis is apparently
geographically separated from marshallorum and clareae.
Clareae has apparently closer affinities with salomonis than
with marshallorum. Salomonis has lost the hindwing scent-
organ present in the other two species and clareae has lost
one group of cornuti, present in the other two species. The
male antennae of salomonis and clareae are similar, reminis-
cent of the subspecies of U. pulchelloides having pectinate or
strongly dentate antennae (i.e. U. p. pectinata Hampson—
islands of the Arafura Sea; U. p. umata Jordan—Guam; U. p.
aphanis Jordan—islands off south-east New Guinea). These
subspecies have very restricted distributions and I consider
it likely that these, with salomonis and clareae, are the rem-
nants of an early stock which spread radially from the Papuan
subregion, possessing dentate and pectinate antennae. Isola-
tion and subsequent division of part of this ancestral stock in
the south-west Pacific has resulted in the present occurrence
of salomonis and clareae. Derivatives of this stock with
abbreviated pectinations have been dispersed possibly from
New Guinea (U. p. papuana Strand, the New Guinea subspecies,
130 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD lipy/Sy/7(il
has sub-dentate antennae) westward through south-east Asia
(U. p. vaga Jordan) and across Micronesia to meet (and occa-
sionally hybridise with) wmata on Guam and further to the
Marshall Is. and across the arc now occupied by marshal-
lorum. Dispersal into Fiji of marshallorum possibly from
Tonga or via Wallis and Futuna, has resulted in the meeting
of two species, both from the same ancestral stock, but now
incapable of successful hybridisation after their isolation while
following different routes of dispersal.
Acknowledgements
I am particularly grateful to Mr Allan Watson of the
Department of Entomology, British Museum (Natural History)
and to my supervisor, Dr Lewis Davies of the Department of
Zoology, University of Durham, for their help and encourage-
ment and for checking the draft of this paper.
My thanks are also due to Mr Eric Henderson and Mr John
Richardson of the Department of Zoology, University of
Durham, for technical assistance.
I am indebted to the Trustees of the British Museum
(Natural History) and to the University of Durham for provid-
ing facilities for this research to be carried out.
The preparation of this paper was undertaken during the
tenure of an S.R.C. research studentship by the author.
References
Bhattacherjee, N. S., & Gupta, S. L. (1969). Studies on some Indian
Arctiidae (Lep.). Entomologist, 102: 210-219.
Comstock, J. A. (1966). Lepidoptera of American Samoa with par-
ticular reference to biology and ecology. Pacific Insects Mono-
graph, 11, pp. 74, pls. 13.
Fletcher, D. S. (1957). Macroheterocera of Rennell Island. The
Natural History of Rennell Island, British Solomon Islands, 2:
31-66, 90 pls. Danish Science Press, Copenhagen, 1957.
Jordan, K. (1939). On the constancy and variability of the differences
between the Old World species of Utetheisa (Lep., Arctiidae).
Nov. zool., 41: 251-291, 30 figs.
Parham, J. W. (1964). Plants of the Fiji Islands. Fiji Dept. Agric.
Bull., iv., 353 pp., 104 figs., 81 pls.
Phillips, R. H. (1937). List of the Heterocera of Fiji in the collection
of R. H. Phillips, Esq., of Vunidawa, Tholo East. Unpublished
MS.; copy in author’s library.
Roepke, W. (1941). The Javanese species of the genus Utetheisa Hb.
(Lep., Het., fam. Arctiidae). Tijd. v. ent., 84: 1-9, 4 figs.
Rothschild in Seitz, A. (1914). Macrolepidoptera of the World, 10.
Stuttgart.
Veitch, R., & Greenwood, W. (1921) The foodplants or hosts of some
Fijian insects. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 46: 505-517.
Viette, P. E. L. (1949). Catalogue of the Heterocerous Lepidoptera of
French Oceania. Pacif. Sci., 3: 315-337.
Viette, P. E. L. (1950). Les Lithosiidae de Nouvelle-Caledonie et des
Nouvelles-Hebrides. Ann. Soc, ent. France, 119: 85-96, 29 figs.
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A NEW WESTERN CAPE SPECJES OF THESTOR HUBNER 131
No. 24.
A New Western Cape Species of 7hestor Hubner
(Lepidoptera : Lycaenidae)
By C. G. C. Dickson and R. D. STEPHEN
This most striking Thestor is remarkable in so far as the
male is concerned in having an unusually simple colour-pattern
on the upperside, consisting of a chiefly golden-ochreous inner,
basal area, which contrasts strongly with the rest of the wing-
surface, which is very broadly dark, blackish-brown. It comes
closest to Th. compassbergae Quickelberge & McMaster
(Entomologists’ Record, 82: pp. 319-323, Pl. XVII, 15th Dec.,
1970) but, apart from the features enumerated below, it is of
greater average size and, in the male, has less elongated fore-
wings than in this species.
Thestor kaplani spec. nov.
Male Upperside.
Forewing. Golden-ochreous extends to a black spot at end
of cell (but with a sprinkling of dark scaling in the cell, which
is very pronounced and largely obscures the ochreous colour-
ing in one of the paratypes), and with its lower edge running
about half-way along innermargin (less in some paratypes).
Costal area above cell broadly brownish-grey. Black spots,
which are arranged as in Th. compassbergae, generally show
to some extent against the usually rather less dark background
of the main area of the wing (in which there may also be a
slight trace of ochreous scaling.) Veins 1 and 2 stand out
against the ochreous area owing to their being fairly darkly
grey-scaled; while the “sex-patch’’, which is well developed in
some species of Thestor, is represented by grey scaling, in the
usual position, on veins 2-4. Golden-ochreous portion of wing
below vein 1 partly obscured by dark scaling, especially near
base of wing. Cilia blackish-brown to dark-grey at end of veins,
with intervening greyish-white spaces; at end of vein 1, usually
only slightly darkened.
Hindwing. Golden-ochreous area (when fully developed, as
in the holotype) spreads out to well beyond cell and, inferiorly,
almost to anal-angle; the basal area suffused with dark scaling.
(In some of the paratypes the dark clouding is extended and
the ochreous colouring between this clouding and the rest of
the wing is much reduced—in two specimens, little of it re-
maining.) Costal area above cell greyish-brown or dark-brown
like the other dark portion of the wing. A generally very dark
brown streak at end of cell, but not closing it completely,
inferiorly. Some dark discal marking, which normally just
enters the ochreous area—but which contrasts only slightly
with the very broad dark-brown or blackish-brown surface of
the wing, into which the ochreous area merges rather gradu-
ally. There is a not very prominet black marginal line (which
is present, though rather less obviously so, in the forewing
132 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD IWSyV/S\/ 711
also). Cilia with the dark portions less clear as a rule than in
the forewing.
Underside.
Forewing. Buff-coloured (in some of the paratypes much
sullied by dark scaling), spotted with black and bordered
broadly with shades of grey to dark-brown. A small blackish
spot beyond middle of cell and a similar one, more outwardly
placed, in area lb; a fairly large lunulate black marking at end
of cell, and a very irregular series of black spots as follows : —
two round ones in areas 3 and 4, the second more outwardly
placed than the first; three larger ones in areas 5-7, lying at
about 45° to the two just mentioned and much more outwardly
placed; and a very small one in the form of a dot above the
uppermost of the last three, almost at edge of costa. A series of
black sagittate markings bounding buff area outwardly and
continuing above it. (In some of the paratypes there is varia-
tion in the relative sizes, shape and clearness of the forewing
spots and markings). Costal area broadly grey as far as upper
discal spots; beyond the latter is a conspicuous white patch,
which changes to greyish-white apically; and the remaining
broad space between the sagittate series and the distal-margin
is fairly dark, to dark greyish-brown, darkening further to-
wards posterior angle of wing and with this dark shade merg-
ing gradually into the buff area, well basad, in the space below
vein 2. Cilia nearly as on upperside but sometimes more
prominently white at apex.
Hindwing. Whitish-grey (with certain portions practically
white); a markedly irregular, very dark brown transverse discal
streak, with spots and markings of the general type usual in
the genus between the wing-base and this streak (but apparent,
mainly, due to their dark edging). The discal streak with
usually acute outward projections in areas 4 and 5 which
together form a prominent W-shaped marking. A series of very
fine, black sagittate markings, not of uniform shape and smal-
ler and far less apparent than in forewing, well removed from
the wing-margin. Cilia much as on upperside but with the
dark and light spaces, on the whole, a little clearer in relation
to one another.
Length of forewing: 16-5-18-5 mm. (17:25 mm., in holo-
type): but one abnormally small specimen with a measurement
of only 14-25 mm.
Female.
Forewing more rounded outwardly than in the male.
Upperside.
Ochreous colouring extensive and forming a background to
the heavy black to blackish-brown marking of the wings.
Forewing. Costal area broadly brownish-grey except where
the dark markings intrude into this area. A black marking at
end of cell and a very well developed black discal band (out-
wardly sharply defined), its upper portion strongly angled out-
A NEW WESTERN CAPE SPECJES OF THESTOR HUBNER 133
wardly and the lower portion considerably more inwardly
placed and reaching vein 1 at about two-thirds of the length of
the vein from wing-base. The very broad dark distal border 3-4
mm. in breadth, more or less incised inwardly by ochreous rays
(the latter with fairly dark-scaled veining between them—which
is present also in the ochreous area basad of the band). At its
lower end, there is an inward extension of this band which
unites it with the discal band. Cilia as in the male—allowing
for some variation in different specimens.
Hindwing. Costal area almost as in forewing. Ochreous
colouring extends to the broad dark distal-border, merging
rather gradually into it. A dark, curved streak at end of cell,
which does not completely close it. Discal band very strongly
if somewhat roundedly angled, wide and most prominent in
areas 5 and 6; ill-defined inferiorly and not visible below vein Ic.
The dark marginal border incised by the ochreous colouring. A
black marginal line is present (in all wings) as in the male. Cilia
as in the forewing, but the divisions less distinct.
Underside.
Duller, on the whole, than in the male and the main mark-
ings, at least in the hindwing, giving a less dark and prominent
impression.
Forewing. The main buff-coloured area lighter than in the
male, and no white areas present in the wing; the portions
surrounding the buff area dull beige but with dark clouding at
the lower end of the series of black more or less sagittate
markings and from here, running basad.
Hindwing. Dull beige-coloured with thin brownish-black
edgings to a few spots or markings near the base of the wing
and an elongated marking at the end of the cell (these mark-
ings frequently being lighter than the general background, and
inclined to be whitish); the very irregular discal streak of the
same coloration as the dark edgings and more linear than in
the male. The series of sagittate markings more obvious than
in the male, thin and not very regular in shape. Some whitish
clouding, which is not always distinct, adjoins the upper angle
of the wing. Cilia much as on upperside.
Length of forewing: 19-22 mm. (20:5 mm., in allotype); but
an unusually small specimen, in poor condition, with a measure-
ment of only 16 mm.
Thorax dark brown to blackish above, in both sexes, with
brownish or brownish-grey hairs which, at least in the female,
produce a lighter colour-effect. The legs blend in colour with
the light greyish underside of the thorax. Abdomen beige-
coloured above and light greyish to whitish below. Palpi dark
brown above and light grey to whitish beneath and on much of
the sides, but the terminal joint wholly or largely brown. The
short antennae dark-brown above and whitish-grey beneath
and on the outer sides, with the junctures of the joints finelv
darkened, and largely orangy- or somewhat reddish-brown on
the inner sides up to the tips. (Much of the light scaling of the
134 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD WSy/Sy/ 7
antennae has been lost in the less fresh specimens under
examination. )
3S Holotype, WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE: Rivier Zonder-
end Mtns., near Greyton, 25.xii.1970 (Dr Jeffrey Kaplan);
British Museum Reg. No. Rh. 12748.
2 Allotype, W. CAPE PROVINCE: data as holotype,
1.1.1971; British Museum Reg. No. Bh. 12749.
Paratypes in the authors’ collections: C. G. C. D., data as
holotype, Lil971, 1 37169: RDS) Peis7 Peli
Paratypes in Coll. Dr J. Kaplan: as holotype, 25.xii.1970, 3 ¢ ¢
ST SiGe wot ee
Paratype in Coll. D. J. Rossouw, as holotype, 1.1.1971, 1 ¢.
Paratype in Coll. C. W. Wykeham, as holotype, 25.xii.1970,
1c
All these specimens have been captured by Dr Kaplan, who
has generously donated some of them as indicated above. One
aberrant male is very pale on the upperside and is obscurely
coloured and marked on the underside, with the hindwings
particularly light.
Considering the great distance which separates the two
butterflies, it is of much interest that the present species,
though possessing far more dark colouring in both sexes,
should be most closely related to Th. compassbergae from
north of Graaff-Reinet. The underside pattern of both these
species and the form of discal marking in the hindwing of the
males, show an affinity to those of the braunsi v. Son—dicksoni
Riley section of the genus.
The male genitalia of one of the paratypes are figured in
the accompanying plate and some of the main features are
referred to in the following paragraph.
Uncus with the acute, forked portion commencing at about
two-fifths of distance from base. Falces long and strongly
angled and curved, as shown in the illustration. Labides
relatively narrow and long, with an upward curvature before
their acute ends. Valves of the usual, general shape found in
the genus, the outline being clearly shown in the plate, except
that in this figure the lower projection at the distal end is
turned inwards and appears short — but is in fact a long
‘finger’. Aedeagus with the basal end, with its rounded
extremity, narrow; curved downwards after the main opening
towards the base and upturned before the pointed distal end.
Juxta with each half fairly narrow, wider at the upper end,
somewhat curved in the lateral view and with an obtuse
angulation on one side (the right-hand side in the figure) less
than half the distance from the top. (The shape of the juxta
cannot be seen very clearly in the illustration:) Saccus of
moderate length and fairly thick.
Thestor kaplani was found in spots over a narrow area
about half a mile long, on top of a north-west facing slope at an
altitude of 3,200 ft. above sea level. The specimens seemed to
favour flat, sandy areas, sparcely vegetated, where they settled
A NEW WESTERN CAPE SPECJES OF THESTOR HUBNER 135
on ground which matched closely the whitish colour of the
underside of their wings. Conspicuous in flight, they were
easily captured. Only yards away on the rocky northern slope,
Th. braunsi van Son was flying at the same time, and Th.
stepheni Swanepoel has also been found by Dr J. Kaplan and
one of us (C.G.C.D.) half a mile to the west.
This most attractive Thestor is a welcome addition to the
rapidly increasing list of Cape Lepidoptera and is a credit to
the efforts of its discoverer. We confidently expect more dis-
coveries of this interesting genus in the near future.
[Dr Kaplan himself has written as follows in connection
with this butterfly :—
“This Thestor was taken on the 25th December 1970, when
the only specimens collected were males. It was obvious to me
that the specimens I had just captured were not in my collec-
tion, where I have a number of different Thestor species. I
returned the next week and was fortunate in capturing two
females. Specimens have the typical, easy, low flight of the
Thestors and are easily distinguishable in flight as a whitish-
looking insect. This is due to the remarkable, light underside.
Their location, 1000 feet above the Greyton and Genadendal
range of mountains in a valley between the peaks, is on patches
of white stones or white sand. Walking through the area
flushes them out, and as they settle frequently and fly upwards
into the net they are easily caught. The further specimens
taken on the Ist of January were in the same limited area,
roughly 300 yards in diameter. Mr R. D. Stephens, to whom
I went for identification, seemed convinced that they were a
new species and Charlie Dickson confirmed this. He kindly
offered to do a microscopic examination of the genitalia and
prepare an article for publication. On accompanying Mr
Stephen to the site of the holotype’s capture, he confirmed that
it was on the southern slopes of the same range where he had
first discovered Thestor stepheni.’’ ]
“Blencathra”’, Cambridge Avenue, St Michael’s Estate,
Cape Town.
19 Wheelan Street, Newlands, Cape.
EARLY BUTTERFLIES IN DENBIGHSHIRE.—On Easter Sunday,
April 11, 1971, while walking on Moel Famma, Denbighshire, I
was most surprised and delighted to see amongst an abun-
dance of peacocks (Nymphalis io L.) and small tortoiseshells
(Aglais urticae L.), a single comma butterfly (Polygonia c-album
L.). The only other time I have ever seen any sign of this
insect in the Merseyside area was a single caterpillar on nettles
in Liverpool in 1955.—Maurice A. S. Pons, 5 Alvestone Road,
Wallasey, Cheshire. 12.iv.71.
136 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD 1S/o/ae
Notes on some of the British Nepticulidae (Lep.)
By Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., M.A., F.R.E.S.
(Continued from p. 83)
BETULA spp. (Birch)
The British Nepticulid mines on birch are, except for two,
easy to distinguish, and the following dichotomous table may
be helpful to this end.
12 Mine forming a DIOECH <2 5. seccsc+ss2ssssomesccioe Seba oe erent 2
Mane formims ay Salley ick). dase cineses ines seer eee 3
2. Blotch roundish, frass, at least initially, forming a dark
Central blobs Aes cha. s. Bie aes ce gee argentipedella
Blotch rhomboidal or triangular, frass irregularly dis-
DEESEG : Wee foes Piss Joe cee tee woolhopiella
3. Gallery completely, or very nearly, filled with dispersed
EVASSHs ods Peete aed atens Sesh eee ee ee +
Gallery with a central line of frass, leaving well defined,
Clear MaYOINS sivcce.lativesees skeet les eek os ee oes - eee °
4. Mine at first light brown, often so contorted as to form a
small blotch, then completely filled with greenish frass;
mine inconspicuous, clouded .....:...2...:..:0.<00» continuella
Beginning of the mine blackish, the black frass throughout
arranged in arcs, usually leaving a very narrow pale
VAT OUI Se Fes Sods bec 2a a oe ee ee distinguenda
5. Mine long, frass, at any rate latterly, forming a continuous,
very thin central line with broad, clear margins ......... 6
Mine shorter, more contorted, with the frass-line broader
and tending to be broken into blobs .................c.ee00: ii
6. First quarter of mine entirely filled with cloudy green
ETAGS) Santee hokloe coterie och Saou an Sean tee enae lapponica
First quarter of mine, like the remainder, with a thin
central! line of :black trass\x. nsec: 18. se eeneeee ae confusella
7. Mine often much contorted at the start, frass-line tending
to be narrower; larva with a paler head ............ luteella
Mine less contorted at the start, frass-line tending to be
thicker; larva with a darker head: .....5..%-5..22 betulicola
The table does not feature Stigmella betulicola nanivora
Pet., the status of which was discussed in a recent paper (Brown
1970). Other common lepidopterous mines in birch leaves,
which might be mistaken for Nepticulidae, are (a) Lyonetia
clerkella L. which makes a very long narrow gallery with a
central line of frass. If the larva is present, its size, length and
incised segments serve to distinguish it; if it has gone, the
length of the frass-free chamber which finally housed the larva
is the point to look for, as also is the cylindrical white cocoon,
slung hammock-wise under the leaf. (b) Bucculatrix demary-
ella Stt. which makes a very small, short mine in its first instar,
generally following a rib. The final chamber is relatively long,
narrow, and often angled.
NOTES ON SOME OF THE BRITISH NEPTICULIDAE (LEP. ) Lot
Some notes on the eight birch species follow.
Dechtiria argentipedella Zell. is one of our commonest neps,
with a single generation of larvae spread out from late August
till the beginning of November; October is the best month for
them. I find it a difficult species to rear, for I do not seem to
be able to get the larvae to spin up. Others are more successful,
so my failure must be due to mismanagement.
D. woolhopiella Stt., on the other hand, is one of the rarest
species in this group, though it may be more common near the
Herefordshire village from which it derives its name. I met
with it for the first time in the autumn of 1970, when I found
three mines in Kent, two near Westerham and one at Farning-
ham. I understand from Mr J. M. Chalmers-Hunt that these
consistute a new record for the county. Only one of my mines
was tenanted, but the larva left its leaf before I reached home
and suffered an accident; so that was that.
Nepticula continuella Stt. seems to be widely distributed in
two generations, and is easy to rear.
N. distinguenda Hein. is a very local moth. Meyrick (1895
and 1928) and Tutt (1899, p. 283) give the distribution as
Sussex and Hereford though the latter questioned ithe
authenticity of the former’s Sussex record. Waters does not
mention it. I found vacated mines sparingly at Farningham
and Westerham in north-west Kent in 1969, and again more
plentifully in 1970. The species is said to be bivoltine and I
looked assiduously for the second generation of larvae, which
eluded me apart from a single tenanted mine whose occupant
I carelessly allowed to spin up among the other birch-feeding
species taken. I am unable to account for the apparent failure
of the second generation. I found a single vacated mine at
Quendon in Essex on the 2nd October 1970; I believe this and
the examples from Kent to constitute new county records,
though Mr Jacobs tells me that he anticipated me in finding
the mines in Kent (in his case at Hayes, 2nd October 1943,
Westerham, 12th October 1947 and Chislehurst Common, 14th
October 1950, all these mines having been determined by A.
G. Carolsfeld-Krausé) but he neglected to record them.
The mines of N. lapponica Wocke and N. confusella Wood
were confused (as the latter’s name may indicate) until Wood
and then Waters pointed out the difference (see Hering, 1951,
p. 88). [Who was the author of the name confusella? Meyrick
(1928), Waters (1929), Ford (1949) and Heslop (1964) say
Walsingham. Hering (1951 and 1957), Borkowski (1969) and
the draft of the new edition of Kloet & Hincks’s check-list say
Wood; while Tutt (1899) says Walsingham and Wood. Wood
(1894, p. 272) launched the species, but invited Lord Walsing-
ham to describe it for him. Wood, therefore, is the author. |
The difference between the mines of the two species is quite
obvious when they are fresh, but becomes obscured as the
leaves wither, especially if wet gets into the mines.
All authorities agree that confusella is univoltine, but there
is local variation in the time of larval appearance. June to
WN
138 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD ley ay Ay il
early July seems to be the most favoured season, though I
have found larvae still feeding in late August in the west
of Ireland. On the other hand, there is disagreement over
the number of larval generations of lapponica. Meyrick (1928)
and Ford (1949) give two, and Tutt (1899) says it is partially
bivoltine. Wood (1894, p. 96), Hering (1957) and Borkowski
(1969) say there is only one brood and my own experience
leads me to think that they are right. The larvae of lapponica
come early in the year, before those of confusella, and I in-
variably miss them.
The mines of Stigmella luteella Stt. and S. betulicola Stt.
are very hard to differentiate, and my key gives little help.
The larvae themselves are just distinguishable, since that of
betulicola is more yellow, and that of luteella is more green,
but when the larva is seen in the mine the colour of the leaf
tends to obscure this distinction. Both have the dorsal vessel
bright green when they are feeding; Ford has done a dis-
service in mentioning this feature only in the case of betulicola.
The relative colours of the head are not of much assistance
unless larvae of each species are at hand for comparison.
Hering (1957) says that betulicola mines venter upwards, while
luteella does so venter downwards, but this, too, is hard to
observe. Mines on seedlings, and leaves containing many
mines, are usually betulicola; luteella seems to prefer the
larger bushes and there are seldom more than two mines to
a leaf. When the larvae spin up, betulicola makes reddish
and luteella white cocoons. Both species are common and
widely distributed in two generations, the second of which is
more plentiful.
CRATAEGUS spp. (Hawthorn)
“Confusion now hath made his masterpiece!” I shall start
with an apology to the reader. We have got ourselves into
such a muddle over the hawthorn-feeding Nepticulidae, and
the mistakes that have been made interact on each other to
such an extent that the pages which follow will not make
easy reading. My notes will fall into three parts. First I shall
deal with the mistakes, treating them historically, and I shall
attempt to put them right; secondly I shall give a dichotomous
table to help in the determination of the mines and larvae of
the species; and thirdly, I shall give random notes on their
biology and distribution.
The easiest way to introduce the problem is by symbols
rather than names. Five species are involved. Let us for
the moment call them A, B, C. D and E.
Species A has been given two different descriptions for the
female in our literature and it still is uncertain which is
correct. Its mine is almost identical with that of B and the
continental authors say that the only certain way of distin-
guishing A and B is by the examination of the genitalia.
Species B has been confused by some authors with A and
by others with C. For a long time it was credited with C’s
NOTES ON SOME OF 'THE BRITISH NEPTICULIDAE (LEP. ) 139
larva and there is still conflicting evidence regarding the
colour of its true larva.
Species C is one of our commonest ‘“neps” but it was not
named until 1936 and it was not recognized as British until
1961, when a foreign author was responsible for adding it to
our list. Its larva has often been mistaken for that of D and
its vacated mine for that of D or E. For over sixty years it
was equated with B, and many (perhaps most) specimens in
collections labelled B are in fact C.
Species D is distinct as an imago, but its mine and larva
have constantly been confused in literature and in practice
with those of C. In one of our most famous entomological
books, the figures of the larva and mine purporting to be those
of D are in fact those of Ch
Species E is also distinct as an imago and as a tenanted
mine, but the vacated mine is often confused with those of C
and D.
Needless to say, there is also a certain amount of trouble
over nomenclature.
Now you are not intended to assimilate all the detail of
what I have just written. My immediate purpose is to show
that there are errors and ambiguities involving these species,
all of them interacting on one another and so giving rise to a
situation of no little complexity. Minor mistakes have added
to the confusion. If we are to achieve any measure of clarity
in unravelling this tangle, we must proceed by easy stages.
Let us start by naming in the same order the five species
represented by letters above. They are Nepticula ignobilella
Stt., Stigmella hybnerella Hubn. (gratiosella Dup.), S:
crataegella Klim. (=gratiosella sensu auct. nec Dups)) s:
oxyacanthella Stt. and Nepticula pygmaeella Haw.
When Stainton (1859) described ignobilella, he said that
the head of the imago was red; Wood (1894) contradicted this,
saying that it was red only in the male, but black in the
female. In his description of “gratiosella” (to use the super-
seded name), Stainton said the larva was yellow; Wood denied
this, too, and asserted it was green. I will let Wood tell his
own eloquent story (1894, p. 47).
“Tet me take first four species that feed on hawthorn
(Crataegus oxyacantha). They divide themselves naturally
into pairs, the one characterised by having bright green larvae
and gallery mines with coiled frass, and the other by yellow
or yellowish larvae and blotch mines.
“The gallery mines are gratiosella and oxyacanthella. With
regard to the former, the ground wants a little clearing first.
Some years ago, in the pages of this magazine, Mr Threlfall
suggested that gratiosella and ignobilella were the sexes of one
and the same species. Subsequently, my own experience in
breeding ignobilella appeared to confirm his view. From yellow
larvae collected in the autumn and carefully separated from
the only other two yellow larvae, viz. regiella and pygmaeella,
that could be found on the hawthorn (gratiosella, let it be
140 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/ De
remembered, was said to have a yellow larva and to feed in the
autumn), I bred a long series of the perfect insect, some with
red heads and some with black; as the former were all males
and the latter females, they could clearly be nothing more than
the sexes of one species, and gratiosella as a species seemed
doomed. It was not, then, till the question arose what the
green oxyacanthella-like larvae, feeding in July and August,
could be, and until moths were reared from them which
answered accurately to the description of gratiosella, that its
position was restored. The diagnosis in the “Manual” is
perfect, so far as the imago goes. It is a smaller insect than
ignobilella, with the head black in both sexes, and a violet
rather than purple hind margin to the fore-wings: on the other
hand, the larva is bright green, not yellow as there described,
and instead of feeding in September and October as stated in
the ‘Entomologist’s Companion’, is fed up and over by the
end of August.
“The general cut of its mine varies according to where the
egg is laid, and to some extent according to the size and fleshi-
ness of the leaf. The favourite spot for the egg is underneath
the leafy frill edging the stalk. The mine travels at first for a
short distance down the stalk, I mean in the direction of the
trunk: it then turns round and proceeds in the opposite direc-
tion till it reaches the blade; here it keeps accurately to the
edge for some little way, and then makes one short turn back
on itself and ends, or, if the leaf be especially large and fleshy,
the last turn is omitted. This form would be quite sui generis,
were it not occasionally mimicked to a turn by pygmaeella:
still, as the one larva is green and the other yellow, there is
no risk of confusing the full mines, whilst the empty ones, as I
have already pointed out, may be told from the position of the
eggs [on the underside with gratiosella and the upperside with
pygmaeella]. Sometimes, instead of a single turn back upon
itself, two or three are made, if the leaf be small and thin, yet
for all that the mine is so small that it manages to keep within
the limits of the lobe. The other position for the egg is under
one of the ribs. In this case the small twisting gallery keeps
within the narrow compass in the middle of the leaf or in one
of the lobes. To compare it now with oxyacanthella.
“The eggs of both are laid on the underside, but whilst
gratiosella prefers the stalk to a rib, oxyacanthella has a
greater liking for the ribs. The mines are very similar. But
gratiosella’s is smaller and its course more timid, the gyrations
being short and keeping close together; whereas in oxycan-
thella the curves are sweeping and pass across or round the
lobes from one side of the leaf to the other, and even when
the egg is laid upon the stalk and the mine comes out along the
edge as in gratiosella, it turns off sooner or later into the body
of the leaf and pursues its usual bold and wandering course.
The best distinction, however, lies in the larvae. The head of
gratiosella is of palest brown, so that little more than the
mouth-parts are visible in the mine; that of oxyacanthella is
NOTES ON SOME OF THE BRITISH NEPTICULIDAE (LEP.) 141
grey or black, and is always distinct, and sometimes very dis-
tinct; oxyacanthella also shows, but obscurely, the cephalic
ganglia, of which there is no trace in the other. I think, too,
that the ground-colour is more bluish in gratiosella than in
oxyacanthella, but never having had the two side by side, I
speak doubtfully. In these parts, and I am fairly well south
[Herefordshire], both species are single-brooded. I never
find the larva of oxyacanthella in July and August, nor that
of gratiosella in September and October, and I have given the
hawthorn hedges a good deal of attention.”’.
I cannot proceed until I have paid a tribute to the beauty
and clarity of Wood’s prose and the accuracy of his observa-
tion. Unfortunately, he made a not unnatural but serious
mistake when he jumped to the conclusion that his ‘‘green
oxyacanthella-like larvae were those of ‘‘gratiosella’”. He had,
in fact, discovered a new species, but tried to fit it into the
then known range of hawthorn-feeding neps. We must
remember that he was writing before the development of the
technique of dissecting genitalia, and he was dealing with
moths which superficially are almost indistinguishable. Wood’s
description is, as far as I know, the first and most detailed
to be made of this species. It had to wait till 1936 before it
received a name at the hands of Dr Klimesch, who had found
it in central Europe. He called it crataegella.
Meanwhile our text-books had accepted Wood’s interpreta-
tion, and were ascribing the life-history of crataegella to
“gratiosella”. The study of the Nepticulidae was in the
doldrums in this country, and no-one seems to have paid
much attention to Klimesch’s new species. After a lapse of a
quarter of a century A. G. Carolsfeld-Krausé, a Danish entom-
ologist (1961), pointed out to us in the “Entomologist’s Record”
that we should add crataegella to the British List on the
evidence of Wood’s article, but still we took no notice. Per-
haps Carolsfeld-Krausé himself was partly to blame, because,
instead of announcing this new addition to our fauna with a
fanfare of trumpets, he tacked the news on, almost in paren-
thesis, to a dry discussion of the authorship of the name
“gratiosella”. So unobtrusive was the pronouncement that
Heslop (1964) failed to pick this species up either for his
original list or in any of his supplements, in spite of the fact
that Carolsfeld-Krausé was his mentor for the Nepticulidae.
Two years later it was rediscovered, quite independently,
it seems, by Mr S. C. S. Brown, who found the mines in
Bournemouth and had them identified by Carolsfeld-Krausé.
On the strength of these mines (but not Carolsfeld-Krausé’s
paper of 1961), Ellerton (1970) included crataegella in his list
of species recently discovered in Britain. For confirmation,
Mr Brown sent a further batch of mines to Dr Klimesch last
autumn and he proffered the same determination as that given
by Carolsfeld-Krausé.
Mr Brown told me of his discovery and was kind enough
to send me some pressed leaves containing mines. I at once
142 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD Nsypsy Ay (ll
recognized them as closely resembling mines which I had been
determining as a first generation of oxyacanthella. About
this time, I read Wood’s article (1894) and spotted that his
“sratiosella’”’ was in fact crataegella. Preening myself in my
discovery, I submitted my theories to Dr Klimesch, whom we
revere as the doyen of authorities on the Nepticulidae, and
he duly confirmed them, drawing my attention to the article
by Carolsfeld Krausé of which I was previously unaware. (A
Dane records a new British species of the Nepticulidae, in our
literature, and an Austrian brings it to my attention. A
hundred years ago, in Stainton’s day we were a great power
in the study of this family; how are the mighty fallen! )
I read Carolsfeld-Krausé’s paper with mixed feelings. I felt
rather as Scott must have done when he reached the South
Pole only to find that Amunsden had got there first. On the
other hand, I was gratified to have my views corroborated by
such powerful authorities. I have more to say about
crataegella, but it must wait for the moment, as my task of
dealing with the mistakes and uncertainties surrounding our
hawthorn-feeding neps is far from done.
The theme of what follows next falls into the category of
uncertainty rather than error, for though mistakes have un-
doubtedly been made, I cannot as yet identify them. I am
referring to the problem of distinguishing ignobilella from
hybnerella (gratiosella). Wood, as we have seen, found them
so much alike that he brought in a third species: he added
two and one and made the answer two. By making crataegella
stand for “gratiosella’, he “lumped” the true gratiosella and
ignobilella together, and we must now try to prize them apart.
As I shall make rather heavy weather of this, I apologize in
advance to the reader.
The descriptions of the life-history of hybnerella (gratio-
sella) in Tutt (1899), Meyrick (1928) and Ford (1949) are
wrong, since they are based on Wood and refer to crataegella
(Tutt also quotes an accurate description by Frey but makes
no attempi to reconcile it with the longer description by Wood
which dominates the passage). We must therefore turn to
continental writers. Let us consider in turn the mines, the
larvae and the imagines of the two species.
The mines of both start as a slender gallery with a central
excremental line, leaving clear margins. This abruptly leads
into a wide, irregular blotch. According to Hering (1957) the
frass line in the early gallery is wider and fills more than
half the gallery in the case of ignobilella, whereas it is nar-
rower, filling less than half the gallery, in hybnerella.
Borkowski (1969), however, states that the width of the frass
depends on whether the mined leaf is in sunshine or shade,
and he regards the colour of the larva as the only certain
means of distinction. I have studied the large number of
mines attributed to each species in the Hering herbarium,
and I have failed to find any reliable character by which they
may be separated. (To be continued.)
MOSTLY SOUTH ESSEX, 1970 143
Mostly South Essex 1970
By R. TOMLINSON
Any delay in this paper must be ascribed to the recent post
office strike. Like many others, I should imagine, it is rather
late in going to press. This notwithstanding, it has been one of
the finest collecting seasons I have ever had, and I will plunge
straight into it with the reader’s indulgence.
My young friend Graham Glombek and I went to the local
Coombe Wood in Langdon Hills on 24th March, set up the
generator in a sheet operation there from 8.10 p.m. until 9.55
p.m. Only two of our target quarry came into our mercury
vapour light. Orthosia munda Schiff., and I kept the both.
Other species were what I had already obtained. We went
there again with the light and sheet on 11th April, and had
two fine examples of Biston strataria Hufn. Owing to my
purchase of a motor cycle, Coombe Wood will feature again
and again in this article, and places beyond.
The Robinson trap in my garden captured a melanic Lycia
hirtaria Clerck on 18th April, with 11 other moths but all were
released, the hirtaria being rather worn.
Out of 29 pupae, 24 Saturnia pavonia L. emerged between
Ist and 4th May. These were from eggs laid by the female
mentioned in my last account (Ent. Rec., 82: 145).
Among 64 moths in my Robinson trap in my garden on the
rainy night of 6th May was an ab. fuscata Tutt of Menophra
abruptaria Thunbg., and another appeared in the trap on 19th
May.
One of the first, and most satisfying field trips of the year
was made to Fryerning Woods near Blackmore on 23rd May,
with my friend R. Cook. We set the generator going with a 125
watt m.v. lamp over a white sheet, and we ran the light on this
mild night from 10 p.m. to 11.30 p.m. Twenty-eight species of
macros came in, six of them new to me; Calocasia coryli L. was
the commonest moth, with Cosymbia albipunctata Hufn. a close
second. We also had Drymonia dodonaea Schiff., Notodonta
trepids Esp., Trichopteryx carpinata Borkh. and one Rheumap-
tera cervinalis Scop.
I made my next trip to Coombe Wood on 29th May with
four members of the newly formed Basildon Natural History
Society. and ran the m.v. light and a Heath trap from 9.35 p.m.
until 12 midnight. Twenty-seven species of macros came in,
including one Lopophora halterata Hufn. A day trip to this
wood on 7th June resulted in my boxing an Abraxas sylvata
Scop. from vegetation beneath a very large wych elm tree.
Persistence had paid off, and at last I had discovered the
whereabouts of this very local moth. This same night, my
garden Robinson trap took a worn Semiothisa notata L.; this
was its first record for me in this locality. A good specimen of
Selenia lunaria Schiff. was in the trap on 9th June.
Another day trip to Coombe Wood on 16th June enabled
144 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/7 S/ak
me to take another four A. sylvata from beneath the same
wych elm as before. Among about 1000 moths in the garden
trap this same night were one Euchoeca nebulata Scop. and one
Apatele leporina L.
On 13th June I made a rendezvous with R. Cook at the
“Halfway-House” just off the A.128 and went to Thorndon
Wood near Brentwood, and ran the m.v light and the Heath
trap from 10 p.m. until 12.15 a.m. in a promising area. Dusking
produced several Hapolotis venustula Hiibn., and 25 species
came to the sheet while 10 species were caught by the Heath
trap. I kept seven moths among which were Polia nebulosa
Hufn., Macrothylacia rubi L., Ectropis extensaria Hiibn., and
one micro.
The next day I led a field meeting in this area with the
British Entomological and Natural History Society; an all day
trip. The best capture of this expedition was a possible new
species for Essex netted by R. Payne from ivy growing on
Mucking church wall. At the moment Payne is sifting the
literature to find out whether this fly is really a new record for
Essex or not. A fuller report will appear in the society’s
journal later this year.
I made another visit to Coombe Wood, this time with my
friend A. Cox, on 19th June and ran the mercury vapour light
from 10.30 p.m. until 12.10 am. It was a clear night, but still
and warm, and a full moon rose about midnight. It was a good
night, and my small flask of Bourbon whisky never tasted so
good. Thirty-six different species of macro came in includnig
about two dozen A. sylvata. A welcome addition to my collec-
tion were two Lithacodia fasciana L. My garden trap on this
night caught about 1000 moths including, perhaps surprisingly
H. venustula and a Hadena compta Schiff.
The next field trip was with my friends Ron and Ray Pigney
to the stamping ground of my tried friend G. Pyman at Little
Baddow, on 20th June. We ran the m.v. light in Pheasanthouse
Wood by the sphagnum bog, and the Heath trap elsewhere in
the area from 10.40 p.m. until 1 a.m. There was no cloud cover
but it was a still mild night. Collecting was very good indeed
with no less than 64 species of macro coming in to the sheet.
Geoff Pyman was with us, of course, and he agreed it was the
best mothing night he had ever taken part in. The Heath trap
which had been placed in the northern tree nursery, held about
100 moths of 17 different species. I kept 14 moths among which
were Semiothisa liturata Clerck, one of which was ab. nigro-
fulvata Collins, and two S. notata L. one typical and one quite
sooty specimen, of which Mr Huggins had never heard before.
He urged me to take this and one or two other moths to the
British Museum (Natural History) for them to check over. This
I will do, and their subsequent findings will appear later on in
the pages of this magazine. It may not be too much to hope
that the dark S. notata is a new form.
This same night my garden Robinson trap held more than
1000 moths, of which I kept two, one Deilephila porcellus 1..
MOSTLY SOUTH ESSEX, 1970 145
and one A. leporina L.
My friend R. Cook drove over to me on the evening of 22nd
June and said “‘come with me to Ham Street”. I accepted at
once, not having had the opportunity to visit this wonderful
area before. We drove there and set up the generator in a
promising looking drive and ran two lights from it, an 80 and a
125 watt bulb over white sheets from 10.10 p.m. until 1.15 a.m.
The night was clear but fairly mild and we had 77 species at
the sheet. I kept 15 moths which included Apoda avellana L.,
Euphyia luctuata Schiff., Gryposia mesomella L., Atolmis
rubricollis L., Miltochrista miniata Forst., Drymonea dononaea
Schiff., and Moma alpium Osbeck.
I rode to Coombe Wood on 25th July on a fine sunny after-
noon, and wandered along the paths; I succeeded in netting
Limenitis camilla L. but this was chipped, so I released it. I
did manage to net three fine Stryminidia w-album Knoch by a
bramble patch in the wood.
Ray Cook and I drove to Chippenham Fen in Cambridge-
shire on 27th June. We got there about 9.30 p.m. and set up
the generator with 80 and 125 watt bulbs off one of the droves,
in a place which reminded me very much of the “copper field”
at Wood Walton Fen. As some light still remained we went
dusking and caught several Colostygia didymata L. from a
hedgerow on the fen approach. We ran the lights from 10.30
p.m. until 1 a.m. and 59 species of macros came in. Of course
the prizes were Eustrotua bankiana Fabr., Leucania pudorina
Schiff., Meliana flammea Curt. and Phragmatoecia castaneae
Hiibn.
The Pigneys and I ran the m.v light in Coombe Wood on the
night of 3rd July for three hours and had 58 species of macro
in to the sheet, the only new one for me being one example of
Cosmia pyralina Schiff. A day visit to the same locality on the
following day resulted in my boxing a C. didymata from the
trunk of a large ash tree. This same night the garden trap
caught an H. venustula, and I feel sure that it must occur
somewhere locally, for I do not think that it is a moth which is
to be found far from its haunts. This seems to bear out Mr
Huggins’s explanation that ‘“‘the thing is spreading” and I hope
T can find its locality here in 1971.
I went to Little Baddow on the evening of Ist August, set
up the m.v. light in the hollow square formed by the Woodham
Walker Common, Pheasanthouse Wood and Poors Piece Wood,
most of the area being under the management of the Essex
Naturalists’ Trust, and therefore an important venue. G.
Pyman, myself and four friends ran the light for over three
hours. Fifty-eight species of macro arrived at the sheet, in-
cluding Parastichtis suspecta Hiibn., Zenobia subtusa Schiff.,
Drepana lactertinaria L. and Harpyia bifida Brahm.
On 9th August, Ray Cook and I drove in his car to the New
Forest, booked in at the excellently appointed Forest Lodge
Hotel in Lyndhurst. Cook being keen to start proceedings, we
146 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD Msy/ay/ 111!
wandered over the nearby heath adjoining the golf course, and
I netted a male and a female Plebejus argus L. and a Selido-
sema brunnearia ssp. scandinaviaria Staud. That same evening
we drove to a certain enclosure, set up the generator with a
125 watt bulb and white sheet, put the Heath trap further into
the Forest, and also ran 52 sugar patches. We operated for
three hours, and although it was a clear night it was fairly
mild; moths were not prolific but we had a goodly number arrive
at the sheet. Several rounds of the sugar produced nothing
startling except two frogs and a toad at the foot of three
sugared trees.
At the sheet, a Catocala promissa Schiff. came in and Cook
promptly captured it saying “all it wants now is for one to
come in for you’’, and immediately one flopped in right by me
on the sheet, and I quickly boxed it. Other species from the
sheet that night were one Pachycnemia hippocastanaria Hiibn.,
two Lymantria monacha L., one Amathes baja Schiff., and from
the Heath trap one Hyloicus pinastri L.
The next morning, 10th August, we were greeted with much
rain. After breakfast, we drove to Minstead, where we called
on L. W. Siggs whom we found pottering around in his green-
house. He made us most welcome, and showed us his admir-
able collection and his methodical notes upon it; an object
lesson, I thought, to all. We bade farewell to him and drove
back to Lindhurst for lunch.
That evening, after a drink or two at the hotel bar, we went
back to the same enclosure as the night before, and ran the
m.v. light and Heath trap in positions different from those used
the night before, and painted 25 sugar patches. The night was
overcast, mild, though fairly windy. I had a nice Lithosia
deplana Esp. soon on the sheet, and a welcome Lampropteryx
otregiata Metcalfe from the Heath trap, but precious little else
of note.
The next morning we drove to Beaulieu Heath, where T
caught two Eumenis semele L. We then went to another
enclosure, captured several Argynnis paphia L. but all were
past their best. We found the same at Blackmoor Copse on our
way to Tilshead, Wilts. Upon arriving at this village, we had a
couple of beers at the Rose and Crown, heard from the land-
lord that he had seen “‘an old boy making a blue light up on the
downs” and deduced that he referred to the late Captain R. A.
Jackson running a light there. We knew then that we had
come to the right place for the Brighton wainscot. Cook and I
drove up a side road to the downs, chose a place to run the
light between expansive corn fields, and ran the lights (m.v.
and Heath) for over three hours. During this time we were
treated to a proper firework display by the military with stars,
tracer bullets and garish explosions further over on the downs.
A rather weird backdrop to moth collecting, we thought. From
the sheet, I kept two Oria musculosa Hiibn. and from the Heath
trap placed approximately 150 yards away three musculosa and
three Perizoma bifasciata Haw.
INCOMPLETE DEVELOPMENT OF SCALES 147
We drove home most of the night pausing only for a short
sleep at Viriginia Water, arriving home at 7.15 a.m. on 12th
August.
End of the season notables were a Tiliacea citrago L. in the
m.v. trap at Mucking on 11th September, a Lithophane semi-
brunnea Haw. from there on 27th September, and one Griposia
aprilina L. at light on a field trip to Little Baddow on 10th
October. Thus ended my season 1970, a season in which I had
added 44 new species to my collection.
REFERENCES
South, R. 1961. Moths of the British Isles.
Heslop, I. R. P. 1964. A revised indexed check-list of the British
Lepidoptera.
51 King Street, Stanford-le-Hope, Essex. 11.1971.
Incomplete development and reduction in quan-
tity of scales occuring occasionally in specimens
bred in captivity
By B. C. S. Warren, F.R.E.S.
In a paper on hybridisation (Ent. Rec. Dec. 1970), I sug-
gested that scales obtained from bred specimens might in
certain cases be used in research provided it was known that
such specimens were the progeny of wild-bred parents, not
previously inbred for generations under unnatural conditions
(l.e.p. 311). Actually it now appears that the use of scales
derived from experimentally-bred specimens is not always to
be relied on.
Recently, Mr S. R. Bowden and I had experienced difficulty
in comparing the results of some observations so he kindly sent
me a few of his microscopic slides to compare with my own.
Among these were one of British P. napi, one of Swiss P.
bryoniae and one of Scandinavian P. adalwinda, made from
specimens he had bred at different times.
I examined the P. napi first and found a number of abnormal
scales. The specimen was pure-bred, but showed some scales
approximating those known in hybrids between that species
and P. bryoniae but differing from such in being well-developed
distally, but practically undeveloped in their proximal half. As
I could not gain any information from this slide I turned to
that of P. bryoniae. This was even more abnormal. There was
not one typical bryoniae-scale in the mount, all were abnormal
and undersized, so I turned to the adalwinda slide. Here again
I met similar results. As the three specimens came from three
different batches of larvae, some unnatural factor must have
affected each.
The specimens were of the first generation forms (i.e. spring
148 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD B/S) 71
generation), but the data showed that all had been retarded
artificially and had not emerged until later in the summer. Mr
Bowden had told me he found it necessary to hold emergence
back by placing the pupae in a low temperature, so as to check
emergence until required for some other experiment. It is
known that the scales only attain full development shortly be-
fore emergence. I can therefore only conclude that the un-
natural check in development resulted in this strange disturb-
ance in the scales. Mr Bowden doubts this was the cause of
the trouble, but is unable to give any exact reason. In this case
it is not an accidental one occurring once but some more or less
usual occurrence connected with his method of breeding.
Further he had mentioned many times that ‘thinly scaled”’
specimens occurred among those he bred, though such are
very rare in Pieris species in nature. I can only attribute this
reduction in quantity of scales to the same cause: interference
in development. Whatever the cause may be, the fact remains
that some factors in breeding produced these abnormal results.
Mr Bowden thinks his specimens are not otherwise
adversely affected and I have no doubt his methods are the
same as those of most experimental breeders. But if the
trouble was the result of some other cause or couses this only
makes it worse, for it will only be waste of time and work exam-
ining scales from specimens bred by methods which may, or
may not, give abnormal results. I have had bred specimens
from Mr Bowden that gave perfectly developed scales, but can
only think such specimens were simply bred from eggs of wild
specimens and allowed to complete their emergence at the
natural time. Possibly development checked at the normal
time cannot be resumed at a later period.
In view of these uncertainties I must strongly advise those
who wish to study the scales to work from wild-bred specimens
only. This is most unfortunate, but certainly no specimen from
the “stock” of an experimental breeder could be trusted to
give normal results, for one must remember that such “stock”
may have been inbred in captivity for a period of several
years.
What makes the scales of such value as indications of
relationship is their response to specific nature, as is shown by
their correlation with the structural characteristics of the
genitalia in many genera. (See the hundreds of detailed photo-
graphs of scales and genitalia in my ‘Monograph of the genus
Erebia’’). As the scales can in no way be affected by the geni-
talia or connected with the structural developments of those
organs, their correlation is entirely a matter linked to specific
nature. When the genitalia are of simple nature and show
little tendency to develop specialised specific characters, the
greater sensitivity of the scales is especially useful, though
owing to their minute size they may require greater care and
accuracy in observation.
EARWIGS ATTRACTED TO LIGHT 149
Earwigs attracted to Light
By A. BRINDLE
Most species of earwigs appear to be nocturnal, hiding by
day in suitable crevices, and emerging at night to feed. These
nocturnal habits are probably the reason, at least partially, for
the past misconception of their ability to fly. Although the
presence of wings in the common European earwig, Forficula
auricularia Linnaeus, has been known at least since the
eighteenth century, its ability to fly has been doubted as re-
cently as the years preceding the last war. These doubts were
not entirely ill-founded, and were partly based on the lack of
recorded observation on flight, or their rarity, and also partly
due to observations such as those of Mallock (1919), who stated
that “In the case of earwigs, at any rate of the species found in
England, it seems more than doubtful whether the wings are
ever used. The thorax only contains traces of flight muscles
and I have not been able to distinguish any folding muscles in
the wings themselves’. The lesser earwig of Britain, Labia
minor (Linnaeus) has long been known to fly, but its undoubted
ability in this respect was thought to be partly due to its
smaller size.
As late as 1939, Burr thought it desirable to collect
observations on flight by the common earwig, and to put on
record their ability to do so. In the same paper, however, Burr
notes that although he has never doubted their ability to fly, he
has never seen a common earwig in flight. As far as entomolo-
gists are concerned it is rare to see a common earwig flying,
and such flights are probably short and infrequent. The wings
can be very quickly unfolded previous to flight and as quickly
refolded afterwards, and the necessity for flight probably arises
infrequently; added to their nocturnal habits, this may account
for the rarity of observations on their flight. Any short notes
on such features, however, are of great interest, such as the
recent one by Baker (1969) who records several specimens of
Anechura asiatica Semenov in flight, several feet above the
ground, in the Sardabrud Valley, Iran, on 6th November 1965.
It would be interesting to know of the weather conditions at
the time and the duration or length of these flights. It is likely
that weather conditions do affect the flight, since Labia minor
seems to fly most readily during hot weather.
Verhoeff (1917) took the view that the common earwig can
only unfold its wings under unusual circumstances, such as a
“strong muscular development” during a prolonged period of
hot and humid weather, so that earwigs in north temperate
countries rarely experience suitable conditions. The wings are
folded lengthwise, like a fan, and then folded transversely, so
that they lie beneath the elytra with only the tips protruding;
the elytra are locked in place by a system of hook-like struc-
tures on the underside of each elytron and on the metanotum.
Burr (1939) quotes Verhoeff (1917) as suggesting that to over-
150 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD liSy/Sy/ Tl
come this locking device great muscular effort is needed, and
this must be developed through “great excitement”; apparently
the common earwig is phlegmatic and never succeeds in being
worked up to such a pitch of excitement. The vision of an
excited earwig taking to flight is fascinating, and perhaps the
use of a word other than the ambiguous “excitement” may
have been better, but the general idea seems to be clear.
Earwigs are mainly tropical or subtropical, and are poorly
represented in Britain. The ubiquitous Forficula auricularia
is the only common species, although the lesser earwig, Labia
minor is widely distributed but less often recorded. Earwigs
are attracted in the evening to the lepidopterist’s sugar, as the
older lepidopterists who remember this possibly out-of-date
method of moth-hunting, will probably recall, but they are also
attracted to light. The increasing use of light and light-traps
in the tropics has resulted in many more records of flight in
earwigs. Not all the earwigs recorded at light have flown in,
however, since occasional ones are without wings, but the
majority do seem to have used their wings. Earwigs can climb
well, since some have been recorded in the crowns of
Pandanus, and various palms in the tropics, so there would be
little difficulty in entering some light traps without the use of
wings. Some of the records may also refer to light used on a
sheet.
During the past years, a large number of tropical earwigs,
taken at light, have been examined by the present author, and
whilst the following notes are not exhaustive, they do suggest
that the attraction of light for earwigs is fairly general
throughout the order. All the records noted below are of ear-
wigs taken at light; some records do refer to light traps and a
few specifically to M.V. lamps.
In the family Diplatvidae, Diplatys macrocephalus (Beau-
vois) from Africa, and both D. fletcheri Burr and D. greeni
Burr from Ceylon, have been noted. Most of this genus are
fully winged and flight in some species has been previously
known. In the Pygidicranidae, only Pygidicrana bivittata
(Erichson) from Surinam, and Echinosoma yorkense Dohrn from
the Solomon Islands are noted; this heterogenous family in-
cludes both winged and wingless species but many are rather
large and apparently ill-adapted for flight. The family
Carcinophoridae is very large, but it is typically composed of
apterous species; a minority are fully winged. Euborellia
annulives (Lucas) and E. femoralis (Dohrn) have been recorded
from the Western Pacific, the latter species being fully winged
whilst the first species is entirely apterous. E. janeirensis
(Dohrn) a species with short elytra and aborted wings, has also
been recorded from Surinam. The small familv Labiduridae
is represented by Labidura ripara (Pallas) from Africa, Ceylon.
and the Western Pacific: and Nala lividipes (Dufour) and
Dendroiketes corticinus (Burr) from Ceylon. Most species of
this family have wings, but L. riparia is variable and may have
fully developed wings or the wings may be aborted.
LARWIGS ATTRACTED 'TO LIGHT yl
The large family Labiidae is the best represented. Labia
minor (Linnaeus) from Africa; L. curvicauda (Motschulsky)
from the Solomon Islands and Ceylon; L. pilicornis (Motschul-
sky) from Ceylon, the Solomon Islands, and the Western
Pacific; Spongovostox assiniensis (Bormans) and S. tripunctatus
Borelli from Africa, and S. feae (Bormans) from the Western
Pacific, Marava arachidis (Yersin) is frequent at light
in the Western Pacific, and is also recorded from the
Solomon Islands, whilst Marava alter (Burr) is recorded
from Surinam. This family is as large as the Carcino-
phoridae, but is generally composed of smaller species,
typically fully winged. The Chelisochidae is represented
by Proreus laetior (Dohrn) from the Solomon Islands
and Western Pacific; P. delicatulus Burr from Ceylon,
and Hamaxas nigrorufus (Burr) from the Solomon Islands.
Although Chelisoches morio (Fabricius) is common from New
Guinea to the Solomon Islands and the Pacific, it is rarely
recorded at light, but this is due to it being diurnal, and active
through the day; it flies readily during the day. Although the
family Forficulidae is large, only a few records have been
noted, including Hypurgus humeralis (Kirby) from Ceylon; H.
ova (Bormans) from Angola; and Diapterasticus erythroce-
phalus (Olivier) from Africa. Although this family is mainly
fully winged, the size of the species is generally larger than in
the Labiidae, and it is possible that size does play a part in the
frequency of flight. However the most notable instance known
to the present author of earwigs in flight and being attracted
to light, concerns the Forficulidae.
Mr J. A. Whellan (in litt.) records that he runs a light trap
at Limbe, Malawi, mainly for Lepidoptera. Up to the night of
7/8th August 1968, only one specimen of an earwig, Forficula
senegalensis Serville, had been found in the trap. On the night
of 7/8th August, however, which was full moon, there were 140
specimens of this insect taken in the trap. On the following
night there were more, and they began to arrive as soon as the
trap was switched on, at dusk, about 6 p.m., but it is not known
if they continued to arrive throughout the night. On the next
nights the numbers of these insects dwindled to 20, 10, and 2.
This species is common and distributed throughout Africa,
south of the Sahara.
These specimens have been examined, and the range of the
size of the male forceps is large. In many earwigs, such as the
common earwig of Britain, the forceps of the males vary in
size, from small (microlabic) to large (macrolabic). Each branch
of the smaller forceps of F. senegalensis has a inner wider
flattened part at the base, as in F. auricularia, but more
rectangular, whereas the base of the branches of the forceps
of the large form is not greatly widened, but the branches are
much longer. At first these specimens with the long slender
branches of the forceps were thought to be F. brolemanni
Borelli, but more specimens of F. senegalensis from Angola
152 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/5/77
have since been examined, and these show a gradation from
the small to the large form, and correspond with those from
Malawi.
The greater use of light traps in the tropics, as in Britain, is
leading to a better knowledge of the insects other than Lepi-
doptera for which the traps are mainly used. Such records of
earwigs at light are useful in understanding the weather condi-
tions under which earwigs are attracted to light, which is
possibly the same as for most insects, and also for the frequency
of flight. Further records of flight other than to light traps are,
of course, equally desirable.
I am most grateful to Mr J. A. Whellan, for the opportunity
to examine the specimens of Forficula senegalensis Serville,
and for the details of his remarkable observation of an ap-
parent massed flight of these insects.
REFERENCES
Baker, D. B., 1969. Flying earwings. Entomologist, 102: 268.
Burr, M., 1939. Another earwig problem. Discovery (NS), 2: 407-411.
Mallock, H. R. A., 1919. Some points in insect mechanisms. Proc. zool.
Soc. Lond., 1919: 111-116.
Verhoeff, K. W., 1917. Kann Forficula auricularia fliegen? Zeitsch.
wiss. Insbiol., 13: 96-97.
Notes and Observations
LARVAL Ecpysis oF BUCCULATRIX SPP. (LEP. LYONETIDAE):
The construction of ‘‘moulting cocoons” by the larvae of Buccu-
latrix species is well known, though not mentioned in our
standard text-books; however, I at any rate did not know until
today that the manner of ecdysis is also unusual in this genus.
Inside their moulting cocoons the larvae curl themselves into a
tight circle. When the moult takes place, instead of the old
skin peeling backwards, bunching up as it goes, the larva walks
straight out of its skin, leaving it fully extended and inflated,
exactly in the attitude the larva had assumed. Consequently
the cocoon looks as if it still housed a live larva, and it is only
if the leaf to which it is affixed is held up to a strong light that
the skin will be perceived to be empty. On the other hand, the
moult for pupation is normal, and the cast larval skin contracts
into the usual little bundle, with daylight showing between it
and the anus of the pupa.
This observation is based on the examination of the moult-
ing cocoons of seventeen larvae of B. nigricomella Zell. It is
highly probable that my remarks hold good for all the species
in the genus; certainly in the past I have found moulting
cocoons of some of the other species which contained larvae
which subsequently appeared to be “dead’.—A. M. Emmet,
Labrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex.
6.iv.71.
CURRENT LITERATURE 153
NYMPHALIS ANTIOPA (L.) AT SoUTH HARROW, MIDDLESEX IN
1970.—A male specimen of Nymphalis antiopa (L.) in fair
condition was captured in a garden at South Harrow, Middle-
sex, on the morning of 3lst August 1970, by Mrs B. J. Houghton
who has kindly presented it to the Department of Entomology,
British Museum (Natural History).—T. G. HowartTu.
BUTTERFLIES SEEN AT ST NINIAN’S CAVE, WIGTOWNSHIRE, ON
14th June 1969.—On a visit to this beautiful and historic spot
in perfect June weather, on emerging from the path through the
wood on to the pebble beach at the for end of which St Ninian’s
cave is situated, | came upon a colony of the dingy skipper,
Erynnis tages L. Other butterflies noticed were Pieris napi L.,
Lycaena phlaeas L., Polyommatus icarus Rott., Aricia
artaxerxes Fab. and Pararge megera L. The presence of E.
tages is interesting, as this locality is not marked for the
species, nor for P. icarus, in the Provisional Atlas of the Insects
of the British Isles, Part 1 (Butterflies)—J. L. CAMPBELL, Isle of
Canna. 24.i11.1971.
THE PyRALID AND PLUME MOoTHS OF SUFFOLK.—I have often
wondered why the map in Bryan P. Beirne’s ‘British Pyralid
and Plume Moths’ showing the total number of species re-
corded from different counties in county lists published between
1898 and 1948 gives only 77 species from Suffolk. I have there-
fore checked the number of species listed in the 1937 Memoirs
of the Suffolk Naturalists’ Society and find that the total is 137
not including 3 doubtful records. This total includes 17
recorded before 1900 so that with these deducted the number
still stands at 120.
Of those recorded before 1900 at least two have since been
found in the county. These are Gymnancyla canella Schiff. of
which I took a specimen at Thorpeness in 1963 and Adaina
microdactyla Hiibn. found in various places since 1937. I have
also taken single specimens of Alispa angustella Hiibn.,
Salebria semirubella Scop. and Diasema ramburialis Dup. since
1937 and have discovered a colony of Euzophera cinerosella
Zell.
The recently discovered Perinphela perlucidalis Hiibn., has
also been recorded from the county both by Mr Denzil, W. H.
ffennell and myself. The present total recorded for Suffolk
since 1900 is therefore 127, according to my records. Perhaps
there are other collectors who could add to this total.—H. E.
CHIPPERFIELD, The Shieling, Walberswick, Suffolk. 25.ii.71.
Current Literature
Proceedings and Transactions of the British Entomological and
Natural History Society; Vol. 4, Part 1, February 1971.
50 pp.+3 pl. Published by the Society; £0.55.
This part gives an account of indoor meetings from 25th
154 ENTOMOLOGIST ’S RECORD 13/ afr
June until 10th December 1970, including the Annual Exhibi-
tion, plates 2 and 3 illustrating outstanding insects exhibited
on that occasion. Plate 1 gives magnified photographs of the
pronotum of Pediacus dermestoides (F.) and that of P. depres-
sus (Herbst) to illustrate an exhibit on 22nd October 1970.
Field meetings reported cover the period between 18th April
and 8th November 1970. The index for the 1970 volume is
included with this number.—S.N.A.J.
Pleasure from Insects by Michael Tweedie; 170 pp.+16 pl.
David and Charles, Newton Abbot, 90p.
This book, reviewed Ent. Record, 81: 121, has now been
issued in a paper cover edition, the text remaining unaltered.
The Butterflies of New Zealand by W. B. R. Laidlaw; 4to 48 pp.
+16 coloured plates. Collins, £1.40.
One is surprised to hear that there are only 17 species of
butterfly noted from these islands, and of these five are occa-
sional migrants. This shortage of species seems to be the
result of the isolated position of New Zealand. The book, while
written mainly for the uninitiated, is written by a man who
knows his subject, and he puts it before his readers in a way
which will not have to be relearned should they take up the
subject more seriously. He sketches out the systematic posi-
tion of butterflies, gives some account of their wing pattern as
related to protection and explains concealment, the mimicing
of distasteful species and warning colours. The use of eye-
spots and tails is also mentioned.
Distribution is discussed and behaviour gets a good share
of attention, some aspects, novel to the amateurs, being
brought forward. Metamorphosis is explained with a page of
drawings of the stages, and the adult morphology followed
by that of early stages is explained with several pages of ex-
planatory drawings of anatomical details.
Super-family and Family characters are then set out.
Part Two follows in which the species are treated. The
Author relies on his own fine drawings of each species for des-
criptions. These are enlarged to two diameters with the ex-
ception of the little Boulder butterfly which is X3 to show
more detail. With each species are given the scientific name,
the vernacular name and plate reference. Distribution, Habitat,
Frequency, Season and Larval food plant. There is a page of
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book.
The printing is in large type on good paper, and the book
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similarly printed. It should be of interest to all who like to
have an idea of the butterflies of other parts of the world.—
S.N.A.J.
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CONTENTS, Vol. 83, Part V
The Genus Utetheisa Hubner in Fiji with a description of a new
species (Lepidoptera Arctiidae). GADEN S. ROBINSON
A New Western Cape Species of Thestor Htibner (Lepidoptera:
Lycaenidae). C. G. C. DICKSON and R. D. STEPHEN
Early Butterflies in Denbighshire. MAURICE A. S. PONS
Notes on some of the British Nepticulidae (Lep.) Lieut. Col. A. M.
EMMET
Mostly South Essex, 1970. R. TOMLINSON
Incomplete development and reduction in quantity of the scales
occurring occasionally in specimens bred in captivity. B.C.S.
WARREN
Earwigs attracted to Light. A. BRINDLE
Larval Ecdyses of Bucculatrix spp. (Lep. Lyonetidae). Lieut. Col.
A. M. EMMET
Nymphalis antiopa (L.) at South Harrow, Middlesex in 1970. T. G.
HOWARTH
Butterflies seen at St. Ninian’s Cave, Wigtownshire, on 14th June
1969. J. L. CAMPBELL
The Pyralid and Plume Moths of Suffolk. H. E. CHIPPERFIELD
Current Literature:
Proceedings and Transactions of the British Entomological and
Natural History Society
Pleasure from Insects. MICHAEL TWEEDIE
The Butterflies of New Zealand. W. B. R. LAIDLAW .
123
136
143
147
149
152
153
153
153
154
154
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FLIES
of the British Isles
ISBN 0 7232 0004 1 £2.75 net
Charles N. Colyer and Cyril O. Hammond
This book, the only modern comprehensive survey
in English of the British Diptera, includes full
accounts of structure and of the more interesting
life histories and habits. More than 250 represen-
tative species are illustrated in 53 plates, many in
colour, and numerous text figures drawn from
specimens collected by the authors. There is a
section each on the Nematocera, the Brachycera,
the Cyclorrhapha Aschiza, the Acalypterates, the
Calypterates and the Pupipara. In addition a long
introductory section provides a detailed analysis of
the structure of the fly. The book contains a glossary,
a bibliography, and is fully indexed. 384 pp; cased
binding colour jacket.
‘The authors have aimed to provide a general survey
of the flies of Great Britain .. . with a keen eye for
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ment.
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155
No. 25
A further New Species of Thestor Hubner
(Lepidoptera:Lycaenidae) from the Western Cape
By C. G. C. Dickson
Although a well defined species, this Thestor bears, on the
upperside, the basic pattern of dark markings on a fairly deep
yellow-ochreous background which is common to other species
of its group, including Th. strutti van Son (which has a lighter
upperside) and Th. montanus pictus van Son. It comes closest,
however, to a smaller insect found by Swanepoel between Still
Bay and Riversdale (nearer the former locality) on 11th
November, 1970, which has more acute forewings, in the male,
is of a lighter ochreous colour, has the discal band of the
forewings more even on both surfaces, and less perpendicular
between veins 1-4, and which shows a difference in the disposi-
tion of some of the markings of the underside of the hind-
wings—to mention several of the more obvious points of dis-
similarity. The forewings of the present species (when taking
into account the males of the group) are of the less acute
shape, as found in strutti and certain other species. It is a
reasonably large Thestor, the females sometimes being quite
big specimens.
Thestor rossouwi spec. nov.
Male. Upperside.
Forewing. Basal and costal areas dark greyish-brown. A
fairly small black spot beyond middle of cell and a large one
at its end. Upper portion of the prominent black discal band
at about right-angles to costa and the portion below this con-
siderably more basad and at a different angle, and more out-
wardly placed at the top than the bottom, where it may (as
in the holotype) have a final inward curvature in area lb. The
broad distal blackish-brown border, some 2.5 mm. in width,
inwardly diffuse and more or less incised, at least as regards
its upper half, by rays of the ochreous ground-colour. Vein-
ing dark-grey to dark-brown, usually chiefly grey in the situa-
tion of the sex-patch (and often with some greyish scaling
here on the wing-surface itself). Area 1b at least partially
and often largely dark-scaled. A fine black marginal line is
present, but is less distinct towards apex. Cilia black at end
of veins, with broad white (sometimes greyish-white) interven-
ing spaces—and the wing-surface also white marginally, be-
tween the veins and on the inner side of the black line, down
to area 2 or 3—but with this light scaling varying in intensity
in different specimens.
Hindwing. The whole of cell and a very broad strip below
costa, down to vein 5 or a little below it, dark greyish- or
blackish-brown, and with less dense, dark scaling over a wide
portion of the wing adjoining the inner-marginal concavity,
which is rather prominently whitish. Streak at end of cell
156 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/6/71
noticeably darker than the main area within the cell. Discal
band with its upper portion, in areas 4-5 (sometimes with an
indistinct more inward marking in area 6), usually (as in the
holotype) solidly black and confluent with the dark area below
costa; lower portion of band, in areas 2-3, normally much more
inwardly placed—but in some specimens (as in the holotype)
incompletely developed, or almost absent. The marginal black
line more apparent in the hindwing. Cilia very much as in
forewing.
Underside.
Forewing. Main portion of wing pale-buff, spotted with
black and bordered broadly with shades of grey. A very
small blackish sub-basal spot in cell, a small black one well
beyond middle and a rather lunulate marking at end of cell.
A small black sub-basal spot in area 1b with a black or blackish
streak running from it to a black spot below but more out-
wardly placed than the second one in cell; and a very irregular
discal series of black spots as follows: —four in areas 1b-4, in
a straight line and lying at an angle similar to the correspond-
ing portion of the discal band on the upperside (but the lowest
spot, which may be greyish instead of black, quite in line with
the others); and five spots, of which two close to the costa
are very small, at the same angle as the upper portion of the
band on the upperside. A series of black sagittate markings
bounding the buff area outwardly. Costal area broadly grey—
whitish-grey beyond the discal bar and where it combines with
the apical area; the broad space between the sagittate mark-
ings and the distal-margin, grey. Cilia greyish-black to black
at end of veins, with broad whitish-grey intervening spaces.
Hindwing. Whitish-grey—in parts almost white; a very
irregular and broken discal band, grey with some extremely
fine black edging, disposed as on upperside but with an addi-
tional portion in areas 6 and 7 much more basad than the
following portion, and the band also extended inferiorly. Some
less distinct marking present in the more basal portion of the
wing, and a black or dark-grey streak at end of cell. Wing-
surface lightly irrorated with darker grey; a submarginal series
of not always distinct small black sagittate markings. Cilia
less dark at end of veins than in forewing.
Length of forewing: 16.75-17.5 mm. (17.25 mm., in holo-
type).
Female. Upperside
Forewing. Very much as in male, apart from absence of
sex-marking. In the allotype (a richly coloured specimen)
there is a small black elongated marking in area 1b, 6 mm.
from base of wing, and, in right wing, a minute black dot be-
yond this marking. Costa edged with white scaling near apex,
but no white scaling adjoining distal margin. Cilia with the
light spaces light-grey, less whitish than in the male, and
variegated with black along inner third.
A FURTHER NEW SPECIES OF THESTOR HUBNER 157
Hindwing. Largely as in the male, but with noticeable
dark suffusion submarginally—less apparent or tending to dis-
appear towards anal-angle. The broad costal region and the
cell not as dark as in all females as is usual in the males but
(as in the case of the allotype) lightened by an admixture of
ochreous scaling. Upper, more inward portion of discal band
in area 6, always at least apparent (very clear in allotype) and
often with a patch of ochreous colouring adjoining it out-
wardly. Inner-marginal area not whitish but either brownish-
ochreous (as in the allotype) or dark greyish-brown. Cilia
light-grey, with very indistinct dark portions at the end of
some of the veins, but with a black or dark-grey line along its
inner-third and the space between this and the wing-margin
partly darkened.
Underside.
Forewing. Similar to that of male: the black marking at
end of cell and most of the spots of the discal band relatively
a little larger, even when allowing for the larger size of the
female; the black, more or less sagittate markings always
large. Broad costal area duller grey than in the male and the
whitish-grey area towards the apex reduced. Cilia with the
light portions mostly duller than on the upperside.
Hindwing. Ground-colour of a decidedly duller grey than
in the male and with a suggestion of a brownish tone. Discal
band darker, relatively broader and more continuous—and
the other markings towards base also darker, if less distinct
against their background in some specimens; the sagittate
markings larger than in the male. Distal-margin more
broadly, but as sharply, edged with dark scaling inwardly, than
in the forewing. Cilia more clearly dark at end of veins than
on upperside.
Length of forewing: 19.5-20 mm. (the former measurement,
that of allotype).
In both sexes the thorax is black above with brownish-grey
hairs, and beneath grey; abdomen similarly coloured, with the
scaling, above, brownish-grey. The legs blend with underside
of thorax. Palpi blackish or dark brownish-grey above, tipped
with light-grey, and light-grey beneath. The short antennae
blackish above, white or whitish-grey just before the tip and
at least partly whitish or light-grey beneath, with the junctures
of the joints dark. A reddish tone may be apparent along the
distal two-thirds of the inner side of the antennae. The under-
surface of the body tends to be lighter in the male than the
female.
3 Holotype, WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE: Farm “Plut-
rug”, Stanford district, 26.xii.1970 (D. J. Rossouw); specimen
to be presented by Mr Rossouw to the Transvaal Museum.
? Allotype, W. CAPE PROVINCE: data as holotype, includ-
ing allocation of specimen.
Paratypes presented to British Museum (N.H.), data as
holotype, 1.1.1971, one 3, one ? (C.G.C.D.). Rh. 17250 and
158 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/6/71
Rh. 17257 respectively.
Paratypes in the author’s collection, as holotype, 1.1.1971,
three dd, one 9 (C.G.C.D.).
Paratypes in Coll. D. J. Rossouw, as holotype, 26.xii.1970,
two dod, one 2. 2.1.1971, one dc.
Paratype in Coll. Dr. Jeffrey Kaplan, as holotype, one ¢
(D.J.B.).
Paratype in Coll. E. J. de Villiers, as holotype, one ¢
(DaTRe):
Paratype in Coll. W. H. Henning, as holotype, 1.1.1971, one
3 (C. W. Wykeham).
Paratype in Coll. K. M. Pennington, as holotype, one ¢
(DIR). 226:x00-1 970) and) ty Oats
Paratypes in Coll. D. A. Swanepoel, as holotype, two dd
(D.J.R.).
Paratypes in Coll. C. W. Wykeham, as holotype, 1.1.1971,
nine dd, one 2 (C.W.W.).
This is a fairly constant species in colouring and marking
and the male in particular is readily distinguishable from
other species of the group, on external characters alone. The
ochreous portions of the upperside may in some examples be
distinctly darker than in the majority of specimens of this
species.
The male genitalia, which are figured in the plate, are
referred to hereunder.
Uncus forked at about two-fifths of its length from base;
the entire length not quite as long as in some allied species.
Falces long and curved; roundedly angled nearer base. Labides
basally very broad; decreasing in width towards the well
rounded distal end, though still remaining broad; some very
small serrations on the dorsal margin, towards the distal
end. Valves of the characteristic broad form, the upper pro-
jection being, in this species, well produced and the lower
projection of about the same length (or a little longer) but of
almost even width (slightly constricted in the middle) to its
rounded end. Aedeagus thick basally and decidedly robust
as far as the beginning of the distal portion, which terminates
acutely. Juxta moderately broad and with curved margins
in the lateral view. Saccus rather thick and of about average
length for this genus.
Several distinct differences have been apparent, in the
preparations that have been made, between the genitalia of
this species and the one found by Swanepoel. In these pre-
parations the uncus is shorter in the former species; there is
less reduction in the width of the labides towards the distal
end; the valves have a narrower upper projection at the distal
end and a considerably longer lower one, which is not tapered
as in the other species (its length not apparent in the figure);
the basal portion of the aedeagus is more robust; and the
saccus is thicker.
The discovery of this butterfly was directly due to Mr
Rossouw going out on the occasion in question specially to
ROSS-SHIRE AND SUTHERLAND LEPIDOPTERA RECORDS 159
search for a new species of Thestor and his choosing the most
likely locality for this purpose. It is therefore most fitting
that this fine Lycaenid should bear his name. For several
seasons he had been exploring the wide mountainous area
above Hermanus itself, with very interesting results. Amongst
the butterflies he encountered there were the comparatively
rare and localised species Poecilmitis nigricans (Aur.) and
Thestor montanus montanus van Son; also what appears to be
a somewhat divergent form of Th. dukei van Son. The writer
and his nephew, C. W. Wykeham, were introduced to the
locality near Stanford by Mr Rossouw on Ist January 1971,
and were able to procure a useful series of the new Thestor.
Another, very distinct, member of the genus (Entomologist’s
Record, 83: pp. 155, pl. vi, 15th May 1971) was found by
Dr Jeffrey Kaplan near Greyton, not far from Hermanus, on
25th December 1970; and it is astonishing that a second new
Thestor should have been discovered by Mr Rossouw, quite
independenily, on the following day.
Mr Rossouw has supplied the following note relating to
his butterfly:—‘“I discovered this handsome species of
Thestor on the 26th of December 1970 on a mountain peak
on the farm “Platrug” in the Stanford district. It was Mr
Charles Dickson of Cape Town who originally aroused my in-
terest in the mountain ranges to the east of Hermanus—an
area that has not been worked well enough in the past.
“The species behaves in the typical Thestor way by sud-
denly rising up before one’s feet and settling down again on
another spot a few seconds later. It looks rather dark on the
wing, with a flush of the light underside now and then. I was
also struck by its fondness of settling on low vegetation. The
species seems to prefer the northern side of the peaks’’.
“Blencathra’, Cambridge Avenue, St. Michael’s Estate,
Cape Town.
Ross-shire and Sutherland Lepidoptera Records
By DEREK C. HULME
(Continued from Ent. Rec., 82: 124-127)
PART THREE — ROSS-SHIRE 1969
The following were additions to my Ross-shire list given in
Part One. All were observed at Muir of Ord (NH55) except for
the first and last named species.
Parage aegeria L. A small colony found at Munlochy (NH65)
on 27th July was recorded in detail in Ent. Rec., 81: 284.
Phalera bucephala L. One on 13th June.
Orgyia antiqua L. A larva on blackcurrant on Ist August.
Cybosia mesomella L. A welcome addition taken on 29th June,
Released after examination,
160 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/6/71
Euxoa nigricans L. Seven attracted to blended light on 11th/
12th August.
Amathes depuncta L. One taken at b.l. on 10th August.
Mamestra brassicae L. One on 6th June.
Leucania impura Hiibn. One ssp. scotica Cockayne at b.1]. on
10th August.
Gortyna micacea Esp. One on 8th September.
Agrochola circellaris Hufn. One at b.l. on 12th August.
Cirrhia icteritia Hufn. An ab. flavescens Esp. on 10th August
and a typical specimen two days later—both at b.1.
Lyncometra ocellata L. One on 29th June.
Scoparia ambigualis Treits. One ssp. atomalis Doubl. on 14th
July.
Laspeyresia pomonella L. An imago found in our house on
29th June may have bred in windfall apples we brought
from Worcester in October 1968. Meyrick 1895 gives
the distribution as “Britain to the Clyde.”
Orthotaenia undulana Schiff. Three on 29th June.
Dasycera sulphurella F. One taken at Munlochy (NH65) on
15th June. Meyrick 1895 gives the distribution as
“Britain to the Clyde”.
New 10 km squares in Ross-shire were recorded for the
following species:
Pieris brassicae L. The 74 counted in 1969 between 21st June
and 20th September was the highest annual total we
had recorded here and included distribution in two new
squares (NG74 and NH54).
P. napi L. This species was more widely distributed in 1969
and was noted for the first time in squares NG95, 96, 99:
NHO04, 08 and 52.
Maniola jurtina L. Three seen at Ullapool (NH19) on 31st July
and one seen in Strathconon (NH25) on the following
day.
Vanessa cardui L. Four seen in August: two on 10th at Torri-
don (NG85), one on 12th on Tanera Beg (NB90) in the
Summer Isles and one on 14th at Applecross (NG74).
Aglais urticae L. A record year with 119 specimens counted
in Ross-shire and two new squares added (NG74 and 99).
The first 10 km square reference mentioned for this
species in Part One (Ent. Rec., 81: 169) should read
NH19. NC19 is an inhospitable square of sea well north
of Cape Wrath!
Argynnis aglaia L. One in Strathconon (NH25) on Ist August.
Polyommatus icarus Rott. A total of eight recorded on two
August dates in Strathconon (NH25).
Lasiocampa quercus L. Larvae found in squares NG74 and
NH25
Macrothylacia rubi L. Larvae common in Strathconon (NH25)
on 9th September.
Saturnia pavonia L. A larva in Strathconon (NH25) on 13th
August.
ROSS-SHIRE AND SUTHERLAND LEPIDOPTERA RECORDS 161
Parasemia plantaginis L. A ¢3 at Rosemarkie (NH75) on 15th
June.
Arctia caja L. A dead 2 found at Urray (NH45) on 22nd July.
Larvae swarming on 30th August and seen crossing the
road in numbers on a journey from Strathpeffer to
Inverness through squares NH45, 54 and 55.
Noctua pronuba L. One at Redcastle (NH54) on 27th July.
Cerapteryx graminis L. One at Applecross (NG74) on 14th
August.
Plusia gamma L. Only three observed in Ross-shire in 1969:
two at Muir of Ord and one in new square NB90 on
Tanera Beg, 12th August.
Colostygia multistrigaria Haw. Seven lying in puddles on
forestry track at Contin (NH45) on 27th April.
Euphyia bilineata L. Two at Urray (NH45) on 22nd July.
Lygris populata L. One at Munlochy (NH65) on 28th August.
Dysstroma truncata Hufn. Singles at Muir of Ord on 10th and
24th August.
Bupalus piniaria L. Mass emergence in pines by Loch Clair,
Glen Torridon (NG95) on 16th June. Though outwith
the two counties under review, this species was noted as
common three days later by Loch an Eilein, Inverness-
shire and many specimens, grounded by a strong wind,
were captured by wood ants.
Crambus pratellus L. Common on Tanera Beg (NB90) on 2nd
July.
PART FOUR — 1970
This list mentions species recorded in new squares only in
Ross-shire and Sutherland. A few new species were noted at
home in Muir of Ord (NH55).
Pieris brassicae L. One at Luichart (NH35) on 27th September.
P. napi L. New squares—NCO00, 26 and 45; NG85; NHO06, 25, 26,
66, 76 and 87.
Erebia aethiops Esp. Two on 7th August at Lochcarron
(NG83).
Maniola jurtina L. Two on 29th June and one on 12th July
at Sandwood Bay (NC26).
Coenonympha pamphilus L. Singles at Achiltibuie (NC00) on
8th June and Gruinard (NG99) on 11th June.
Vanessa atalanta L. One of three observed in 1970 in a new
square, NH45, at Achilty power station on 22nd Septem-
ber.
Aglais urticae L. New squares—NC26 and 46; NG83 and 84;
NH35, 49, 66, 76 and 87.
Argynnis aglaia L. Three at Munlochy (NH65) on 8th July.
Clossiana selene Schiff. Two in Strathconon (NH25) on 9th
June.
Polyommatus icarus Rott. One at Fanagmore (NC14) on 18th
June—also one on Handa in the same square,
162 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/6/71
Lasiocampa quercus L. Larvae found in four new squares—
NB90; NCO0; NG85 and NH66.
Macrothylacia rubi L. Larva found on Tanera Beg, Summer
Isles (NB90) and on the Ardmore peninsula (NC25).
Saturnia pavonia L. A 3 conveniently flew into our minicoach
at Assynt (NC22) on 10th May enabling me to show this
species to a party of naturalists. A larva found by Loch
Stack (NC24) on 28th July.
Spilosoma lutea Hufn. One at Muir of Ord on 8th June.
Arctia caja L. New squares for larvae—NC24 and 25 and NH76.
Amathes c-nigrum L. One at Muir of Ord on Sth May.
Ceramica pisi L. A larva near Torridon House (NG85) on 24th
September.
Hadena contigua Schiff. One found under doormat at Muir
of Ord on 22nd June.
Leucania conigera Schiff. One at Muir of Ord on Ist August.
Xylena vetusta Hiibn. One at electric light, Muir of Ord, on
Srd November.
Phytometra viridaria Clerck. One near Torridon House (NG85)
on 7th June.
Xanthorhoe montana Schiff. One at Fanagmore (NC14) on
18th June—also on Handa in the same square.
Euphyia bilineata L. One at Rispond (NC46) on 19th June.
Ellopia fasciaria L. Singles at Muir of Ord on 7th and 21st
July.
Ematurga atomaria L. New squares—NC90; NC15, 25 and 36.
Pyrausta cespitalis Schiff. One caught on Eilean Ard in Loch
Laxford (NC15) on 18th June.
Agriphila culmellus L. Three at Munlochy (NH65) on 8th July.
Anthophila fabriciana L. One at Achilty power station (NH45)
on 22nd September.
HANDA, SUTHERLAND
I visited the island on nine occasions in 1970 but no Lepi-
doptera were seen on 22nd May, Ist June, 15th and 27th July
and 10th August. The eleven species observed included five
that I had not seen before on the island (these are marked with
an asterick).
Pieris brassicae L. Two on 17th June.
P. napi L. Common on 17th June and one on 24th August.
Maniola jurtina L. About twelve on 3rd July.
Coenonympha tullia Mill. Three on 3rd July.
Aglais urticae L. Two on 24th August.
Polymmatus icarus Rott.* A ¢ on 3rd July.
Lasiocampa quercus L.* Two larvae on 10th September.
Lyophotia varia Vill.* One flying by day on 3rd July.
Xanthorhoe montanata Schiff.* A worn specimen on 3rd July.
Lygris testata L.* Three on 24th August.
Olethreutes schulziana F. About ten on 17th June.
Kyle & Glen, Muir of Ord, Ross-shire.
NOTES ON THE BRITISH NEPTICULIDAE 163
Notes on Some of the British Nepticulidae
By Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., M.A., F.R.E.S.
(Continued from p. 142)
So we come to the larvae. The larva of ignobilella, by
consent of all authorities, is yellow, but there is lack of agree-
ment about the colour of the larva of hybnerella. Stainton
said it was yellow; Fologne (1862) said it was yellow, but
figured it as dull green; Wood said it was green, but we now
know that he was describing crataegella. More recent British
authors have said it was green, but they were following Wood’s
false scent; Hering said nothing; Carolsford-Krausé (1961)
said it was yellow and took Wood severely to task for doubting
Stainton’s word; lastly Borkowski (1969), the most recent
authority says it is green when seen in the mine (Larva
hellgriinlich, wobei der Einfluss des durch das Blatt fallenden
Lichtes zu beachten ist). For my part, I have bred hybnerella
from apparently yellow larvae and have checked the deter-
mination of the imago by dissection of the genitalia. I have
also bred (as I believe) ignobilella from larvae which I have
not been able to distinguish from hybnerella.
This brings us to the imagines. The wing-pattern rof the
two species seems to be so alike as to be indistinguishable.
The colour of the head is the conventional means of determin-
ing the two, the text-books saying that ignobilella has a red
head and hybnerella a black one. Wood, as we have seen
above, said that the female ignobilella had a black head. Later
writers have been rather coy about this. Some, like Waters,
have accepted Wood’s statement; others, like Meyrick, have
ignored it: none, to my knowledge, has refuted it. I sub-
mitted five red-headed neps bred from hawthorn-feeding
larvae (not regiella H.-S.) to Dr Bradley at the British Museum,
and after examining the abdomen and frenulum of each under
a microscope, he pronounced four to be females beyond doubt,
and the fifth to be almost certainly of that sex—the reverse
of Dr Wood’s experience. My moths were reared from a
batch which had also produced black-headed, genitalia-attested
male hybnerella. The series of ignobilella in the British
Museum consists predominantly of red-headed moths; all
those determined by Lord Walsingham are of this form. There
is also, however, a smattering of black-headed specimens
contributed by foreign collectors. What we need to know,
therefore, is whether ignobilella always has a red head and
hybnerella a black one, or whether the colour of the head is
mixed in one or both of these species, and, if so, whether the
variation depends on sex.
Part of the problem is that (as far as I know) the female
genitalia have not yet been examined and figured. For this
reason I saw no point in dissecting my red-headed female
moths, for we still would not have known to which species
164 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/6/72
they belonged. If any collector takes a pair of either species
in cop. (many neps perform this act on tree trunks), it would
be valuable to dissect the genitalia of the pair, so that we
may associate the female genitalia with the correct male.
Much more work has been done on these species on the
continent than in this country, but abroad ignobilella appears
to be rare. Borkowski states that he has not yet bred the
imago, and Dr Klimesch has asked me to send him cocoons as
the species is not yet represented in his collection. Its com-
monness in Britain is based on the assumption that all red-
heads are ignobilella.
The male genitalia of the two species are distinct, and
they can be separated at once by the shape of the jugum.
This difference led Beirne (1945) to place hybnerella in the
genus Stigmella and ignobilella in Nepticula. But Stainton
recognised the two species as different before the genitalia
had been examined. Did he rely solely on the colour of the
head, or had he some criterion of differentiation which we
have now lost? Carolsford-Krausé (1961) writes of this group,
“the only sure way to tell such species apart is by examination
of the genitalia” and Dr Klimesch (in litt.) expresses the same
opinion in almost the same words.
So there we must leave this problem still unsolved, and
proceed to the last mistakes which have landed us in such
difficulties.
This surrounds the larva of Stigmella oxyacanthella Stt.
(species D). While the imagines of the previous species are as
alike as three peas (apart from specimens which have red-
heads), there is no mistaking oxyacanthella which is unicolorous
purplish fuscous without a fascia on the forewing. It is the
larva and mine which have been confused. The trouble started
early, for Stainton (1855) figures the mine and larva of
crataegella and ascribes them to oxyacanthella. In his
herbarium there is a folder of hawthorn-leaves labelled “N.
oxyacanthella, 6/8/54’; all the mines, in my opinion, are those
of crataegella.
Once more, we have Wood to thank for sorting out the
trouble. He writes (1894, p. 2): “Some doubt has been thrown
on the existence of gratiosella as a good species, mainly from
the circumstance that it has been given the larva of an allied
species, whilst its own larva seems to have done duty for a
presumed summer brood of oxyacanthella. It was noticing
the very pale head of this summer-feeding larva that first
made me question its identity with the dark-headed larva
which occurs late in the autumn, and which I knew beyond
dispute to be the larva of oxyacanthella. Suspicion once
aroused, other differences that had been overlooked or mis-
understood before became apparent, until the conviction could
no longer be resisted that two very similar larvae and equally
similar mines had been mixed together as one. Subsequently,
the breeding of the perfect insect completely settled the point,
and proved that the green larva with the colourless head,
| NOTES ON THE BRITISH NEPTICULIDAE
Stigmella ceatae gella Klimesch,
Bournemouth Hampshire.
SC. dearsdale Brown leo, et det.
13/Is.Vill.1970,
S.N.A J.
{6.46.1971.
165
166 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/6/71
feeding on hawthorn leaves in July, belonged to gratiosella’’.
I must remind readers that where Wood has written
gratiosella, they should now substitute crataegella. This pas-
sage seems to me to clear the matter up completely, but until
I had read it, I certainly used to confuse the two species of
larvae, and I do not imagine that I was alone in doing so.
Our text books still attribute a summer generation of larvae
to oxyacanthella, and that, perhaps, is the root of the trouble;
but I shall return to that point later.
One species remains, and then I shall have done with this
part of my story. Nepticula pygmaeella Haw. (species E) is
only on the fringe of this comedy of errors. Like oxyacanthella,
it has an imago which is distinct. The larva, too, can hardly
be mistaken. It is after the larva has gone that the trouble
begins. For the vacated mine is so like that of crataegella, and
crataegella’s mine is so like that of oxycanthella, that errors of
identification are almost inevitable, and records based on
vacated mines must be treated with caution.
We now come to the dichotomous table of the mines of the
hawthorn-feeding Nepticulidae. Here we must feed in the
three species which hitherto I have not mentioned, Stigmella
paradoxa Frey (nitidella Hein.), S. regiella H.-S. and Dechtiria
atricollis Stt. The table will, I hope, make the determination
of tenanted mines a matter of ease and certainty, except in
the case of that obstinate pair, ignobilella and hybnerella.
1. Mine starting as a gallery which generally develops into
a DIQECH a, «5: Serccosaibhctnets > Gemmaie sxeicdes Gaaacneies oe ee eee 2
— Mine not starting with a gallery. Blotch on lobe of leaf
with a dark central mass of frass. Larva greenish white,
head? darks DROW! Be daca: Bscneaw seein dsaceees eee eee paradoxa
Gallery widening into a. blotch... .ceacececssste ee eee 3
— Gallery not widening into a blotch, but long and erratic,
with frass arranged in arcs of often separated grains. Larva
bright green, head blackish or dark grey ... oxyacanthella
5. Linear feeding continued throughout. Blotch formed by
gallery looping back and fusing with its earlier course ... 4
— Linear feeding not continued throughout. The gallery
ends abruptly, the blotch being formed by radial
FCG AIG ce cogs sd Saat uss viel are de bwascetuuecc eee ee ee ee 5
4. Egg on underside, either on the frill of the leaf-stalk, when
the gallery follows the lower edge of the leaf, finally turn-
ing back on itself to form a small blotch; or on midrib
when the gallery and blotch are usually small and com-
pact, staying close to the point of origin. Frass in arcs.
ad
Larva green, head whitish brown ............... crataegella
— Egg on upperside. Mine similar to crataegella. Larva
WiC OW ti sesricisre was ute cic «aces cursiak «sae eee pygmaeella
9. Early gallery not strictly following margin of leaf and
containing a fine unbroken line of black frass, leaving
CLEAN MARGINS: | seuss ways enwedesmaprec ee entece- ee ee 6
— Early gallery following leaf margin, with frass not dis-
NOTES ON THE BRITISH NEPTICULIDAE 167
posed “ir fine cen tralp limes fa a. ets cs aaa: docks wae wwlsas Sa videe 7
6. Frass line at the start of the mine broader, filling more
than half the track. Subsequent blotch at the edge of the
Lea yGARVALVElLOW) sil. £0 ae lexis hate deeds da beled ignobilella
— Frass line at the start of the mine narrower, filling only
one hird of the track. Blotch often in the centre of the
leaf. Larva greenish yellow ..................... hybnerella
7. Frass in gallery along leaf margin black, deposited in blobs
or separated grains. Blotch large with irregular frass.
Larva whitish green with darker dorsal vessel. Head and
ventral spots on thoracic segments dark brown (larva
NUNES ‘VEMLET Ap PETIMOSU) @ ots > senesce occ emer gelelcies oo atricollis
— Frass in gallery along leaf margin red. Frass in blotch
black in a loose central line. Larva yellow, head light
| OFS p Nd ere ety haps A hee ee Oe Lk Ni ie GRR as SCM oe 8 regiella
Other common lepidopterous leaf-miners on hawthorn in-
clude Bucculatrix crataegi Zell., which makes, in its first instar,
a very short gallery close to the midrib; Lyonetia clerckella L.,
which makes a long sinuous gallery with a thin central line of
frass; and Leucoptera scitella Zell., which makes a large blotch
with the frass arranged in spirals in the centre of the blotch.
I shall now treat each of these species of Nepticula in turn,
taking them in the order in which they occur in the table,
which is as convenient as any other arrangement.
Stigmella paradoxa Frey (nitidella Hein.) (see Emmet 1970).
S. paradoxa had a good year in 1970. In 1969, when I first
found it, I was almost too late for the larvae, but from the
few cocoons I secured, a single imago emerged on the 24th of
April. Those who are unfamiliar with these tiny moths have
little conception of the speed with which they run: by com-
parison, tragopoginis is a laggard. I must have spent nearly
half an hour that evening in an unavailing attempt to catch the
paradoxa in a glass tube, and decided that Frey so named it
because it always does the unexpected; though at the same
time I saw the aptness of Heinemann’s appellation, for its
shining wings gleamed and flashed as it weaved and bobbed in
its efforts to escape. The next morning I tried again and at last
succeeded in trapping it.
I paid a brief visit to Wicken Fen on the 10th of May and
searched the trunks of the hawthorns on which I had found the
mines in the previous summer. I saw, as I thought, only one
paradoxa, but on tubing it, I found I had two—a pair in cop.
One of these died in the ammonia with its wings folded like a
butterfly over its head, and I set it rather badly as a result;
the other is a very good specimen. However, I decided that
the bred specimen, as historically the most interesting, was
the one to give to the British Museum, although it had suffered,
but not too badly, in the chase I have described.
I have little time for entomology in June and July, but I felt
that at all costs I must visit the Fen to collect paradoxa. So I
made a flying visit on the 28th of June, just thirteen days
168 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/6/71
earlier than the date on which I had discovered the species
in 1969. There were mines in profusion, but it was at once
apparent that I was too late. With no time to be selective, I
picked about a hundred mines. On my return home I found
that barely a dozen of these were still tenanted, and most of
these larvae were obviously parasitized. In the end I obtained
only four cocoons for my labours. It would seem, therefore,
that mid-June is the time to look for the larvae. My four
cocoons all produced parasites, of three different species.
The following is a brief account of the biology of paradoxa:
Ovum—dark and shiny; laid on the underside of the leaf
about one millimetre from the tip of a lobe.
Larva—glossy greenish white, with the head dark brown.
When not feeding it tends to rest in the central blob of frass
and then is hard to see.
Cocoon—reddish purple. I have not yet examined the
pupa.
Imago—expanse, 5-6 millimetres. Head, light orange. Eye-
caps cream. Antennae, shining bronze-brown. Collar, as head,
but scales paler at their tips. Thorax, bronzy brown. Fore-
wing, unicolorous glossy bronze-brown except for a hint of
purple at the extreme apex. Hindwings, light grey.
Of the other British Nepticulidae that I am acquainted
with, paradoxa seems most nearly to resemble S. viscerella
Stt., but the head is brighter orange, not being mixed with
fuscous, the eyecaps are paler and the wings are much more
glossy.
I made some unfortunate errors in the account I gave of
the distribution of paradoxa in my article of 1970, owing to
my mistaking for it the old, discoloured mines of Leucoptera
scitella L. When scitella’s mines are situated on the lobe of a
leaf and age has obliterated detail, they look very much like
those of paradoxa. The position of the egg will, however,
resolve doubts, for scitella’s egg is laid well away from the
leaf-margin whilst paradoxa’s is right at the tip of the lobe.
Cambridgeshire records for paradoxa from Wicken Fen and
Cherry Hinton are correct, and to these I can now add Chip-
penham Fen. The record from the Burren, Co. Clare, is like-
wise valid. My records from Essex and Kent were, however,
mistakes and they must be cancelled.
In my previous article I suggested that paradoxa had long
been present in Britain, but had remained undetected until a
population explosion led to its discovery. This view is sup-
ported by an interesting find which I made in Stainton’s
herbarium. It contains a single hawthorn leaf bearing a mine
of paradoxa but labelled “N. pulverosella’. The error in
identification need occasion no surprise or reproach. Apple
and hawthorn are closely related foodplants and we have one
species of Nepticula, Dechtiria atricollis Stt. which feeds on
them both. Pulverosella makes a blotch at the edge of an
apple-leaf, and when Stainton found an unknown species
NOTES ON THE BRITISH NEPTICULIDAE 169
making a somewhat similar blotch at the same time of year
at the edge of a hawthorn-leaf, he jumped to a reasonable
though faulty conclusion. There are no data for Stainton’s
leaf. It was probably collected in the 1850’s quite possibly
before Frey named paradoxa in 1857. Stainton’s herbarium
contains a few mined leaves expressly stated to be of foreign
origin; the absence of such a statement in this instance is
indicative (but not conclusively) that the mine was taken in
Britain.
S. oxyacanthella Stt. The larva and mine are so admirably
described in the passages I have quoted from Wood, that I
have nothing to add on that score. There is, however, dis-
agreement amongst our authors on whether oxyacanthella is
bivoltine, as Stainton, Tutt, Meyrick and Ford maintained, or
limited to a single autumn generation, as was contended by
Wood and Waters, our most authoritative writers on the Nepti-
culidae. Both Hering (1957) and Borkowski (1969) state that
it is double-brooded on the continent, and one would there-
fore expect it to have a similar regime in this country. On the
other hand, oxyacanthella’s mine has so often been confused
with that of crataegella that our summer records for the larvae
are suspect. Stainton, as we have seen, confused the two
species, so his testimony is worthless, and our other authors
may well have followed his lead. For the moment I prefer to
reserve judgement, but if I had to commit myself, I would back
Wood and Waters.
S. crataegella Klim. Here again, after quoting Wood in
full, I need give no further description of the mine and larva.
I wish I could say something of value regarding the appear-
ance of the imago, but I have not yet bred or taken this species
myself, and I regard all black-headed hawthorn-feeding Nepti-
culidae in our collections with the gravest suspicion. ‘The
most authentic series of crataegella are, I suppose, Dr Wood’s
bred series of “gratiosella’ in his collection in the British
Museum.
It seems that crataegella is a difficult species to rear. Waters
knew the larva well, under the name of gratiosella, but it was
one of the few Nepticulas with which he was consistently un-
successful. Wood was more skilful, and he tells us later on in
the article from which I have quoted that the pupa is sub-
terranean. The secret must be to provide it with earth of the
right consistency and humidity. I had quite a number of
larvae last summer, which I then thought were oxyacanthella;
I provided them with moss and tissue for pupation purposes,
so I am unlikely to get any imagines.
Hering (1957) says that crataegella is univoltine, the larvae
appearing in mid-summer. This is consistent with the observa-
tions of Wood and Waters. What other writers have to say
about gratiosella is of no validity, for we cannot tell whether
they are referring to crataegella or hybnerella.
It seems that crataegella is a rare species on the continent,
being confined to a few localities in central Europe. On the
170 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/6/71
other hand, it appears to be common in Britain, though its
distribution needs to be worked out. Wood had it from Here-
fordshire, Waters from Oxfordshire, Berkshire and Bucking-
hamshire, Mr Brown from the Bournemouth district, and I
from Essex and Cambridgeshire, these records having been
made from mines and larvae, without the moth being bred. I
also have a mine found vacated in August 1969 in west Gal-
way. Previously I had ascribed it to oxyacanthella, but now
I feel sure it is crataegella; however, further confirmatory
examples are desirable before this species is added to the
Irish list.
Nepticula pygmaeella Haw. I have nothing of significance
to add about this species. It is double-brooded with the second
generation appearing to be the more plentiful.
N. ignobilella Stt. and S. hybnerella Hiibn. I am dealing
with these species together, because of the uncertainty of
the distinction between them. The larvae tend to appear
earlier than our text-books tell us. Meyrick and Ford give
July for the first generation, but in mid-June last summer,
vacated mines were already a common feature of the haw-
thorn hedgerows in north Essex, though I continued to find
larvae for another month. These tiny moths occur in
prodigious numbers. Between mid-June and mid-July I estab-
lished a routine of searching the short stretch of hawthorn
hedge in our garden on alternate days, and I seldom picked
fewer than seventy mines a time; sometimes the number
exceeded a hundred. I kept no exact figures but there were
roughly three hybnerella/ignobilella to one crataegella, no
other species being present; the crataegella mines tended to
occur later than the others. So quickly do the larvae feed
up at this time of year (Hering, 1951, p. 76, writes: “It has
been reported that Nepticula malella Stt. required only 36
hours from the commencement of hatching from the egg until
spinning its cocoon’, though he is rather sceptical about the
accuracy of the observer in this instance), and so much more
conspicuous does the mine become after the larva has left,
that it was a good day if more than half a dozen of the mines
which I found were still tenanted, and many of these would
be parasitised. In all, I reared ten months, five with red and
five with black heads. The second generation also comes
early and in 1970 was over in September, before the autumn
feeders such as regiella and atricollis had put in an appear-
ance.
Until hybnerella and ignobilella are distinguishable with
more certainty, it is difficult to say much to the purpose about
their distribution. Tutt (1899) wrote of “gratiosella”’, “So
much confusion has existed between this species and N.
ignobilella owing to the mistake about the larva in Stainton’s
manual, that possibly most records are unreliable”. Poor
man, he was doing nothing to clear up the confusion, for,
through his following Wood’s false scent, it seems that it was
he, and not Stainton, who was at fault. Records made in the
THE END OF A DECADE 171
present century are even less reliable, since reports of
hybnerella will most likely refer to crataegella.
Dechtiria atricollis Stt. I shall also discuss this species
under the head of another of its foodplants, Malus. I know a
locality in Kent where ornamental crab-apples and a hawthorn
hedge are in juxtaposition, and a vigorous colony of atricollis
extends to them both. There is a close similarity in the forma-
tion of the mine in each tree, but whereas in apple the mine
often extends at length along the leaf margin, in the smaller
hawthorn-leaf it turns back on itself and is more compact.
Although the authorities, other than Meyrick (1928) say
that atricollis is bivoltine, I have never found larvae except in
the autumn, when they are abundant in many localities. Early
October is the best time to look for them. This is a hard species
to breed, and I have not yet been successful. Tutt (1899, p.
171) says that it hibernates as a larva and leaves its hiber-
naculum to spin its cocoon in the spring. He adds: “Many
failures to breed species having this habit may be due to the
fact that the vessels in which their mines are kept are not
tightly closed in the spring, and that the larvae wander away
to pupate, rather than to the normal explanation that the
larvae or pupae have dried up”. At the time of writing (April)
I have a living larva that overwintered in its mine.
Stigmella regiella H.-S. The reddish colour of the frass in
the gallery phase, and the course of the gallery along the mar-
gin of the leaf, are constant characteristics which make the
determination of this mine easy. The species is bivoltine, with
the commoner autumn generation continuing throughout
October and sometimes into early November.
The End of a Decade
By T. W.. HARMAN
1970 saw the end of my first decade as a serious
lepidopterist. Besides making some observations about the
lepidoptera seen in 1970, I should like to make a few general
comments on the entomological scene and the field of conserva-
tion as I see it.
First, the year 1970 from the point of view of lepidoptera.
The season began in earnest on 18th March when Mr B. Elliott
and myself visited a Hampshire locality to search for galls of
Aegeria flaviventris Staud. on the stems of sallow bushes. We
collected about fifty promising-looking stems and the result
was four moths later in the season. In this locality we saw a
Water Rail at very close range, the first live bird of this species
either of us had seen. The following day we visited a Chiltern
locality to obtain stems of Wayfaring Tree containing the early
stages of Aegeria andrenaeformis Lasp. This proved very hard
work and many of the signs seemed to be old. It would appear
this insect must be declining, as another spot which yielded
172 ENTOMOLOGIST ’S RECORD 15/6/71
several specimens a few years ago was almost devoid of signs.
I wonder if other lepidopterists have had the same experience?
Later that day we visited Mr R. Fairclough in Surrey and spent
a pleasant afternoon and evening with him. The plan was to
try for Jodia croceago Schiff. later in the evening near Abinger.
However, the weather turned out cold and blustery and the
sallows were not in bloom, so all collecting was abandoned.
After several attempts this elusive insect has always failed to
show up.
The 18th April was a lovely spring day and I took my family
to the lower slopes of Beeley Moor where there are some fine
birch plantations. Archiearis parthenias L. was quite common,
but very hard to catch among the high trees and steep slopes.
Among a number taken was only one female and this was
found sitting among leaves on a sunny bank. We returned the
following day, but saw very few insects. We were greeted on
the second occasion by the songs of many Willow Warblers
which had been absent on the previous day. They had
obviously taken part in a massive overnight migration.
Mr B. Elliott and I joined the Brit. Ent. and Nat. Hist. Soc.
field trip to Dovedale, Derbyshire, on 16th May. The chief
object of the visit was to search for signs of Yponomeuta
stannella Thunb. in the lower parts of its foodplant, Orpine.
This is the only known British locality for this moth and with
some eminent lepidopterists in the party, we set off with high
hopes. The foodplant proved to be very difficult to find and
the few specimens of the plant we did see were rather weak in
growth and living amongst tall grass. None seemed sturdy
enough to provide food for anything and no signs of the moth
were seen. However, other micros were found and the party
enjoyed a further profitable day in other Derbyshire localities
on 17th May, during which I was unable to be present.
Whilst at my parents’ farm in the Chilterns on 23rd May, I
visited one of my favourite chalk downland localities nearby
and, in lovely sunshine, saw four specimens of Hemearis lucina
L. This is the first occasion I have seen this species on the dip
slope of these hills, but probably because I have overlooked it
previously. A week later Mr B. Elliott and I found ova quite
commonly on the underside of Cowslip leaves. One leaf held
seventeen ova in two batches. On the same day we had the
great fortune to find the third British colony of the Military
Orchid, my father finding the first specimen by accident, with a
second some forty yards away from the first.
Mr T. J. G. Homer and myself made the long trip to West
Wales on 26th May to see the site and search for larvae of
Coenophila subrosea Steph. After hearing varying reports
about its extreme localisation and reading others condemning
collectors for descending on the area after its discovery, we
thought it would be interesting to see the situation for our-
selves. The bog is certainly a rather tricky place for night
searching, Mr Homer, at one point, sinking to the tops of his
long wellington boots. We found the first larva just at dusk
THE END OF A DECADE 173
and then had quite a blank period and began to lose heart. Like
most larvae-hunting it is a question of “getting your eye in’
and, as time went on we found more and more. They seemed
to prefer the wetter areas and the more branched specimens of
Bog Myrtle. There have been fires periodically on the bog and
the new growth of Bog Myrtle on such areas seems to produce
a rather upright plant. The subrosea larvae were nearly all
full-grown and were very easy to see by torchlight. It may be
local, but we did not cease finding them despite getting quite a
long way into the bog. From our experience, I think fire is a
much greater hazard to the species than collectors and despite
reports of large numbers of larvae and moths being taken, it
seems to have had little effect on its status. Not far from this
locality I took a short series of Lampropteryx otregiata Metc.
flying at dusk along a hedgerow bordering marshy ground.
None had been seen during the daytime yet they were
numerous as soon as the daylight faded. Also found in the
same general area were two specimens of the Giant Lacewing,
Osmylus fulvicephalus. In ‘Insect Natural History’ by A. D.
Imms, there is a distribution map of this species, but West
Wales is not shown as a locality.
Beeley Moor, Derbyshire, received some attention during
June and on the 7th I took my three eldest children on a walk,
following a stream down its fairly deep-steep-sided valley.
We fried eggs and beans over a Primus stove by the side of
the stream and made the whole thing an authentic pioneer day
by cleaning our plates with grass divots! In this valley I saw
my first specimen of Epirrhoe tristata L. Intensive searching
failed to produce more, but it was seen in several Derbyshire
localities later. In the same locality with m.v. light on 9th
June, we took one Harpyia bicuspis Borkh. This species must
be quite widespread in Derbyshire and probably occurs in most
valley where birch and alder grow. It never seems to occur in
great numbers and we have never seen more than two or three
on one night.
Mr B. Elliott and I made one of our long weekend trips on
12th June, on this occasion to Dungeness. On the way we
called to look at a locality for Idaea lineata Scop. near Ashford.
It proved a saddening experience. Rabbits abounded and in
this restricted area had made their presence obvious by eating
much of the grass in which the moth likes to hide. Added to
this was the result of a fire which had burnt about half the
area. It appeared to have been deliberately started by a farmer
in order to burn bushes, but had spread much further than was
necessary. Needless to say, we saw very few moths and under
conditions such as these its continued existence here must be
limited unless immediate steps are taken to save the habitat.
Clear nights rather spoiled results at Dungeness and in Orle-
stone Woods over the weekend, but we were not idle by day.
We nicknamed it the ‘weekend of the hairy larvae’ because
Dungeness swarmed with several hairy species, Euproctis
chrysorrhoea L. occurring literally in millions. They had
174 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/6/71
stripped nearly all green foliage in some places and even
seemed to relish Horse Radish!
Back in Derbyshire on 20th June, we decided to try m.v.
light at the top end of Lathkill Dale. It is probably true to say
that few of the dales have been worked with m.v. light and
many more are inaccessible by car. We humped two genera-
tors on rucksacks the half mile to the dale bottom and were
rewarded among forty species with several specimens of
Anaplectoides prasina Schiff. It is a lovely dark form here.
Two females were obtained which laid ova, but no larvae were
reared. The Elliott-Harman team spent the last weekend in
June in the Suffolk Breck. We were joined by Mr H. Chipper-
field and we all camped near a pine wood not far from
Tuddenham. The whole area is fairly new to us, but it is quite
obviously only a shadow of its former self, being much affected
by agriculture and forestry. Where tree-planting is recent the
ground flora is good and we camped adjacent to such a spot.
M.v. lights were used at night and on 26th June we recorded 87
species. Among them were six species of Hawkmoths and
these made quite an impression on the spectators we had
attracted by midnight, who included the landowner, his wife,
and several pyjama-clad children, the agent, gamekeeper and
two policemen. One specimen of Evergestis extimalis Scop.
was also seen at light. By day we searched for likely spots for
Anepia irregularis Hufn. The foodplant seems to be less
common than formerly and we found no sign of the moth or its
larvae in the place where the foodplant was locally quite com-
mon. Perhaps this species still survives in Norfolk, but I think
it is quite likely that it is now extinct in Suffolk. Let us hope
someone has evidence to the contrary!
We also searched for Lithostege griseata Schiff. A few were
seen in our roadside locality where the foodplant was abun-
dant. With the spraying of crops and roadside verges Flixweed
must be one of the first plant victims and it must be less com-
mon over recent years. Whilst walking the roadside verges we
noticed the American influence in the area, with dozens of
empty beer cans and bottles laying among the herbage, where
they had been thrown from passing limousines. Are the
Americans more guilty of depositing litter than British people
or do we behave simliarly when in overseas countries?
Mr Chipperfield took us to the classic locality for Rheumap-
tera cervinalis Scop. and Pareulype berberata Schiff, near Bury
St Edmunds. Once again it was a sad experience. A notice on
a telegraph pole proclaimed the road as a site for development
to form a bypass for the town. So passes another locality,
known by generations of collectors and lost to the march of
so-called progress. In fact, it now appears that the whole of
this Suffolk town will be buried in all but name for the same
reason. We also visited two localities near Needham Market
to search for freshly emerged specimens of Sesia apiformis
Clerck. Although a little early for this species we thought the
THE END OF A DECADE 175
trip worth a try. The Black Poplars were riddled with exit
holes of various ages, and in neighbouring trees we found two
very fresh empty pupae cases sticking out of the trunks close
to the ground. Unfortunately the moths had already beaten a
retreat! So ended a pleasant, but somewhat disappointing
weekend. We had even been to see Farmer Leech’s asparagus
field, the old haunt of Emmelia trabealis Scop. and met Farmer
Leech himself. What a scene this historic place now presented!
A flock of sheep on a flat stretch of grass which was no longer
and considerably less green than most surburban lawns.
My father was persuaded to have his first real holiday with
us this summer and I went down to collect him on 11th July. It
happened to be a lovely day on 12th and it was most encourag-
ing to see so many butterflies on the wing. On blackberry
blossom in a secluded corner of one field I counted nine speci-
mens of Strymonidia w-album Knoch. on one small bush. That
night one specimen of Trisateles emortualis Schiff. came to
each of two m.v. lights. Both were kept for ova, without luck.
It would seem to be very difficult to get this species to lay. It
might be worthwhile putting females in very large cages in situ
in a wood with large branches of oak with dead leaves on them
placed inside the cages. After a few days in Derbyshire I went
back to the farm and on a very good night on 17th July I took
a specimen of Oria musculosa Hiibn. with 94 other species.
The next day Messrs B. Elliott, T. J. G. Homer and myself
travelled to Wiltshire for a long weekend. The weather had
been so good at this time that many of the butterflies were past
their best. By accident we met Mr R. Stockley there on 19th
and spent an entertaining and informative afternoon with him.
We had seen Apatura iris L. and a male had been lured down
to a piece of polythene tied to the ridge pole of the blue tent
in which we were camped. However, Mr Stockley excelled
himself by suggesting we tried to find ova! This seemed a
pretty hopeless task, but with his superb knowledge of this
species and its habits in this locality he duly did as promised,
only one, but that was enough to impress us considerably. The
larva is now safely sleeved on a small sallow and seems quite
happy in the thick atmosphere of Chesterfield! Mr Stockley
also described the habits of the female when egg-laying and
during the next day we observed several performing exactly as
he had forecast, a wonderful sight to see this magnificent
species flying low over sallows. Let us hope the Forestry
Commission in this and similar areas take heed of entomolo-
gists before altering the ecology of these critical habitats.
At the end of July my family and I decided to reverse a
rather whistle-stop camping tour of Scotland which we made
with some friends in 1966. This time we decided to make no
plans time-wise. We duly departed on 26th July. Lunch was
taken near High Force in Teesdale and here we found a speci-
men of Colostygia olivata Schiff. sitting on a tree trunk. We
pressed on all day and camped in the garden of a disused
176 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/6/71
cottage near Longtown, just on the Scottish border, for the
first night. The only insect of interest seen there were a few
larvae of Cucullia chamomillae Schiff. The next day we
did another 200 miles to our first major camp site close to the
western shore of Loch Sween in Argyll. The site was reached
by a shocking approach track across a peat bog covered with
Bog Myrtle. However, the car managed to haul itself and the
trailer through the mud and water and we spent a delightful
week out of touch with civilisation. On this expedition we met
the farmer on whose land we were camped and, after explain-
ing our desire to get away from the maddening crowd, he was
very friendly towards us and even allowed us to fish in his
private trout loch. This whole area is surely a ‘must’ for any
naturalist. I could write many paragraphs about our activities
there, but must restrict myself to a few highlights.
Mothwise I did not see much which could be called unusual,
but Alcis jubata Thunb. and Venusia cambrica Curt. were
quite common. One regret was that my diary records Selenia
bilunaria Esp. on the 28th July and Ist August. Not wanting
this species I did not take a specimen. Later I was informed
that nobody would believe these records as a second brood has
not been recorded for Scotland. It is a long trip for bilunaria
and that mistake will cost many gallons of petrol, but it will
have to be done!
On advice from the farmer we visited Loch Mhurrich, a
branch of Loch Sween, to see the Mullet in the shallow bays.
This must be quite a natural phenomenon because the shallows
were literally moving with fish. Again, this is a most lovely
place, with acres of Meadowsweet and Purple Loosestrife and
virtually untouched by the usual holidaymakers. Whilst there
I tapped out a specimen of Thera cognata Thunb. from dwarf
juniper. a species new to me. The 29th July was a rather tragic
day with eighteen hours of continuous rain. It also happened
to be my daughter’s fifth birthday. A party was held inside
the tent and we had managed to get a small cake on which
were two ordinary household candles. Some jelly, set in the
local stream, raised our spirits to suit the occasion. Belongings
had become rather damp by the evening and we were all for
retreating south if the weather was similar on the following
day. It was not much better but looked more hopeful by even-
ing. Then followed two glorious days during which we sun-
bathed, fished and swam.
A decision about moving had to be taken and we made the
long, but scenic, journey to Findhorn, Moray, on 2nd August.
Camp sites suitable for entomologists are becoming more diffi-
cult here, but in our usual pioneer style we drove through the
sea of frame tents, past the permanent wash houses and on to
the extreme limit of navigation. Here we pitched camp in the
lee of some excellent sand dunes which were covered with
heather and broom. We were extremely lucky to strike the
beginning of a heatwave. The m.v. trap attached to the
generator was run in amongst some dunes about three hundred
THE END OF A DECADE IP Arl
yards from the camp and away from habitation. Results were
excellent and although the number of species seldom exceeded
fifty, they consisted of those I seldom see. Agrostis vestigialis
Hufn. was easily the commonest moth and occurred in hun-
dreds. Euxoa cursoria Hufn. in many forms was a close second.
Actebia praecox L. and Gnophos obfuscata Schiff. were also
common. Over the week other species of interest were seen—
Arenostola elymi Treits., Ammogrostis lucernea L., Euschesis
orbona Hufn., several, Apamea furva Schiff., A. assimilis Doubl.
and Stilbia anomala Haw. From Findhorn we made a couple of
trips to explore the north coast of Moray and Banff. It is a
rocky coast and closely resembles North Cornwall, even down
to the fishing villages. We enjoyed finding old tracks to the
beaches by using the one inch Ordnance Survey maps, and in
this region one can have whole bays to oneself.
At the end of a pleasant week we regretfully packed up and
decided to move to an untried site at Rattray on the east Aber-
deen coast. My second cousin, who I had not seen since child-
hood, is chief coastguard at Fraserburgh, so we thought it a
good idea to look him up whilst in the region. The Rattray
sand dunes are vast in area, both in length and height. They
are also very lonely, the only houses in the area being those of
the lighthouse keepers. It was from these good people that we
got our water supplies. We thoroughly enjoyed the place and
in the sun the scene reminded us of Western Australia, where
my brother lives. Although the area looks superb,, the flora
lacked variety. Consequently, the moths were very disappoint-
ing, S. anomala Haw. being about the most interesting insect
seen. We spent a marvellous day with my cousin, visiting the
Fraserburgh lighthouse and the coastguard station. Later we
were entertained in true Scottish style by his wife, who insisted
that nothing on the tea-table would be put back into the larder,
so we did our best to oblige!
I had arranged to stay with Mr Pelham-Clinton on the way
home and on 14th August we had to bid farewell to the lonely
places and departed for Edinburgh. We were given excellent
hospitality and we hope he has had sufficient time to recover
from the effects of hordes of campers descending on him. His
collection and records are a model for any entomologist. With
his tremendous knowledge, of which he is always willing to
impart to others, it made the evening in his study most inter-
esting and it was the small hours before I crawled into the tent
on the lawn. The next day we left Scotland with many happy
memories. When we looked back over the three weeks we
could honestly say we had not had a cross word from anyone,
in fact, it was just the reverse, everyone kind and helpful,
whether farmer or shopkeeper. A native bank manager cashed
a cheque without checking my references which should dispel
a number of rumours about the inhabitants of this lovely
country !
After a two-day stop at home to clean up and reorganise,
178 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/6/71
we travelled south on 18th August, another two-day stop in
Bucks. and then on to Worth, Kent. Weatherwise it was a poor
visit because, although the days were sunny and pleasant, the
nights, for the most part, were clear and cool. Consequently I
spent more time fishing than mothing, the best fish being a four
pound tench from a local drainage dyke. The only moth of
real note was my first ever Herse convolvuli L. at Worth on
50th August.
Work became the order of the day in early September and
our last major field trip was to Clumber Park, Notts., on the
19th. Here we recorded several Diarsila dahlii Hiibn., some
worn Enargia paleacea Esp., a single Aporphyla lunula Stroem
and one female Dryobotodes eremita F. Apart from a local
autumnal field trip, this more or less ended the season. The
annual pilgrimage to the Annual Exhibition of the Brit. Ent.
and Nat. History Society at the Natural History Museum, S.
Kensington, took place on 7th November. Amongst a box of
unidentified lepidoptera which I showed to Mr Pelham-Clinton
at this meeting, he identified the first British specimen of
Stenoptilia saxifragae Fletch. This was taken at m.v. light in
my garden here on 24th July 1969. The only explanation of
this record is that my next-door neighbour, who happens to be
Irish, was on holiday in Dublin in 1968 and brought back some
rock plants with her. It will be interesting to see whether the
moth has established itself in this unlikely locality.
As well as ending my first decade of collecting, 1970 was
also European Conservation Year. Much has been written and
talked about this event. I think it has been useful in that the
importance of preserving the quality of environment has been
brought to the notice of the public. However, nowadays I tend
to judge people and organisations by their actions rather than
their words. If we look carefully at the present state of our
countryside compared with twenty years ago and then try to
forecast what will happen over the next decade, the picture, as
I see it, looks rather gloomy. With a population already at
least fifteen million greater than we can comfortably cope
with and likely to increase even further, there is little hope for
maintaining wide-open spaces. In conjunction with this
increase in numbers of people, is their increased mobility by
various means, which can only lead to increased pressure on
our already limited areas for recreation. The march of indus-
trialisation, concrete, bricks and mortar, is gradually reducing
habitats, thus reducing insect population. There have been a
number of articles published this year aimed at curbing the
activities of collectors, particularly those using m.v. traps for
sampling populations. One such article was published in the
June 1970, edition of ‘Animals’. My reply to it appeared in the
September edition, but it did not evoke further correspondence.
In my opinion, if more attention were paid to preserving exist-
ing habitats, there would be little need to curb even the most
ruthless collectors, of whom there must be very few anyway!
What I find most gloomy about the subject of the environ-
DISTRIBUTION OF RHOPALOCERA ON SAO JORGE 179
ment is that it appears secondary to our main aim in the
Western World, that of economic progress at all costs. Our
whole way of life is geared to an increase in the standard of
living. Although not a trained philosopher, I think the quality
of life is more important than its material comforts and this
greed for ever-increasing ease of life must either stop volun-
tarily or it will be forced to a halt by some rather unpleasant
circumstances. This, of course, means nothing short of a social
revolution, which would not happen overnight, if at all. Educa-
tion in its widest sense is possibly our only hope for survival,
and educational revolutions tend to take a generation or two in
which to take effect. This may well be too late at this already
late stage. I am not a natural pessimist and hope something
will happen to prove me wrong. If so, it will have to happen
in the next decade if my children are to enjoy a small fraction
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26 Highfield Road, Chesterfield, Derbyshire.
A note on the distribution of the Rhopalocera on
the Island of Sao Jorge—the Azores
By C. A. Marspen and P. L. WRIGHT
(Department of Pharmacology, Bergen University, Bergen,
Norway)
Introduction
The Azorean archipelago, situated in mid Atlantic between
Portugal and North America, consists of nine islands geographi-
cally arranged into three groups. The south easterly group
comprises Santa Maria and Sao Miguel. The central group
consists of Terceira, Graciosa, Sao Jorge, Pico and Faial. The
north westerly group includes Flores and Corvo. The present
A]
W: E
F. do Ouvidor
mae |
Urzelina
Scale 1: 5000000.
noha: co
Teo
FIGURE 1.—The island of Sao Jorge showing the route taken during
the survieywiGeyie os. 1h. ).
180 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/6771
study was made during the Chelsea College (London Univer-
sity) expedition to the island of Sao Jorge from July to Septem-
ber 1965.
Sao Jorge lies between long: 28’ West and Lat: 38’ North.
The climate of the island is extreme oceanic with moderate
rainfall throughout the year, high relative humidity and a
small temperature range (Tutin 1953). The island of Sao Jorge
is 4 km wide at its maximum point and 27 km long and has a
backbone of quiescent volcanic cones reaching a maximum
altitude of 900 metres (Fig. 1).
There is a distinct sequence of vegetation on the island
passing from sea level to the summit. The sequence passes
from open woodland to closed woodland, to scrub, to a com-
bination of scrub and pasture and finally to open damp pasture.
Each zone is characterized by certain plant species (Fig. 2). A
similar vegetation zonation is found on the neighbouring island
of Pico (Marler & Boatman 1952).
Drouet (1861) compiled the first list of Azorean Lepidoptera
and this list was improved by Godman (1870). In 1903 Ogilvie-
Grant collected Azorean Lepidoptera (Warren 1905). In more
recent years Rebel (1940) and Carthy (1957) have published
lists of Lepidoptera collected on the Azores.
Only four species of Rhopalocera were found on Sao Jorge
during our stay in 1965.
Rhopalocera
PIERIDAE
Colias croceus Geoffroy
Previous records: Godman (1870), Rebel (1940), Carthy
(1957).
Pieris brassicae azorensis Rebel.
Previous records: Godman (1870), Warren (1905), Rebel
(1940), Carthy (1957).
LYCAENIDAE
Lampides (Polymmantus) boeticus L.
Previous records: Rebel (1940), Carthy (1957).
SATYRIDAE
Hipparchia azorina Strecker.
Previous records: Rebel (1940), Carthy (1957).
An endemic species. Regarded by some authors
as a subspecies of H. aristaeus. .
It soon became apparent that these species exhibited a well
defined distribution in respect to altitude. The altitudes at
which Carthy had collected his specimens on Pico suggested a
similar situation on that island (Carthy 1957). It was decided
to make a more detailed examination of the apparent zonation
of these four species taking into account altitude, climate and
vegetation.
DISTRIBUTION OF RHOPALOCERA ON SAO JORGE 181
Methods
The survey was Carried out on Ist September 1965 in sunny
weather with a slight breeze blowing. The apparatus consisted
of an altimeter, stop watch and four hand tally counters.
A hike (Fig. 1) was made from Fajo do Ouvidor, on the nerith
coast, via Norte Grande (300 metres) and Santo Antonio (460
metres) across the central ridge of extinct volcanic cones (790
m) to Urzelina on the south coast. At every 60 metre contour
a count was made of the number of each of the four species
observed in a period of three minutes. The species were
counted simultaneously using the tally counters. The counts
were all made during periods of direct sunlight. At each
counting station a note was made of the exposure to wind,
general flora zone and the relative abundance of the more
common flora. The latter were arbitarily graded from 0
(absent) to 5 (very abundant). The types recorded in this
manner were: Mentha sp., Zea mais, Brassica sp., Erica azorica,
Graminae sp., Carex flava and Polytrichum commune.
During the period of our stay on the island we climbed from
Urzelina up to the central ridge of volcanic craters on 30
separate occasions. The main reason for these trips was the
collection of coleoptera (Marsden 1969) from the crater of a
volcano that had erupted in May 1808. On these climbs we also
collected Rhapolocera and recorded the altitude at which the
captures were made.
Meterological recordings were made at 210 metres and 790
metres.
Results and Discussions
1. Climatic. The extent of the cloud coverage at 210m and
790m is given in Table 1. The central ridge of volcanic peaks
was often clear in the early morning but by late afternoon was
completely enveloped by dense mist. No humidity recordings
are available as the cobalt thiocyanate papers, that had
been stored in glycerine, were found to be ruined on their
return to England. The mean annual relative humidity at
Horta, on the neighbouring island of Faial, is 81-5% (Tutin
1953). The maximum and minimum air temperatures recorded
at 210 and 790m are shown in Table 2.
TABLE 1.—The extent of cloud coverage recorded at 210m and 790 m on
Sao Jorge between July and September 1965.
Total Cloud Partial Cloud
Coverage Coverage Clear Days
210m 6 10 14
790m 10 12 8
TABLE 2.—The air temperature recorded at 210 m and 790 m on 30 days
between July and September 1965 on Sao Jorge
[ SOW NORTH
TAS ee
PASTURE
Agrostis sp. PASTURE
600
VA
CALLUNETUM/ERICETUM/PASTURE
Calluna sp,
= Erica azorica.
=
cs CALLUNETUM/ERIC ETUM
LAUREL/CULTIVATED
Persea azorica. LAUREL/ CULTIVATED
Myreca faya. N
182 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/6/61
Total Cloud Partial Cloud
Coverage Coverage Clear Days
210m
Max. Temp. °C 24 28 35
Min. Temp. °C ST ey 13
790 m
Max. Temp. °C 18 23 24
Min. Temp. °C 12 11 7
2. Vegetation. The main plant zones recorded on the south
and north faces of the island are shown in Fig. 2. The relative
abundance of certain species recorded at every 60m contour
are shown in Table 3. The mint plant is the only plant that
was recorded at almost every 60m contour. Certain vetches
were also very common being abundant in the low pasture
land. The region from sea level to 420m on the north side of
Sao Jorge is much steeper than the corresponding area on the
south. This is reflected in the very small cultivated and Erica
pasture zones found on the north side.
WOODLAND
| / WOODLAND Pittosporum undulatum & Pinus pinaster.
FIGURE 2.—Diagram to show the main vegetation zones on the north
and south sides of the island of Sao Jorge between the village of
Urzelina on the south and Fajo do Ouvidor on the north.
TABLE 3.—The type of plant zone and the abundance of certain plant
species at each 60 metre contour between Urzelina on the south coast
and Fajo do Ouvidor on the north coast.
Altitude
(metres) Zone AY BG 4D Eien
60 Woodland —- 2 2-—- —- —- —
120 Cultivated — 5 3 -—- —- — —
180 Cultivated — 5 2—--—-—- —- —
240 Cultivated 142—- — — —
300 Woodland 3 — — —- 1->- -—
360 Wood/Pasture 5 — — 14-—- =
SOUTH 420 Erica/ Pasture 5 — — 14—- —
480 Erica/ Pasture 5 — = er 5 CS =
DISTRIBUTION OF RHOPALOCERA ON SAO JORGE 183
540 Erica/ Pasture 2 Sek iat:
600 Erica/ Pasture i ion TE es i Sh ee
660 Pasture 3 = — — 5 — 8
720 Pasture 3 4° 4. = 2,
790 Pasture 2— — — 5 — 83
720 Pasture 4—- — — 5 3 38
660 Pasture 2 — — 5 3 —
600 Pasture 2—- — — 5 3 —
540 Pasture 3 — — — 5 — —
480 Pasture 4 —- — 4— —
NORTH 420 Erica/ Pasture 380— — 2 5 =| =
360 Pasture 83 — — 2 5 — —
300 Cultivated 2 4 1— 3 — —
240 Cultivated 2) qe ta 2)
180 Woodland 4 —-— — — ~ ~— —
120 Woodland 2—- —- —- — — —
60 Woodland 3 1 —- e-e e— —
A=Mentha sp., B=Zea mais, C=Brassica sp., D=Erica azorica,
E=Graminae sp., F=Carex flava, G=Polytrichum commune.
The abundance of the plants is arbitrarily graded between —
(absent) and 5 (very abundant).
3. Rhopalocera. PP. brassicae azorensis was not observed
above 540m and was most common in cultivated areas (Fig. 3).
More individuals were recorded on the heavily cultivated south
side than on the steeper north side. Many of the small fields of
cabbage plants were totally destroyed by the activities of the
vast numbers of the larva of P. brassicae azorensis.
25 ae
SOUTH NORTH
in 3 minutes
wB
[o}
No. observed
120 240 360 490 600 720 720 600 4% 30 2&0 /20 ©
Altitude (metres)
FiGuRE 3.—Relationships between the numbers of P. brassicae azorensis
( @ —————_ @ ) and C.. croceus (O— — — —O) counted and altitude.
164 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/6/71
Colias croceus was not found below 240m on the north side
and 360m on the south and the numbers reached a peak in the
lower drier pasture land (Fig. 3). The lower pasture zone
extends between 360m and 660m on the south and 360m and
720m on the north. The zone is generally below the heavy
cloud coverage and is consequently of a drier nature than the
upper pasture. The vegetation mainly consists of coarse
grasses, clumps of Erica azorica and Calluna vulgaris with
numerous small flowering plants including vetches that are
common food plants of C. croceus. C. croceus is generally
found in heath and open places up to about 1,800m.
Hipparchia azorina showed the most limited distribution of
the four species being confined to the upper damp pasture zone
(Fig. 4). This is above 480m on the north and 540m on the
cle, i NOR de ii
90 - od | h\ 90
Goo [ i a) + 80
E paveding ae See eee
& 70- | | 7 | q / | I L 70
Mies | | i Ly | : | | |-60
5 55 | erie’ | ee
S ae ihe a\ | {eal 2
i 40-4 2 Nee eng A Aleve I \ 40
g / aie ny iy \ ey [Saale
O 30-4 / é i \ \ \, | I \ ese
ion é aon it
PAS) yee | i
Ee : bbe
a, 2 ee < Ae ee a
O i 240 360 420 as 729 | 720 600 Ae6 260 240 120 O
Altitude (metres)
FIGURE 4.—Relationships between the number of L. boeticus
(O— — — —O) and Hipparchia azorina ( © —————— @ ) counted and
altitude.
south. In this area the butterfly is very abundant and at times
the air is literally thick with butterflies, sluggish in flight and
very easily captured. The limiting factor in the vertical dis-
tribution of H. azorina appears to be the diet of the larva. A
larva, probably that of H. azorina, was found in great numbers
amongst the grass roots at the higher altitudes. It is possible
that H. azorina as well as P. brassicae azorensis may be of some
economic importance on the island. There is evidence that
some agent is doing considerable damage to the upper pasture
DISTRIBUTION OF RHOPALOCERA ON SAO JORGE 165
zone. It is this zone that supports the large herds of Friesians
found on Sao Jorge. The larva of H. azorina may contribute
to this damage.
Lampides boeticus was the most widely distributed of the
four species and its distribution does not appear to be related
to altitude (Fig. 4). In the cultivated and woodland areas the
species was less common. There does, however, appear, to be
a significant correlation between the occurrence of mint plants
and the number of L. boeticus counted (Fig. 5). This probably
100 ]
90 -
W 80 Ie
2
=) Jo =
&
Sivek L
Oe)
& $07- oe
xo)
Sm r
ne
rn
a a5 —
O
Oo 20-4 =
eA e
lo ae =
Ldn #oiteitan alm T
wna
() | 2 3 ie
Abunclance of Mentha.
FIGURE 5.—The relationship between the number of L. boeticus counted
and the abundance of Mentha sp. The Mentha is graded between 0
(absent) and 5 (very abundant).
p 0:05 between abundance of Mentha 3 and 4
p 0-01 between abundance of Mentha 4 and 5
p 0-001 between abundance of Mentha 2 and 4
reflects the common habitat of this species which is flowery
banks and other rough places up to 1,800m.
The route taken on this survey was chosen for convenience
as it afforded an accessible route from the’north coast over the
central peaks to the south coast. The recordings made on the
other 30 climbs from the village of Urzelina to the central ridge
of peaks confirmed that the distribution of the four species is
typical of Sao Jorge. On visits to the neighbouring islands of
Pico and Faial the four species were collected in the same
186 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/6/71
vegetation zones. Carthy (1957) found the four species on Pico
and the altitudes at which the specimens were collected corres-
pond with the floral zones on Pico (Marler and Boatman 1952)
in which the species were generally recorded on Sao Jorge. It
is thus the plant zonation that probably determines the dis-
tribution of the four species on these islands while the plant
zonation is affected by climate and consequently altitude.
The method of investigation was devised in the field using
available equipment. The possibilities for errors and
inconsistencies are obvious. The fact that the recordings were
made at different times of day, varying from early morning to
late afternoon, was unavoidable. In an attempt to standardize
the results all the counts were made during periods of direct
sunlight. At higher altitudes this often involved waiting at
observation points for a considerable time before a count could
be made.
It is probable that the number of each species counted at
each 60m contour is subject to error as individuals may have
been counted more than once. The relative numbers, however,
probably reflect the true situation.
The results demonstrate the few number of butterfly species
present on Sao Jorge but the abundance in number of those
species that are present particularly under suitable ecological
conditions. It was the abundance in numbers that made the
present very simple survey feasible.
Acknowledgements
We thank M. Smookler for help with the meterological
observations and the identification of the flora. We also thank
the staff of the Lepidopteran section of the British Museum
(N.H.) for confirmation of the identification of the four
Rhopalocera.
REFERENCES
Carthy, J. D. (1957). Aspects of the flora and fauna of the Azores. X.
Lepidoptera. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 10: 209-214.
Drouet, H. (1861). Elements de la faune acoreene. Mem. Soc. acad.
Sci Dept. Aube., 25 (12): Troyes.
Godman, F. du C. (1870). Natural History of the Azores. (London.)
Marler, P. and Boatman, D. J., (1962). An analysis of the vegetation
of the northern slopes of Pico—The Azores. J. Ecol., 40:
143-155.
Marsden, C. A. (1969). Notes on the Coleoptera from Sao Jorge—
The Azores. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, 105: 175-179.
Rebel, H. (1940). Die Lepidoptereen fauna des Azorischen Archipelago.
Comment. Biol., 8: 1-59.
Tutin, T. G. (1953). The vegetation of the Azores. J. Ecol., 41: 53-62.
Warren, W. (1905). Lepidoptera collected by W. R. Ogilvie-Grant on
the Azores and Madeira. Novit. Zoologicae., 12: 439-447.
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CONTENTS
A Further New Species of Thestor Hiibner (Lepidoptera
Lycaenidae) from the Western Cape. C. G. C.
DICKSON =i A p ?
Ross-shire and Sutherland Lepidoptera Records. DEREK
C. HULME nee me bs ne mi
Notes on Some of the British Nepticulidae A. M. EMMET
The End of a Decade. T. W. HARMAN ...
A Note on the Distribution of the Rhopalocera on the
Island of Sao Jorge — the Azores. C. A.
AMARSDEN and P. L. WRIGHT ...
159
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1387
Collecting Lepidoptera in Britain during 1970
By C. G. M. pE Worms, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.E.S.
The new year opened with a very cold snap which was
quickly followed in the second week of January by an ex-
tremely mild period which lasted almost to the end of the
month. It brought forth most of the early geometers, in par-
ticular Theria rupicapraria Schiff., Phigalia pedaria F., and
Erannis leucophaearia Schiff. Mr R. F. Bretherton and I found
a good many sallow stems inhabited by Aegeria flaviventris
Stand. on Horsell Common on February 4 and several more
there in company with Mr and Mrs J. A. C. Greenwood on the
8th. But some real winter supervened shortly afterwards
with a blizzard on the 12th. In fact, there was hardly a mild
day for the rest of the month. March opened with a very
bleak spell with further heavy snowfalls on the 4th. It was
not till the 15th that Achlya flavicornis L. appeared at Hor-
sell with the first Brimstone on the 20th, quite a late date
for its emergence from hibernation. I travelled to Kent on
this day and on March 22 I found Archiearis parthenias L.
flying in numbers round the birch tops in the Hamstreet
woods.
The sallows were only just starting to bloom when Mr J.
L. Messenger accompanied me on March 25 to Hope Cove near
Salcombe to spend the Easter holiday period. But a very
chilly week-end awaited us, no collecting being undertaken,
though we went over to Mr Geoffrey Cole at Slapton, but
drew a blank. We motored home the last day of March
somewhat empty-handed. The first ten days of April were
equally unpropitious with a bitter east wind which was still
prevailing when I travelled to Bristol on the 10th for a con-
ference of the British Ornithologists Union. On the 13th I
went on to stay with Mr Ronald Demuth at Oakridge at the
southern end of the Cotswolds. By this time the weather had
relented. We were met with sun and warmth when we
motored to Wyre Forest on the 14th in the hope of seeing
Endromis versicolor L., but we saw no sign of it and were no
doubt too early in this late season. A. parthenias L. were
flying in plenty and not difficult to net as they settled on the
sallow bloom which also attracted several Inachis io L. and
Polygonia c-album L. A good many noctuids visited my host’s
trap that night, including Cerastis rubricosa Schiff., Xylocampa
areola Esp., Eupsilia transversa L., Earophila badiata Schiff.,
and Biston strataria Hufn. I then went on to stay with my
relative Gen. Beddington, near Blandford, seeing the first
Pieris rapae L. in his garden on April 18. The latter part of
the month was for the most part mild, but one Odontosia
carmelita Esp. only appeared at Horsell the last day of April.
May was ushered in with real summer temperature of
nearly 70°F. On the 2nd I paid my first visit cf the season to
the New Forest, staying with Rear Admiral D. Torlesse at
Sway, and it proved a very propitious night for our m.v. lights
188 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/VII/71
run on the boundary of Rhinefields Enclosure, where we saw
aS many as 25 species of the “macros”. Among the early
arrivals were male Cleora cinctaria Schiff. to be followed by
Orthosia miniosa Schiff., but a most welcome visitor was a
female Lithophane socia Hufn. which obliged eventually with
a lot of ova laid on netting placed over a small box, as also
did another of this species which Col. Mackworth Praed kindly
let me have from his trap at Burley. From both these insects,
we bred out some fine specimens in the autumn, feeding the
larvae mainly on privet. Other species of note on this produc-
tive night were a number of Polyploca ridens F., a single O.
carmelita Esp., also Drymonia ruficormis Hufn., Panolis
piniperda Schiff., Colocasia coryli L., Menophra abruptaria
Thunb., Trichopteryx carpinata Borkh. and finally a Bapta
distinctata H. & S. (pictaria Curtis), a very late date for this
local geometer which I had not seen before in this part of
the Forest. The following day topped the seventies, bringing
out many Whites, chiefly Pieris rapae L. and P. brassicae L.
together with a lot of Gonopteryx rhamni L. and several
Polygonia c-album L. The heatwave persisted on my return
to Surrey, where I ran my light on the night of May 5 in the
vicinity of Gracious Pond on the edge of Chobham Common.
Again a number of interesting species were seen up till mid-
night. One of the earliest to appear was a female of Saturnia
pavonia L. from which a large batch of ova was obtained and
most of them attained the pupal state. Other insects seen
included Drepana lacertinaria L., Notodonta ziczac L., D.
ruficornis Hufn., Lophopteryx camelina L., C. coryli L., Poly-
ploca ridens F., Eupithecia nanata Hiibn., Selenia tetralunaria
Hufn. and Aethelura punctulata Schiff. The next evening of
the 6th Mr R. Bretherton and I visited Ranmore Common
after dark where we were pleased to see several Boarmia
consonaria Hiibn., also Lycia hirtaria Clerck, P. ridens F.,
Orthosia munda Schiff., and Pachycnemia hippocastanaria
Hubn. The warm spell continued till the 9th when in my
sister’s garden at Virginia Water among visitors to my light
were O. carmelita Esp., Pheosia gnome L., camelina L., half
a dozen C. coryli L., a fine Mimas tiliae L., and many Eupithecia
abbreviata Steph. On May 12 I set out for a three-week stay
in Central Italy and, returning on June 2, I was welcomed
once more by a remarkable heatwave, which was to last for
the next three weeks and provide some almost record tem-
peratures reaching just 100°F in the shade in the Lake District
on June 11.
On June 5 in the Chiddingfold area when I was with Mr J.
Messenger, Leptidea sinapis L. was flying in some numbers. This
butterfly seems to be coming back to its former haunts which
is very encouraging. Clossiana euphrosyne L. and C. selene
Schiff., were also on the wing with a good many Anthocharis
cardamines L., late Gonepteryx rhamni L. and Pyrgus malvae
L., while Minoa murinata Scop., was to be flushed from the
wood spurge, its foodplant. The following night some forty
COLLECTING LEPIDOPTERA IN BRITAIN DURING 1971 189
species came to my m.v. light run in my sister’s garden at
Virginia Water. Among these were several Drepana binaria
Hufn., Nola confusalis H.-S., Ectropis extersaria Hibn., also
Bena prasinana L., Drymonia trimacula Esp., Notodonta
dromedarius L., Pterostoma palpina Clerck, Bapta bimaculata
E., Eupithecia tantillaria Boisd., and Cosymbia punctaria L.,
but among the last arrivals was a most unexpected visitor
Hadena conspersa Schiff., which was well separated from its
normal terrain on downland. The thermometer exceeded 80°F
on June 7 which provided one of the best nights when Mr R.
Bretherton accompanied me to a heathy area near Winterfold.
Insects came flocking in as we lit up at 10 p.m. and continued
till 1 a.m. by which time we had recorded 80 species of macros.
Early arrivals were Hepialus velleda Hiibn. and Arctia villica
L. followed by quite a dozen Apatele alni L., including some
dark examples. Bomolocha fontis Thunb. was a numerous
insect from the bilberry. Both sexes were on the wing with
several Erastria venustula Hiibn., Cepphis advenaria Hiibn.
and both the Elephant Hawks which were the only Sphingids.
The Notodonts comprised Drymonia trimacula, Stauropus
fagi L., Lophopteryx camelina L. and P. palpina. Among
noctuids were Tethea or Schiff., T. fluctuosa Hiibn., Apatele
leporina L., Hadena contigua Schiff., Plusia pulchrina Haworth,
and the geometers included Cosymbia linearia Hiibn., E.
lariciata Freyer, Lamproteryx suffumata Schiff., Boarmia
punctinalis Scop., and Bupalus piniaria L.
There were daily temperatures in the 80’s all the sub-
sequent week. On June 10 Mr Messenger and I revisited the
Dunsfold woods. Both of the Pearl-bordered Fritillaries
were flying with late Brimstones and Small Whites. That
night—another prolific one—saw me near Bisley when 60
species came to light up till midnight. Mimas tiliae and a
huge female Fox moth were early comers. Half of the species
noted were Geometers, among which were Mysticoptera
sexalisata Retz., Euphyia unangulata Haworth, Euchoeca
nebulata Scop., Hydriomena coerulata F., Lycometra ocellata
L., Perconia strigillaria Hiibn. Females of Bupalus piniaria
L. and a very dark female Dyscia fagaria Thunb., Laothoé
populi L. and Hyloicus pinastri L. were the only hawkmoths
and the last to arrive. Two days later, I was once more in
Kent collecting in the Hamstreet area where another female
Fox Moth (M. rub: L.) ushered in the evening with a female
Dasychira pudibunda L. Shortly afterwards a couple of
Dipthera alpium Osbeck arrived with a rush of Deilophila
elpenor L. The last of 34 species seen was Stauropus fagi L.
It was again very warm on the 13th when I visited Dungeness
where many Common Blues were flying. The sallow bushes
were all devoured by the Brown-tail (Euproctis chrysorrhaea
L.). A further night in the Orlestone woods at Hamstreet
produced two more D. alpium with an outsize female Privet
Hawk (Sphinx ligustri L.), also Tethaea or Schiff., Thyatira
batis L., Notodonta ziczac L., Aplecta nebulosa Hufn., Cosym-
190 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/VII/71
bia porata L., Semiothisa notata L., and Sterrha subsericeata
Haworth. The hot spell was over when I returned to Surrey
on June 15. But when I ran my m.v. light on 19th at Virginia
Water warm conditions had returned, where I noted 50 species
up to 12.30 am. A newcomer to this locality was Erastria
venustula Hiibn. Also seen was Boarmia roboraria Schiff. in
a dark form with Comibaena pustulata Hufn., Tethea ocularis
L., and Apamea epomidion Haworth. Another night, near
Bisley, on June 20, after a day of 79°F, brought just over fifty
species, including Apoda avellana L., H. pinastri, S. fagi,
Geometra papilionaria L., Cidaria fulvata Forst., Eupithecia
arceuthata Freyer, M. sexalisata, B. roboraria and Ellopia
fasciaria L.
On June 22 under very warm conditions Mr Messenger
and [I set out en route for Eire which we last visited together
in 1965. That night we made Tintern our headquarters with
quite successful collecting in the woods overlooking the river
Wye. We were favoured with four male Drepana harpagula
Esp. which I last took there in 1964. Abraxas sylvata Scop.
and Cleora repandata L. were common. Among 45 other’
species were S. fagi, Tethea fluctuosa Schiff., Craniophora
ligustri Schiff., Ezlema sororcula Hufn., Laspeyria flexula
Schiff., Discoloxia blomeri Curtis, Hydrelia testaceata Don.,
several fresh Eupithecia egenaria H.-S., Eupithecia fraxinata
Crewe, Horisme tersata Schiff., and two Anaplectoides prasina
Schiv. The next morning unfortunately the heatwave had
given way to very dull and rainy conditions when we sei out
from Tintern in the afternoon for Swansea, where we em-
barked late that evening on the car ferry Innisfallon after
having surveyed some of the Gower Peninsula in the vicinity
of the Mumbles. But the sea was far from kind and we had
a very choppy crossing to Cork, which we reached at 7.30 a.m.
with plenty of rain and wind to welcome us in Ireland. Halting
at Mallow for a late breakfast, we motored on via Limerick
and Ennis arriving at Lisdoonvarna about lunchtime on June
24. As in 1965 our haven was the very comfortable Imperial
Hotel. That afternoon we explored our old haunts in the
Burren, visiting the rough hilly country just west of Bally-
vaughan where we were pleased to find Leptosia sinapis L.
still on the wing, though mostly past its best. On the way
back we called on Mr Pelham Clinton and Mr J. Bradley, who
were staying at the fairly new Gregan Castle Hotel, situated
at the bottom of the Corkscrew Hill on the read to Lisdoon-
varna. Together with Mr and Mrs Denzil ffennell they had
arrived a few days before us and were fortunate enough to
come in for the last two days of the hot spell with very good
collecting results, especially among the smaller lepidoptera.
The next morning, the 25th, we set our static trap up at
the Ballynalacken Hotel, thanks to the kindness of Mr and
Mrs O’Callaghan, and we then proceeded to the flat ground
bordering the coast road. Here we flushed a good many of
the large form of Setina irrorella L. together with several
COLLECTING LEPIDOPTERA IN BRITAIN DURING 1971 191
Zygaena purpuralis Briinn, Epirrhoé tristata L., also some
very bright and large Polyommatus icarus Rott. and worn
Cupido minimus Fuessl. The afternoon we penetrated inland
to the district round Corofin which is studded with small
lakes. Here we found the Transparent Burnet quite numerous,
while the bog myrtle was well patronised by larvae of Orthosia
gracilis Schiff. in tents of all sizes. Also on wing was that
most attractive little Pyrale Pyrausta sanguinalis L. As the
evening turned fairly mild and still, we ran our portable m.v.
light in a hollow near the coast below Ballinalacken, a spot
which had served us well five years previously. Up till 1 a.m.
no less than 60 species of macros were noted. Of the early
arrivals there was a short run of Deilephila porcellus L. which
was followed by a number of S. irrorella males and quite a
procession of the delightful little geometer Perizoma blandiata
Schiff. A couple of fine Plusia bractea Schiff. were fairly late-
comers together with P. festucae L. Other species worth
recording included some very dark Caradrina blanda Schiff.
Diarsia brunnea Schiff., pale Aplecta nebulosa Hufn., Hemithea
aestivaria Hiibn., Cidaria fulvata Forst., Eupithecia distinctaria
H.-S., E. subumbrata Schiff., E. absinthiata Clerck, Cleora
lichenaria Hufn. and a great variety of Cleora repandata L.
June 26 was so wet that we did not go out till the afternoon
when we visited Ballyvaughan where Wood Whites and Burnets
were once more on the wing with many Aphantopus hyper-
anthus L. We saw P. sanguinalis L. again, very difficult to
' follow on the rocky hillside which also harboured several nests
of Eriogaster lanestris L. mostly with nearly full-fed larvae.
We attempted night operations on the coast but a gale got
up and our only visitors were some Hepialus humuli L. of both
sexes. We went over again to the lake area near Corofin on
the afternoon of the 27th where a few late Euphydryas aurinia
Rott. were still flying with many Maniola jurtina L. and some
further very bright P. icarus Rott. For the remainder of our
stay we concentrated on the very wooded ground lying a few
miles inland known as Cooncloose near K.lfenora. On the
28th we found both Z. purpuralis Briinn. and Z. filipendulae
L. well on the wing in this attractive locality. EE. lanestris
larvae were also here in strength. On June 29 this area
yielded the first Argynnis aglaia L. with the males much
brighter than those normally seen in England or Scotland.
Ringlets, Meadow Browns and Speckled Woods were in plenty
and we also flushed an occasional Epirrhoé tristata L. The
last day of June produced a deluge so that no collecting was
possible till after dark, when we once more ran our light in
a sheltered spot down the hill from Ballinalacken Castle. We
again saw most of the species we had noted our first night,
including P. bractea Schiff. and S. irrorella L. as well as
Peridroma porphyrea Schiff., Thyatira batis L. and Plusia
- pulchrina Hiubn.
The second half of the year started finer but very blustery
when we motored to the coast at Doolin and picked a lot of
192 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/VII/71
Silene maritima which was inhabited by a lot of Hadena
capsophila Dup. and a few Eupithecia venosata F. but we
could not detect any Hadena caesia Schiff. Later on July 1 we
revisited Clooncoose where one of the open glades was alive
with A. aglaia, a few L. sinapis with many Ringlets and
Meadow Browns. Our final day in the Burren was spent at
Ballyvaughan, where we collected some full-fed E. lanestris.
We had our last night by the coast once more and saw nearly
thirty species up to 12.30 p.m., the only newcomer being
Apamea sublustris Esp. We also collected a lot of heads of
the Wood Valerian which turned out to be full of larvae of
Epithecia valerianata Hiibn. which soon all pupated. We had
run our trap at the Ballinalacken Hotel on seven nights, but
apart from the first two nights the results were very dis-
appointing. The nights of June 25th and 26th both only pro-
duced forty moths among which were Deilephila porcellus L.,
D. elpenor L., Laothoé populi L., Hadena nana Hufn., Plusia
pulchrina Hiibn. and Hepialus velleda Hiibn.
On July 3 in rather cloudy but mild weather we set out
for Killarney, having abandoned a tentative visit to Galway
and Mayo owing to the very unfavourable conditions. We
reached that famous resort in the afternoon and made the
Muckross Hotel our haven. I had last stayed there in 1956
with the late Eldon Ellison, but compared with that occasion
we found the hotel and, in fact, the whole area deserted of
tourists. Fortunately, we were given facilities to run our
static trap at the back of the hotel to very good advantage,
while we were also lucky in getting permission to collect
after dark in the Kenmare Demesne which we first sampled
on the night of our arrival, seeing 65 species up till 1 am. We
placed our light just off the route usually followed by the
jaunting carts where there was a big growth of holly and yew
which had proved so prolific in 1956. At dusk we came upon
quite a flight of the tiny geometer Perizoma blandiata Schiff.,
many of which also patronised our sheet later on. Among
other early arrivals was a single Eustrotia bankiana F.
(argentula Hiibn.) to be followed by quite an influx of Bomo-
locha fontis Thunb. Another welcome visitor was Perizoma
taeniata Steph. with one at the big m.v. light and a further
example at the Heath trap set well among the yews. Other
species of note on this very productive occasion were several
Tethea fluctuosa Hiibn., a couple of the large Stauropus fagi
L., a huge female L. populi L., also Notodonta dromedarius L..,
Atolmis rubricollis L., Leucania pudorina Schiff., Abraxas
sylvata Scop., Eupithecia subumbrata Schiff., E. plumbeolata
Haworth, E. pulchellata Steph., Ligdia adustata Schiff., Cleora
lichenaria Hufn. and a large assortment of C. repandata. July
4 turned out a much better day though we only penetrated
after lunch as far as Ladies’ View without seeing anything
special on the wing. A second evening in the same spot in
the demesne provided another good harvest, though not quite
as rich as on the previous night. P. blandiata was again
COLLECTING LEPIDOPTERA IN BRITAIN DURING 1971 193
numerous at dusk and we saw one more P. taeniata as well as
several somewhat dark Scopula immutata L., with Thyatra
batis L., Ectropis consonaria Hiibn., Nudaria mundana L. and
Geometra papilionaria L. The morning of the 5th we motored
over to Glenbeigh for lunch at the Towers Hotel, where we
had stayed in 1962, then back via Glencar and Lough Caragh.
That night saw us once more in the demesne, this time on the
neck of land carrying the road that divides the two large
lakes, but it was not nearly such a good night or productive
locality, as only just over thirty species were noted, among
which further B. fontis, T. fluctuosa and E. consonaria, as well
as a large female S. fagi. Polia nebulosa Hufn., in a very
pale form. Perizoma alchemillata and the usual concourse of
C. repandata L. Our last morning, of July 6, was spent in the
demesne among the yews which we tapped assiduously in the
hope of flushing the little P. taeniata, a modus operandi which
had been so successful in 1956 and was not in vain on this
occasion, aS we saw quite a number dashing off mostly out
of reach, but only three found their way into our nets. The
verges of the woods and long grass were abounding with
Maniola jurtina L. and Aphantopus hyperanthus L. That
afternoon we revisited the high ground above Ladies’ View,
where we found E. bankiana F. still fairly numerous together
with Jaspidia pygarga Hufn. (fasciana L.) and S. immutata.
En route we had examined the old birches lining the main
road and found several empty pupa cases of Aegeria scoliae-
formis Borkh. protruding from the larval burrows. Our final
night in the demesne, again in the yew and holly region,
turned out quite prolific. Among 38 species seen, by far the
most outstanding was a couple of Deileptenia ribeata Clerck
(abietaria Schiff.) apparently according to Mr Baynes (1964),
a great rarity in Ireland, which had never been observed in
the Killarney district and only previously known from Cos.
Wicklow, Leix and Kildare with its last Irish record in 1944.
We had a further singleton P. taeniata at our light, also a
Plusia bractea, many C. lichenaria, with several B. fontis, L.
adustata and a couple of T. fluctuosa.
As already mentioned, we ran our static trap the four
nights at Muckross Hotel with quite phenomenal results. The
first night saw in it just over 500 individuals, comprising 77
species of the macros and a total for the short period of nearly
1500 moths of just on 100 species. Possibly the most note-
worthy visitors were three Eilema deplana Esp. which had
only been recorded from Killarney and was last seen there
in 1944 according to the 1964 list. Both the Elephant Hawks
(D. elpenor and D. porcellus) were fairly prevalent. Among
the Notodonts were several S. fagi, also Notodonta ziczac L..,
Pheosia tremula Clerck, P. gnoma F. and a female Harpyia
furcula Clerck. Arctia caja L. was quite numerous, as also
were both the Ermines (Spilosoma menthastri L. and S. lutea
L.). Among the noctuids the numbers of Agrotis exclamationis
L. and Apamea monoglypha Hufn. outstripped all others.
194 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/VII/71
Among the more notable of this Family was a single late
Apatele alni L., Peridroma porphyrea Schiff., Hadena contigua
Schiff., Eumichtis adusta Esp., Graphiphora augur F., Apamea
epomidion Haworth., Leucania straminea Treits., Anaplectoides
prasina Schiff., Polia nebulosa Hufn., Pyrrhia umbra Hufn.,
Unca trigemina Werneberg, Plusia bractea and B. fontis.
The geometers were represented by Abraxas sylvata Scop.,
Lygris populata L., Cleora lichenaria Hufn., P. blandiata Schiff.,
Bapta temerata Schiff., Eupithecia plumbeolata Schiff., E. sub-
umbrata Schiff., Chloroclystis coronata Hiibn., Ellopia
fasciaria L., and a late Gonodontis bidentata Clerck.
We set out from Killarney early on July 7, a glorious day
with the thermometer in the 70’s and, travelling via Mallow,
Lismore and Dungarvan we reached Tramore in the afternoon
and revisited Ballydwane Cove near Bunmahon, which had
proved so productive in 1965 and again in 1968, when Mr
Messenger was on his own. This very sheltered spot did not
disappoint us either on this occasion. Of forty species seen
up till 1 am. the more interesting were a fresh example of
Hadena caesia Schiff. and several H. capsophila Dup., also a
couple each of Agrotis trux Hiibn. and Ammogratis lucernea
L. besides Philudaria potatoria L., Malacosoma neustria L.,
Plusia bractea Schiff., Pseudoperpna pruinata Hufn., S.
immutata L., Gnophos obscurata Schiff., and Chiasmia clathrata
LL
On July 8 we left the Grand Hotel at Tramore and after a
stop for lunch at Waterford we made for Rosslare, where
we put up at the newly built Great Southern Inn, but it was
far too wet and windy to try the sandhills after dark. The
following day, the 9th, we crossed over to Fishguard, arriving
about 3 p.m., and proceeded via Carmarthen to the Gower
Peninsula, staying the night at Langland Bay in the very well-
appointed Osborne Hotel. After dark, we ran our light in a
very sheltered car park situated in a valley between wooded
cliffs at Caswell Bay. I had marked it down on a visit in 1967
as a most propitious-looking locality which provided us with
45 species up till 12.30 am. Abraxas sylvata Scop. was
especially numerous, as also was C. repandata L. The two
Golden Y’s (Plusia iota L. and P. pulchrina Hiibn.) appeared
with Lophopteryx camelina L., Miltochrista miniata Forst., A.
prasina Schiff. and the geometers Cidaria fulvata Forst.,
Lygris pyraliata Schiff., Anaitis plagiata L., Ligdia adustata
Schiff., and Ewpithecia haworthiata Doubl., also a large female
Hepialus humuli L. was nearly the last visitor. The following
morning, July 10, in very wet conditions we headed into Swan-
sea and on across the Severn Bridge to Chippenham and
Castle Combe for lunch, eventually reaching Surrey after what
had proved to be a very enjoyable and, on the whole, success-
ful trip with two weeks in Eire.
On my return my first outing was on July 12 to Alice
Holt Forest with a temperature of over 80°F. In spite of
arriving at an early hour Apatura iris L. was already flying
COLLECTING LEPIDOPTERA IN BRITAIN DURING 1971 195
at the top of the higher traes, though an occasional one
swooped low, especially the females which were already on
the wing. Thecla quercus L. was plentiful, and there were a
few Limenitis camilla L. That afternoon Plebeius argus L.
was in great plenty on Chobham Common. The 13th saw me
once more at Lucas Green near Bisley, where my light at-
tracted 55 species including Hyloicus pinastri L., Drepana
binaria Hufn., Eilema complana L., Apamea scolopacina Esp.,
Lygephila pastinum Treit., Laspeyria flexula Schiff.,Parastich-
tis suspecta Hiibn., Sterrha sylvestraria Hiibn., Xanthorhoé
quadrifasciaria Clerck., X. unangulata Haworth, and Bupalus
piniaria L. I revisited Alice Holt on the 16th, with the Rev.
Anthony Harbottle and his eldest son. Again, in spite of less
sunny conditions, the Purple Emperors obliged us with quite
a good display round the treetops even in the afternoon. After
another very warm day on the 17th, some fifty species came
to light in my sister’s garden at Virginia Water among which
were several Leucania pudorina Schiff., Cosmia pyralina
Schiff., Apatele megacephala Schiff., A. leporina L., Nycteola
revayana Scop., P. suspecta, X. quadrifasciaria Clerck and
Ellopia fasciaria L.
On July 18, a further very fine day, I set out for East
Suffolk, which I last visited in 1966. Travelling via Colchester
and Ipswich I reached Southwold in the early evening, putting
up at the Randolph Hotel nearby at Reydon which had been
my haven on several previous occasions. That night saw me
and Mr H. E. Chipperfield on the edge of the fresh marsh at
Walberswick where a wartime pillbox still stands. It was mild
and muggy and insects came flocking to the light at once. In
fact it turned possibly the best night for numbers I have had
in this region with no less than 95 species up till 1 am. One
of the most unusual combinations was having a Goat Moth
(Cossus cossus L.), and the Leopard (Zeuzera pyrina L.) on the
sheet together. Besides a female L. populi L., the only Hawk-
moth, P. potatoria L. arrived in plenty soon after dusk with
several Comacla senex Hiibn., and Phragmatobia fuliginosa L.
Among the many noctuids were a number of L. straminea
Treits., and Arenostola phragmitidis Hiibn. together with
Apatele leporina L., Hadena suasa Schiff., Cucullia asteris
Schiff., Graphiphora augur F., Pyrrhia umbra Hufn., Plusia
iota L., and Zanclognatha cribrumalis Hiibn. The geometers
provided many Ewupithecia succenturiata L., Chlorclystis
coronata Hiibn., Philereme vetulata Schiff., a rarity in Suffolk,
Euphyia unangulata Haworth, Chesias rufata F., Cidaria fulvata
Forst., Scopula imitaria Hiibn., Eupithecia linariata Schiff. and
E. haworthiata Doubl. A notable absentee was Nonagria
neurica Hiibn., which only appeared a week later. A very dull
and wet day greeted me on the 19th when I went to Thorpe-
ness in the afternoon, but when later that day it was my night
venue with Mr George Baker, insects flocked to our light.
The operations opened with a remarkable influx of Lygephila
pastinum Treits to be followed by many P. potatoria L. and
196 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/VIL/7T1
some fifty other species until just after midnight. These in-
cluded several Comacla senex, M. neustria L., Euproctis
chrysorrhaea also Coenobia rufa Haworth, Leucania straminea
L., L. pudorina Schiff., X. unangulata, Z. cribrumalis, Pyrrhia
umbra Hufn., Procus literosa Haworth, Cidaria fulvata and
E. succenturiata L. The morning of July 20, a very warm
one, we spent searching local poplar trunks for Sesia apiformis
Clerck, of which there were many emerged pupa cases, but
almost on the last tree we looked at was a newly hatched
female. That evening very little came to light on a marsh on
the outskirts of Southwold. During my three nights in this
area Mr Baker very kindly let me run my static trap in his
garden at Reydon. It attracted just on 600 moths comprising
some 80 species. Among the visitors were several very big
Sphinx ligustri L. as well as L. populi L.,P. potatoria, Euxoa
tritici L., Hadena lepida Esp., H. bicolorata Hufn. (serena
Schiff.), a couple of H. compta Schiff., H. suasa Schiff., Apamea
ophiogramma Esp., Polia nebulosa Hufn., C. rufa, Thalpophila
matura Hufn., L. flexula Schiff., Cucullia umbratica L., Plusia
iota L., Philereme undulata L., Crocallis elinguaria L., Itame
wauaria L., and Bupalus piniaria. On July 21 I made my way
back to Surrey via the Breck area, where I searched a number
of patches of Szlene otites in vain for larvae of Anepia
irregularis Hufn. A large lucerne field in full bloom harboured
very few Whites. On the 23rd, Mr Michael Tweedie paid me
a visit and we went over to Alice Holt in the afternoon and
once more several A. iris were still flying. Also a lot of
Theclus quercus L. In the Petworth area on the 24th many
Ringlets and Meadow Browns were on the wing.
On 26th July I flew to Nice on the Riviera and thence
motored into Spain returning on 11th August with General Sir
George Johnson. The following evening Mr George Woollatt
ran his large m.v. light in his garden near Chobham. Just 40
species of the macros were noted. There had been a big sum-
mer emergence of Harpyia furcula Clerck and half a dozen of
these Kittens arrived on the sheet like small bullets, together
with several Ruby Tigers also Pterostoma palpina Clerck,
Notodonta dromedarius L., Coenobia rufa Haworth, Cosmia
affinis L., Eupithecia linariata Schiff., Deuteronomos fuscan-
taria Stephens, and Hepialus sylvina L. Some very warm
weather was prevalent in the middle of August when I paid a
further visit to the New Forest on the 18th, staying again with
Admiral Torlesse. In spite of a downpour that evening quite a
concourse appeared at our lights in Rhinefields especially of
Lymantria monacha L. and Eilema deplana Esp. Among the
few Geometers were Cosymbia linearia Hiibn. and Semiothisa
alternaria Schiff. which also appeared in my host’s trap at
Sway. Many insects also graced Mr A. Russwurm’s trap in
Brockenhurst and once again there were several Sallow
Kittens. The weather conditions were very unfavourable on
the 19th when I went to see Mr Gilbert Nixon who has just
come to live near Rhinefield House. Many pupae of Polygonia
COLLECTING LEPIDOPTERA IN BRITAIN DURING 1971 197
c-album L. were hanging on a batch of nettles and also parts
of his greenhouse, and it was most encouraging to learn that
he had recently seen several ab valezina of Argynnis paphia L.
together on a bramble clump in his garden. August 21 saw me
once more in Kent on a late summer visit with headquarters
at Appledore, where I ran my static trap to very good advan-
tage. The evening of the 22nd Mr Michael Tweedie accom-
panied me to collect at Dungeness where we had as usual a
number of Grass Eggars of both sexes to light with several
Ruby Tigers and Epirrhoé galiata Schiff. Very little of note
was on the wing in the Folkestone district on the 23rd, but at
night I saw a number of insects at light by the Military Canal
at Appledore including Elephant Hawks and Drinkers, also
Eilema griseola Hiibn. Running the static trap the three nights
produced over seven hundred moths including some 450 on the
23rd. There were a good many Arctia caja L. with several
Nonagria sparganii Esp. also Arenostola pygmina Haworth,
Amathes sexstrigata Haworth, Amphipyra berbera Rungs and
A. pyramidea L., Caradrina ambigua Schiff., Plusia festucae L.,
Catocala nupta L. and D fuscantaria. I travelled back to Surrey
on a very fine and sultry day stopping en route on the downs
near Gomshall where I met Mr Russell Bretherton and we were
pleased to find a number of Hesperia comma L. still flying, as it
had had a very good comeback in several of its old haunts.
There were quite a number of Lysandra coridon Poda on the
wing with Polyommatus icarus Rott. and Aricia agestis Schiff.
I was at Shoreham in Sussex on the 26th. Chalk-hill Blues were
still in fair plenty with a number of fresh ones and also a
very promising emergence of Lysandra bellargus Rott. More
warm weather ended the month when I went, on the 29th, to
the Hague to attend the International Ornithological Congress
which lasted the subsequent week till 6th September.
The first fortnight of September was far from propitious
with very cool and windy period when little profitable collect-
ing was carried out nor was anything special on the wing when
I stayed with my relations near Blandford on the 12th. How-
ever, a very marked change began during the second half of
this month and welcomed Mr Bretherton and myself when we
motored to our favoured part of South Devon at Hope Cove on
18th September, a very warm day. In fact it turned out one of
the most glorious weekend periods I can remember at this time
of the year with daily temperatures in the 70’s. The following
morning we walked down Soar Mill Cove in the direction of
Salcombe, where many Aglais urticae L. were flying on
valerian with a large number of Whites, mostly Pieris napi L.
and Pararge aegeria L. The afternoon we visited the sandhills
at Bantham where we found a bower of ivy smothered with
Red Admirals and accompanied by a couple of Painted Ladies.
A further superb day greeted us on the 20th with the thermo-
meter at just 80°F when we walked over the downs near Bolt
Tail where many fresh Pieris napi and P. aegeria were to be
seen, but searching under rock spurrey along a wall failed to
198 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/VII/71
yield any larvae or pupae of Hadena barrettii Doubl. and it was
surprising that no full-fed larvae of the Fox Moth were sunning
themselves on the cliffs. That evening we went over to Slapton
to visit Mr Geoffrey Cole who set up two Heath traps in his
garden besides his static mercury vapour one which later that
night attracted a couple of Eupithecia phoeniceata and in the
morning he found a huge Convolvulus Hawk at rest on one of
his windows nearby. Our final day in this delightful region
was also spent with Mr Cole at Slapton along the undercliff
which was alive with Pyrameis atalanta L., P. cardui L., A.
urticae L., the three common Whites and even P. icarus Rott.
and Heodes phlaeas L., but there was no sign of Clouded
Yellows. Our static trap run as before outside the Cottage
Hotel at Hope Cove attracted just 400 insects in the four
nights. Among the more interesting visitors were several
Peridroma porphyrea Schiff. (saucia Hiibn.), Leucania l-album
L., Gortyna flavago Schiff., Eumichtis lichenea Hiibn. and
Scopula promutata Guen, also single examples of Rhizedra
lutosa Hiibn., Amathes glareosa Esp., Antitype xanthomista
Hiibn. and A. flavicincta Schiff. as well as quite a visitation of
Plusia gamma L. on the last two nights. This usually very
prevalent insect had been hitherto very scarce. We had
searched local ivy bioom after dark, but it was virtually de-
serted. We set out from Devon early on 22nd September on
yet another grand day and made our way via Bridport, Dor-
chester and Ringwood to the New Forest where tried in vain
for larvae of Cosymbia orbicularia Hiibn. on sallow in a spot
where it used to be fairly common. Later that day we continued
our journey back to Surrey after a very enjoyable sojourn in
the south-west.
The last week of the month was still favoured with summer
weather with just over 80° F registered on the 28th, but con-
ditions deteriorated at the start of October. However, they
improved when I joined Mr and Mrs J. A. C. Greenwood at
Swanage on the 9th for what was virtually the last long-
distance venture of the season. That night produced a couple
of Lithophane leautieri Boisd. to Heath lights placed under
some large macrocarpa trees, while the static trap, set also in
this vicinity, attracted several more of this species which seems
to be increasing its range rapidly in the south of England.
Leucania l-album L. was once more well to the fore with G.
flavago and E. lichenea, also Aporophyla nigra Haworth and
Omphaloscelis lunosa Haworth. Our second night did not pro-
duce any more L. leautieri. After I had returned to Surrey on
11th October the warm spell again set in and a number of
insects came to light at Virginia Water the next night, includ-
ing Tiliacea aurago Schiff. and T. citrago L. The rest of
October was on the whole very mild and sunny, but providing
a distinct paucity of autumn insects. November too was con-
genial with very few frosts. Our final operations of the season
saw me and Mr R. Bretherton on the down at Ranmore Com-
mon on 20th November when we had a few Poecilocampa
PROBLEMS AROUND VANESSA ATALANTA LINNAEUS 199
populi L. to light with some Erannis aurantiaria Hiibn. and the
two Winter moths (Operophtera boreata Hibn. and O.
brumaia L.) but no Ptilophora plumigera Schiff. were forth-
coming, though large numbers of this insect were seen in the
Chilterns in mid-November.
Thus ended a very mixed year which started with a very
late spring but eventually had a very warm and prolonged
summer with a spate of butterflies at the height of the season.
The Hairstreaks above all had a very prolific year, especially
the Black and White-lettered (Strymonidia pruni L. and S.
w-album Knoch.) which were both more abundant than they
had been for a great many years. But on the negative side was
the remarkable absence of most of the commoner migrant
species, notably Painted Ladies and the Clouded Yellow which
was virtually unrecorded in 1970. Even the Silver-Y was quite
a rarity and hardly any of the normal noctuid migrants ap-
peared. Three Oaks Shore’s Road. _5.iv.71
Problems around Vanessa atalanta Linnaeus
By B. J. LEMPKE
Although after the publication of Williams’ classical book
(1930) a considerable number of data have been collected about
our migrating Lepidoptera, many problems still remain to be
solved. There is hardly any species the complete history of
which is exactly known. A good example of this is offered by
Vanessa atalanta. Its life history during the summer months
was already described more than two centuries ago. But for
the rest hardly any progress has been made.
First there is the question of overwintering. Is the Red
Admiral capable of doing so in our latitude? If so to what
extent, and have specimens observed here in winter any chance
of breeding in spring? From proofs we know that there is
very little chance for the butterfly to survive the period from
November to May here. I shall only quote a few authors who
tried to make it do so rather recently. Jacobs (1957) writes
that the butterfly never really enters into diapause, it only
rests. Even in strong frost it is immediately active when it is
touched, and opens it wings. Specimens which do not react in
that way, when they are carefully touched, are dead. All
specimens, also those which hibernated in a frost-free cellar,
died in the course of January and February. The author con-
cludes that the species cannot survive the five winter months
in northern Germany without taking food. It has no diapause,
and is only capable of passing a rather long period of bad
weather in a state of rest. The least sun beam activates it at
once, even at a rather low temperature, and it is capable of
flying away.
Burmann (1964) had the same experience at Innsbruck. 40
specimens placed in a dark cellar all died from mid January;
none was alive at the beginning of February. But specimens
of Gonepteryx rhamni and Aglais urticae remained alive under
200 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD 15/VII/71
the same circumstances.
Roer (1961), who made a thorough study of the butterfly, in
September-October 1955 placed 450 specimens in a cold-
storage chamber at a temperature of 3°C. Half of them were
fed every fortnight after they had been brought into a warmer
room. The other half was not fed and died after a few weeks.
Those of the first group lived longer, but only two of them
survived the winter and lived till May. If we take into account
that all these trials were made under very favourable circum-
stances (no frost, no snow), it is clear that the chance of over-
wintering under natural circumstances is very small for the
butterfly here. The former keeper of the insectarium of the
Amsterdam Zoo repeatedly tried to bring them through in the
winter, but he had never any success, although other species,
like Aglais urticae, presented no difficulties. Newman writes
(1911) that he only succeeded to overwinter Vanessa atalanta
by keeping the butterflies in a frost-free room and by feeding
them regularly.
Especially Jacob’s conclusions are fully in accordance with
the experience of Elliot at the Cote d’ Azur, of which he gave
an excellent summary in 1953. He observed that the butterfly
flies the whole winter in small numbers, feeding on cultivated
and wild flowers, hiding in the usually short periods of bad
weather, but reappearing when the thermometer rises above
9°C. in the shade. Tutt (1897), quotes Chapman who passed
the months of January and February 1897 at Cannes, and wrote
that the same specimens very probably flew the whole winter
in the same places, overwintering, not hatching or laying eggs,
nor hiding except on dark and cold days. Mrs Muspratt (1950)
noticed the same habits at St Jean-de-Luz (between Biarritz
and the Spanish frontier).
From 1940 we have a continuous series of data in the
Netherlands. In this period of 31 years V. atalanta was
observed five times in December (one flying in 1942, one in a
garrett in 1948, three in a hothouse in 1953 and 1954). Two
were met with in January (1949 and 1962, both indoors). Eight
were observed in February (partly indoors, partly flying) and
no less than 69 in March, most of them flying. (On January
1926 one was seen flying over the snow at a temperature of
ay CH
It is not easy to compare these figures with the British
ones. Captain Dannreuther composed the reports from 1931-
1950. He did not always state the figures for the first three
months of the year separately. In French’s reports (1951-1965)
we do find them, but this is only a period of 15 years. The
totals are: January 9 (eight of which in 1960), February 16,
March 50. Plus an unknown number in 1953, mentioned in
Entomologists’ Rec. J. Var., 65: 142, 1953. From this it is at
any rate clear that the British figures are higher than the
Dutch ones. But practically all obeservations were made in
the southern counties of England, which have a more favour-
able climate than the Netherlands. There is no distinct
PROBLEMS AROUND VANESSA ATALANTA LINNAEUS 201
correlation between the two groups of figures.
A number of the February and March specimens were seen
in or shortly after a period of fine weather with a temperature
several degrees above normal. It is therefore quite possible
that they had arrived with a subtropical air current. I[t might
be interesting to compare the English early observations also
with the weather conditions. I should not be surprised if here
too part of them would more or less coincide with periods of
temperatures above normal.
There is of course as a rule no proof whatever that speci-
mens found indoors had been there from the end of the pre-
ceding autumn. They may have entered when a door or win-
dow was open to seek shelter from less favourable weather
just as the butterflies do in southern Europe. Furthermore the
winter observations (including those of March) seem to be a
group in themselves. They are nearly always separated by a
period of two or more weeks from the April ones when the
normal series of observations begins. The British reports also
often show a rather long period between the two groups. So
far there is no proof that the February or March specimens
will live long enough to reproduce at the end of April or the
beginning of May.
I think we may conclude at present that some of the autumn
,specimens try to overwinter here and there may be a small
possibility of success, the same as with Autographa gamma,
caterpillars of which are found sometimes in the Netherlands
surviving the winter even in periods of frost and snow.
Remigration. Of all migrants Vanessa atalanta has shown
most return flights in the Netherlands. There are only few
years without any observation of them. They are of course
most numerous in years of abundance (1950, 1959, 1961, 1964,
1966). But even in the poor year 1970 there was one observa-
tion. Most cases were seen in the second half of August, but
especially in September and the beginning of October. It is
principally the autumn brood that remigrates, not the summer
one. Specimens belonging to the latter generation and re-
cognizable by some feature, were sometimes observed for
several weeks on or near the same spot.
It is unknown where all these southwards flying specimens
go to. Roer (1961) tried to throw some light on this problem
by marking more than 1700 specimens in August-October 1957-
1960 and releasing them in the neighbourhood of Bonn. The
results were very poor. Only three specimens were caught
back at some distance (5, 16 and 16 km), all SSW of the place
where they had been liberated, but 10, 13 and 21, days after-
wards. Several specimens remained in the vicinity and were
regularly seen on a field of single dahlias. Roer concluded that
the southward flights are of little importance for the species.
But it is not necessary that our remigrants reach the shores of
the Mediterranean. As Johnson (1969) points out in his
magnificent book it suffices if only part of them reach a terri-
tory where they can survive. And it is quite certain that
202 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/VII/71
specimens from central France or still more southward reach
such places. The same holds good for specimens crossing the
Alps.
But Dr Roer did more. If, he said, Vanessa atalanta reaches
us in spring from the south, there must be localities where it is
so common that they can furnish the migrants. He therefore
visited in the spring and autumn of 1956-1959 many places on
the southern and northern shores of the Mediterranean, but
failed to find such localities. There were of course Red
Admirals, but never in great numbers, and nowhere could an
inclination for northern flights be detected in the spring. All
this led him to the conclusion that atalanta is not a migrant at
all, but that our summer and autumn generations are the
descendants of the winter survivors.
I do not think that this conclusion is correct. The normal
Dutch spring generation develops as follows. It is as a rule
observed from the second half of April till the end of June
(and flying stragglers often still in July), it is rare in April (one
or a few per day with gaps between), in May a little better
and gradually with less gaps, but the peak (as a rule only a
small one!) is sometimes reached about 10th June, not seldom
however only in the second half of the month. But this is not
in accordance with the conduct of a true hibernator! Aglais
urticae e.g. is most seen on fine days in April and gradually ,
disappears in the course of May. Elliot writes (1953) that he
never saw atalanta from June till September, but every October
a number came from somewhere and remained in the garden
(at Cavalaire-sur-Mer, Var). This points to the possibility that
the species emigrates there.
Autumn migrations of Vanessa atalanta across the Pyrenees
from France to Spain are well-known, but so far we have no
information about spring migrations in the opposite direction.
Mrs Muspratt (1946) camped in the Hautes-Pyrénées from 27th
June-15th July 1946, but she only mentions Colias crocea and
Autographa gamma. This period is however much too late for
the observation of spring migrations of Vanessa atalanta, if
there are any in this part of the Pyrenees. Marten (1956) gives
a list of species he saw migrating in Spain. Among them is
the Red Admiral, but there are no particulars.
According to the literature there are many places in South-
Europe and North-Africa where the butterfly is uncommon. But
locally this is not always so. Fletcher (1904-1905) writes that
it is “common throughout the year” in Malta. Roell (1953)
found it common in the Sierra Alfacar near Granada in June
1952, Smith (1953) in October 1951 at Bellver on Majorca.
Johnson (1944) found atalanta very common near Sulmona in
Central Italy, only in January it failed completely. And prob-
ably other communications may be found in literature.
Moreover the species must migrate in spring in such small
numbers that it is as a rule hardly possible to see anything of
it. I know of only one observation in the Netherlands. On
24th June 1956, 16 specimens were seen on the island of
PROBLEMS AROUND VANESSA ATALANTA LINNAEUS 203
Terschelling (north of Friesland) flying in a north-eastern
direction. Interesting are also two specimens caught on the
lightship Noord Hinder (about 70 km west of Flushing) on 15th
June 1957 and 15th June 1958. (Gibbs—in Williams et al.,
1942—mentions the species from eight out of ten English light-
ships, a number which it only shares with Pieris brassicae, P.
rapae and Autographa gamma, all well-known migrants). No
doubt the summer generation may also be reinforced by immi-
gration from the south, as is proved by an observation of about
3000 specimens passing in nearly two hours near Zaandam
(north-west of Amsterdam) on 26th August 1950 and flying in a
northern direction.
The yearly totals strongly fluctuate both in the British Isles
and in the Netherlands. But the differences between the two
countries are very striking. The British totals are often much
lower than those of the Netherlands as may be seen when we
compare the figures for the period 1960-1965.
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965
British totals 3,700 940 610 325 6,500 080
Netherlands totals 9,500 18,700 7,000 2,800 135,000 2,300
This is the more striking as the number of British coopera-
tors is much larger than that of the Netherlands and as the
climate of the British south coast is decidedly milder than the
Dutch one.
Elliot is of opinion that V. atalanta can only safely over-
winter in localities where also the olive tree can grow. One
of the first things we must try to find out is if this is really
true. It is a pity that so little is known of the habits of the
species in Spain. Manley and Allcard (1970) in their otherwise
fine book only dedicate four lines to the species plus two for
the caterpillar. There is not the slightest indication about the
degree in which the butterfly was met with.
Every spring the immigration must take place in a broad
front ranging from West to East Europe and yet hardly any-
thing is known about the origin of all these specimens. I can
only indicate the gaps in our knowledge. But I hope that they
will gradually disappear through the cooperation of the
lepidopterists interested in such problems.
REFERENCES
Burmann, K., 1964. Wanderfalterbeobachtungen 1961 und 1962. Nachr.
Bl. bayer. Ent., 13: 65-70.
Dannreuther, T., 1932-1952. Migration Records, 1931-1951. Entomologist,
65-85.
Elliot, N., 1953. Overwintering of migrant Lepdioptera on the Céte d’
Azur. Entomologist, 86: 118-125.
Fletcher, T. B., 1904-1905. A preliminary list of the Lepidoptera of
Malta. Entomologist, 37: 273-276, 315-319; 38: 18-20.
French, R. A., 1953-1968. Migration Records, 1952-1965. Entomologist,
86-101.
Jacobs, W., 1957. Eine Spatzucht von Pyrameis atalanta L. Ent. Z,
Frankf. a. M., 67: 195-199.
204 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/VII/71
Johnson, C. G., 1969. Migration and Dispersal of Insects by Flight.
Johnson, G. F., 1944. Notes on some Lepidoptera of an Italian garden.
Entomologist, 77: 149-154.
Mannley, W. B. L., & H. G. Alleard, 1970. A field guide to the butter-
flies and burnets of Spain.
Marten, W., 1956. Wanderfluge, Suchfluge und gerichtete Fliige bei
Schmetterlingen. Ent. Z. Frankf. a. M., 66: 217-231, 237-239,
248-252.
Muspratt, V., 1946. Migrations de Lépidopteres a Saint-Juan-de-Luz
(Basses-Pyrénées) en juin, et dans les Hautes-Pyrénées en juin-
juillet 1946. Rev. fr. Lép., 10: 355-366.
, 1950. The behaviour of Colias crocea at St. Jean-de-Luz in
winter. Entomologist, 83: 217-224.
Newman, L. W., 1911. The Hybernation of Vanessa atalanta in captivity.
Trans. ent. Soc. Lond.: 173-174.
Roell, L., 1953. Beitrag zur Lepidopterenfauna Andalusiens. Ent. Z.
Frankf. a. M., 63: 33-38, 41-48, 52-55.
Roer, H., 1961. Zur Kenntnis der Populationsdynamik und des
Migrationsverhaltens von Vanessa atalanta L. im palaarktischen
Raum. Beitr. Ent., 11: 594-613.
Smith, D., 1953. Butterflies seen in Majorca during October 1951.
Entomologist, 86: 29-31.
Tutt, J. W., 1897. On a collection of Spring Rhopaocera made in the
Riviera, with some considerations considering the hybernation
stage of certain butterflies. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var., 9:
249-255, 279-282.
Williams, C. B., 1930. The migration of butterflies.
Williams, C. B., G. F. Cockbill, M. E. Gibbs and J. A. Downes, 1942.
Studies in the migration of Lepidoptera. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond.,
92: 101-283.
Amsterdam 1010, Oude Yselstraat 121II.
The Moths of Wimbledon: Further Captures
1962-1970
By J. V. Dactg, M.D.
In 1962 I recorded in the Entomologist’s Record (74, 109) a
list of 300 species of moths (macrolepidoptera) taken in
Wimbledon in the 6 years 1956-61. The majority were caught
in a mercury vapour trap run in my garden while a few species
were taken on Wimbledon Common which is about 1, mile
away. Between the two is a residential area in which most of
the houses have large gardens. The present communication
lists 32 additional species taken between 1962-70 and brings the
total of personally taken species to 332.
The nomenclature and order of arrangement in the follow-
ing list are those of Heslop (1964).
SPHINGIDAE: 1 species
Hyloicus pinastri L., 1 only, 12.7.70.
THE MOTHS OF WIMBLEDON 205
NOTODONTIDAE: 1 species
Notodonta ziczac L., 1 only, 22.5.65.
THYATIRIDAE: 1 species
Polyploca ridens F., 1 only, 7.5.62.
LYMANTRIIDAE: 1 species
Euproctis similis Fuessl., 1 only, 9.8.70.
ARCTIIDAE: 1 species
Cybosia mesomella L., 1 only, 30.6.68.
ZYGAENIDAE: 1 species
Zygaena filipendulae L., Wimbledon Common, 16.7.63.
NOCTUIDAE: 11 species
Euschesis interjecta Hiibn., 1 only, 9.8.70.
Panolis flammea Schiff., several, 1965-66, 1968.
Leucania pudorina Schiff., several, 1963-64, 1967.
Apamea sublustris Esp., 1 only, 28.6.64.
Cosmia diffinis L., several, 1966-67, 1970.
Agrochola lota Clerck, several, 1962-63.
Agrochola macilenta Hibn., several, 1970.
Citria lutea Stroem, 1 only, 21.9.63.
Ectypa glyphica L., Wimbledon Common, 1962.
Plusia pulchrina Haw., several, 1963-70.
Rivula sericealis Scop., several, 1968-69.
GEOMETRIDAE: 15 species
Sterrha emarginata L., 1 only, 16.7.67.
Rhodometra sacraria L., 1 only, 11.9.66.
Xanthorhoe ferrugata Clerck, several, 1964-68.
Xanthorhoe designata Hufn., 1 only, 13.5.64.
Perizoma flavofasciata Thunb., 1 only, 10.6.65.
Philereme transversata Hufn., 1 only, 16.7.64.
Chesias legatella Schiff., 1 only, 13.10.70.
Anaitis plagiata L., several, 1969-70.
Hydrelia flammeolaria Hufn., 2 only, 1969-70.
Eupithecia millefoliata Rossl., 2 only, 16.7.61, 24.7.67.
Eupithecia castigata Hiibn., several, 1963, 1965-66.
Eupithecia fraxinata Crewe, 1 only, 14.6.65.
Ectropis biundularia Borkh., 1 only, 6.9.70.
Ectropis crepuscularia Schiff., 1 only, 29.4.70.
Ematurga atomaria L., several, Wimbledon Common, 11.6.62.
Of the above 32 “new” species 19 were recorded as being
found in Wimbledon or Wimbledon Common by de Worms
(1954-57) in his Moths of London and its Surroundings, Parts
I-V and in the Supplements to these lists published in 1959 and
1960; 12 of the records, however, refer to insects listed in the
1898 List of London Lepidoptera compiled by the City of
London Entomological Society.
Another interesting list of Wimbledon Moths has been
206 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/VII/71
made available to me through the courtesy of Mr L. J. M.
Wakely. This list comprises the species caught by his father
Sir Leonard Wakely between 1910 and 1959. Out of 212
species, 17 have not been taken by me. It may be added per-
haps that in de Worms’s list there are a further 49 species not
yet caught or observed by me in the Wimbledon area. Again,
however, 25 of these species have not been recorded subse-
quent to 1898 and a further 9 species not since 1905. Adding
these figures together the total number of species, past and
present, recorded from Wimbledon practically reaches 400. 332
in my lists, 17 additional species taken by Sir Leonard Wakely,
and 49 further species listed by de Worms, 34 of which are old
(pre-1905) records. How many of the insects not noticed since
near the end of the last century persist in the area is a matter
of speculation. Many, unfortunately, seem likely to have dis-
appeared for good.
In my earlier report (1962) I estimated that the number of
species still to be found in the Wimbledon area was unlikely to
exceed 350. The last 9 years’ experience tends to support this
contention. That well over one-third of the total species of
macrolepidoptera in the British List (Heslop 1964) have been
noted in the Wimbledon area in the last 15 years is, neverthe-
less, quite remarkable, bearing in mind the progressive urban-
ization of the district and the closeness of Wimbledon to the
centre of London. Fortunately, Wimbledon Common, and
adjacent Putney Heath and Richmond Park, still, no doubt, act
as valuable reservoirs from which species can spread into the
gardens in the neighbouring built up areas.
REFERENCES
Dacie, J. V., 1962. The Moths of Wimbledon. Ent. Rec., 74: 109-117.
de Worms, C. G. M., 1953. The Moths of London and its Surroundings.
Lond. Naturalist, 33: 101-146.
de Worms, C. G. M., 1954. The Moths of London and its Surroundings.
Lond. Naturalist, 34: 66-107.
de Worms, C. G. M., 1955. The Moths of London and its Surroundings.
Lond. Naturalist, 35: 33-76.
de Worms, C. G. M., 1956. The Moths of London and its Surroundings.
Lond. Naturalist, 36: 59-99.
de Worms, C. G. M., 1957. The Moths of London and its Surroundings.
Lond. Naturalist, 37: 136-178.
de Worms, C. G. M., 1958. A Supplement to the Butterflies and Moths
of London and its Surroundings. Part I. Lond. Naturalist, 38:
33-50.
de Worms, C. G. M., 1959. A Supplement to the Butterflies and Moths
of London and its Surroundings. Part II. Lond. Naturalist, 39:
99-129.
Heslop, I. R. P., 1964. Revised Indexed Check-List of the British
Lepidoptera, with the English Name of each of the 2,404 Species.
Library Edition, Entomologist’s Gazette.
10 Alan Road, Wimbledon, London, S.W. 19.
A MODEL FOR TEMPORAL SUB-SPECIATION 207
A Model for Temporal Sub-speciation
By R. L. H. DENNIS
This note is in appreciation of Mr G. Thomson’s recent
article on the same subject (antea: 87). I felt it might be
useful to construct a model for temporal sub-speciation on
current genetic theory, and it seems, on the face of it, that this
is both possible and feasible. I hope then, that this note will
provide a basis for any research into the subject, as well as
explaining certain aspects of the whole phenomenon.
The main features of Mr Thomson’s article were—firstly,
the tendency towards a reduction in numbers in the univoltine
brood in late August and early September, and the emergence
of a second brood as a bivoltine inclination post that date; and
secondly, the four major series of features (morphological)
connected with the second brood which distinguish them from
the usual series; these can be absorbed in the model.
The initial feature is the long flight period of Maniola
jurtina (L.) (Satyridae), which is as he states occasionally from
late June into the middle of October on the Isle of Wight. The
model and the whole hypothesis demand a break in this
sequence; an isolation barrier to divide a sympatric species into
allochronic sections giving rise to sub-speciation. This can arise
in the form of selective pressures operating in the middle of
the flight period, which in the case of the Isle of Wight popula-
tion would be slightly asymmetrical on the temporal scale (late
August/early September). The whole process, however, can
result initially as a genetic extension of a gaussian occurrence,
assuming that the frequency of emergence in the flight period
approaches this pattern. Certain specimens may occasion to
emerge late via a random genetic endowment, and may, by
mating continue the trend, but this would depend on a number
of factors which need not concern us here. However, for the
two broods to separate, as it were, a selection barrier prevent-
ing the continuum is essential. For speciation, an extension
of the theory, a complete barrier to gene flow must develop,
or be built up in the genome of either brood.
The model proposed here depends, or makes the initial
assumption that the emergence time is governed by a series of
loci and alleles, whether closely linked or not. In fact, though
one would suspect more in reality, as many as two alleles for
two loci may be utilized for our purposes here, since with in-
creasing either of these, the simple model given becomes over-
crowded cartographically.
With 2 alleles and 2 loci, nine genotypes are available. If
this was to be extended to 3 loci, then 27 genotypes would be
available and with 4, 81 genotypes, and this without altering
the number of alleles, so it is evident, that with increasing
the number of alleles and/or loci, a hoard of genetic variability
is made available.
208 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/VII/71
The genotype numbers are easily calculated from :—
Genotypes N=n(n+1) n=alleles
2
and with L loci, NL genotypes.
So, in our model, if we take 2 loci A and B with two alleles
A/A' B/B! (without dominance effect, as with this small num-
ber of alleles and loci it would alter the results considerably)
and allot to A and B early emergence, and to A! and B'! late
emergence, the system can be built up whereby there is selec-
tion against the intermediate genotypes, as indicated in the
diagram, Fig. 1.
MODEL FOR TEMPORAL
SUB SPECIATION
SELECTION
INBREEDING
HOMOZYGOSIT Y
DIFFERENTIAL + OR = SELECTION
INBREEDING
HOMOZYGOSITY
DIFFERENTIAL + OR — SELECTION
AAlBey A'A' BIB!
AlA'BBI
4)
BARRIER
Selection, then, operates against A'AB'B, AA'BB', AAB'B!,
and A'A'BB in the model. The important function of the isola-
tion (selection) barrier is that by separating two groups, it
leads to inbreeding in the two allochronic populations, which
in turn leads to homozygosity. Any intermediate values that
these two broods produce will be eliminated, whilst if the late
series produce 3 early facets, or in the early series 3 late facets,
then these will add to the gene pool of the other, and avoid the
barrier. In other words, gene flow does occur but operates to
‘purify’ the two broods. Of course in this simple 2 allelic/2 loci
system, the end series contain so few a number of variables,
that they cannot produce three facets that determine the other
brood.
i.e., AA'B'B! X A'A'BB! can only give AA'BB!, AA'B'B!,
A'A'BB', and A'A'B'B'; the first of which ends up in the selec-
tion barrier and the final 3 in the late emergence category,
from which they originated.
It will also be readily apparent that the two populations
A MODEL FOR TEMPORAL SUB-SPECIATION 209
now to a certain extent isolated may also be under different
selective pressures themselves; quite different from the
original selective barrier hypothesized. Two things might be
happening in conjunction or separately. Either the features
that are associated with the late emergence (such as smaller
size, fulvous more extensive, UN considerably darker and more
striate, and a smaller apical spot in the °°) are part of the
genetic endowment that distinguish the two groups temporally
—TI mean that the genes are pleiotropic in effect and that the
genes for late emergence also affect other (morphological)
differences—; or there is a second selective demand on the
genome of the temporal populations that affects the frequency
of certain genes also pleiotrophic for morphological character-
istics. Finally both of these pressures may be operating in
unison. It is interesting to reflect tha both Eumenis semele
thyone Thompson and Plebejus argus caernensis Thompson
emerge earlier than their respective species colonies elsewhere
in Great Britain, and are also significantly smaller. The import-
ant feature of the barrier is that the single brood no longer
adjusts itself to the demands of the environment of the whole
flight period, but is now separated into bivoltine units each
deme separately adapting itself to the same spatial but tem-
porally differential conditions.
A situation may also occur, unlike the negative pressures
postulated on the bivoltine series above, but where the end
ranges of the emergence sequence are favoured,—I mean in
respect of the flight period without the selection barrier. How-
ever, even if this was so, it would still require some deleterious
selection in the mid part of the range to allow the segregation
of the two broods.
Of course this simple model leaves many questions un-
answered. Among them, how many alleles and loci are opera-
tive, and what are the selection pressures? It is easy to see
that with few loci, the effects of dominance, close linkage et
cetera will have a profound effect on the model, and so with 2
loci, such a model would face severe difficulties. But with the
geometric increase of genotypes, which can be calculated from
the simple method I gave earlier, then with 4 loci/2 alleles, the
amount of genetic variability would give the considerable range
of divergence for the model to operate, even in the face of
Mendelian offsetting or enhancing effects.
As for the selection pressures, these must be analyzed in the
field. This population on the Isle of Wight differs by some
factor(s) from other populations there. Perhaps the interest-
ing point is not just the fresh late emerging specimens inclin-
ing to a second brood, but also the reduction in numbers that
‘may or may not occur’ at the end of August and early Septem-
ber. If this does indeed reflect on heavier selection in this
period, through the multiple, as it were, we can follow the
situation in the diagram. It will be ineresting to see, as Mr
Thomson points out, the numerical data associated with these
210 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/VII/71
changes over a few years. It seems that with the close
similarity in morphological changes associated with the late
brood that a reasonably uniform mechanism is the cause of the
phenomenon. It would be valuable to collect environmental
data from these and surrounding colonies, from the macro
scale of lithology, climatic data and notes on available food-
plants et cetera in case these indicate effective forces; to de-
tailed work on the differences through the flight period in the
insects themselves.
It must be obvious by now, that there is a further possibility.
The selection may not be in the mid part of the flight period at
all, but may operate as selective selection on certain genotypes
in the larval stage say; and the genotypes removed may be
pleiotropic for the selective factor and mid flight emergence;
i.e. the mid flight period emergence types (controlled by certain
genotypes) may also be susceptible to selection pressures of a
different nature much earlier in their existence, effecting the
same genotypes. So it is wise to remember that in the diagram
it is the effect of the selection barrier in the mid part of the
flight period, though the selection itself may be operating at
some other time of the year on a different stage of meta-
morphosis. On this note, the subject may for the moment
be closed.
93 Abbey Road, Rhos-on-Sea, Colwyn Bay, N. Wales.
A Review of the Butterflies of the Bristol Area
by A. D. R. Brown
(continued from p. 108)
Argynnis paphia Linn. (Silver Washed Fritillary)
Although the Silver Washed Fritillary is on the decline
generally in the rest of the country, the signs are most encour:
aging in West Gloucestershire. Its potential in the Forest of
Dean is tremendous, and we know of several good sightings
from the areas around Monmouth. The situation is the same
along the wooded areas of the Cotswold Hills, and we are just
beginning to discover new haunts where it had previously been
overlooked. In the Nature Reserve at Wetmoor, it is seen in
most years but is not common.
Individual specimens have been seen from time to time at
several places in North Somerset, but its future prospects do
not look so good. It is probable that many of these isolated
specimens have originated from the deciduous woodlands near
Tickenham, but the MS motorway development scheme has
recently devastated this region. Once again, Goblin Combe is
another well known locality for this species, but its numbers
vary from one year to the next.
BUTTERFLIES IN THE BRISTOL AREA 211
Argynnis aglaia Linn. (Dark Green Fritillary)
This species is more widely distributed than the previous
one owing to the larger areas of its habitat. In places such as
Dursley and Wotton-under-Edge in the Cotswolds, it is seen
most years, but its numbers appear to vary. We know of many
more localities in North Somerset, especially in the Mendip
Hills where it is particularly fond of the rough marshy pastures
around the deserted lead mines. Occasionally, extreme melanic
specimens have been captured here, but none have been taken
in recent years. Goblin Combe provides another ideal habitat
for the Dark Green Fritillary, and this butterfly is seen here in
strength every year. During 1970 some superb dark females
were observed, not unlike sub-species scotica from northern
Scotland. Reports are frequently received of observations from
the coastal stretches near Brean, as well as from the hills
behind Clevedon. We rarely find records or discoveries of new
localities, since most of our material is repetitive from one
season to the next. As far as can be made out the status of
this species is somewhat static at this time in the West of
England.
Argynnis cydippe Linn. (High Brown Fritillary)
The only locality known at present in either of the two
vice-counties is Goblin Combe in North Somerset. It is ex-
tremely likely that the High Brown Fritillary occurs in the
Forest of Dean and various other places, but a good deal of
work in this line has yet to be done. It is highly probable that
many of our records of the Dark Green Fritillary (Argynnis
aglaia Linn.) have been mistaken for this species, as this con-
fusion commonly arises. In Goblin Combe itself, it is quite
scarce and never more than three specimens have been re-
corded on any one occasion. This butterfly certainly needs all
the protection it can get, and the problem is by no means a
local one.
Vanessa atalanta Linn. (Red Admiral)
Many reports are received each year usually of individual
specimens, but 1964 and 1969 stand out conspicuously, owing
to the immense numbers of these butterflies which were
observed during the late summer and autumns of those years.
Clumps of Michaelmas Daisies and other plants were literally
covered with them, and they stayed with us right up into the
middle of November. It is worth noting that sightings of
specimens seen on the wing during the early summer are
seldom sent in, and so the apparent abundance now and again
in the autumn brood may be due to the fine hot summer
months of those years.
Vanessa cardui Linn. (Painted Lady)
Being also a regular migrant, the Painted Lady followed
the example of the previous species and was especially abun-
dant during the latter parts of 1964 and 1969. However, in
212 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/Vily 7
contrast we received many more reports of spring sightings,
especially groups of butterflies moving northwards during May.
These observations were concentrated from the North Somer-
set coast and along the Severn Estuary to Crook Peak, inland
from Weston-super-Mare. On the whole, this species does not
stay on the wing as long as the Red Admiral (Vanessa atalanta
Linn.), since we have no reports from mid-November.
Aglais urticae Linn. (Small Tortoishell)
The Small Tortoishell butterfly, although common in most
years, reaches a peak now and again during which time speci-
mens have been counted in their hundreds. 1964 was one such
year when it was probable that a third generation took place; in
mid-September no fewer than 150 individuals were noted at
Blagdon Lake in North Somerset, where they were visiting
Water Mint flowers on the shore.
In 1968 a similar occurrence took place, and the butterflies
‘swarmed’ everywhere during the second generation. Earlier
in the year larvae were to be found in profusion, and several
good aberrations were bred from collected wild stock. Speci-
mens remained on the wing throughout the autumn, and the
last one was recorded from Charfield in Gloucestershire on
24th November.
Undoubtedly these peak emergences are due to the extra
long fine hot summers experienced in those years.
Nymphalis io Linn. (Peacock)
This species too appears to be capable of sudden peaks,
although judging from our records this phenomenon is far less
frequent. It was observed fairly commonly throughout the
1960’s, but was likewise affected by the hot summer of 1968.
However, it was nothing like as plentiful as the Small Tor-
toishell (Aglais urticae Linn.) and the maximum number
counted on any particular day was about fifty.
Nymphalis antiopa Linn. (Camberwell Beauty)
In 1966 we were fortunate enough to receive a report of
this rare migrant from Scandinavia, when we heard that a
single specimen had been found in a mercury vapour moth trap
at Winscombe in North Somerset. This incident took place on
25th September, and it is of interest to note that there was a
dense fog in the air that night, the visibility being down to
fifty yards.
Polygonia c-album Linn. (Comma)
The status of the Comma remains practically constant at
present, but fortunately, as in other parts of Britain, its dis-
tribution is increasing. This species is never common, and on
average only one or two specimens are seen at a time. Occa-
sionally, however, considerable numbers are met with, such as
at Wetmoor in Gloucestershire on 17th April 1968, and again
in Goblin Combe on 29th July of this year. In the Bristol area,
BUTTERFLIES IN THE BRISTOL AREA 213
Argynnis paphia L. - Argynnis aglaia L.
(Silver Washed Fritillary) (Dark Green Fritillary)
x Argynnis cydippe L.
(High Brown Fritillary)
——=s
Polygonia c-album L. Apatura iris L,
(Comma) (Purple Emperor)
x Limenitis camilla L,
(White Admiral)
214 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/VII/71
the first specimens usually appear on the wing in early April
following hibernation, and these then deposit their ova giving
rise to the first generation in July. It is the butterflies from
this first generation possessing the pale undersides that are
known as ab. hutchinsoni. From August onwards the second
generation is on the wing, and these may be around until
late in October when they finally go into hibernation.
Limenitis camilla Linn. (White Admiral)
The White Admiral occurs in two places in each vice-
county, but its survival is severely threatened. At Michael
Wood in Gloucestershire it is still quite common, although the
greater part of the original deciduous forest has been eradi-
cated, as mentioned earlier. However, if steps are taken to
protect the remaining habitat, there may still be a chance of
keeping the species up to its previous strength. The conifer
plantations here owned by the Forestry Commission, look quite
mature now and could be felled at any time. This would mean
clearing the undergrowth and brambles before widening the
forest tracks, and this action would immediately exterminate
the butterfly from this locality. About eight miles away at
Wetmoor, the White Admiral is fortunately protected from
such dangers, but it is by no means so plentiful.
The M5 motorway development scheme is also taking place
in North Somerset, and a large portion of the Tickenham
ridge near Clevedon, where the White Admiral is known to
occur, has been blasted out by explosives, thus severing the
hill completely in half. The damage that this has caused to
the local flora and fauna has not yet been estimated, or
whether this species has suffered. Down on the Somerset
moors around Shapwick, an isolated specimen was observed
a number of years ago, but no further records have been re-
ceived since that time.
There are certainly many unexplored areas around the
Bristol district where this butterfly might occur, and in par-
ticular the Forest of Dean.
Apatura iris Linn. (Purple Emperor)
Up until 1969 we had no reports whatsoever concerning
this magnificent species, until the late Mr I. R. P. Heslop
informed us that he had re-discovered it at one of its old
haunts in North Somerset after a gap of fifty-one years. Due
to the isolation of this habitat it is presumed that the Purple
Emperor has survived there all this time, but has obviously
been previously overlooked. The author visited the locality
again this year, but no butterflies were seen. The area in
question is quite inaccessible in places, where large oaks and
other deciduous trees grow on the sides of a steep valley.
Vertical cliffs protrude from the valley sides and these are
adjacent to some deserted quarries, mostly overgrown. For
some distance around the thick oak forest spreads out until
the boundaries of the Forestry Commission’s plantations take
YHE HIGHLANDS: APRIL 1971 215
over. From this it can be seen that the Purple Emperor could
be flourishing anywhere within this region, and it is just a
question of finding the master oak (or oaks).
There appear to be very few dangers to its future exist-
ence, the only real threat being the gradual encroachment of
the Forestry Commission.
Up in Gloucestershire, the Purple Emperor used to be
found at Symond’s Yat near Monmouth, but has not been
observed there in recent years. It is most likely, however,
that it occurs elsewhere in the Forest of Dean at the present
time. The author also has in mind one or two places east of
the River Severn, but no systematic observations have yet
been made.
(to be continued)
The Highlands: April 1971
By R. G. CHATELAIN and B. F. SKINNER
We arrived at Struan at 6.50 on the morning of Easter
Monday, 12th April, and within an hour had gathered a fresh
series of Lycia lapponaria scotica Harr. of both sexes. The
posts also yielded females of Agriopis marginaria Fab., Achlya
flavicornis scotica Tutt. Colostygia multistrigaria Haw., a
cocoon of Cerura vinula L. and, as a bonus, four fresh speci-
mens of Cleora cinctaria bowesi Rich. This seemed a surpris-
ingly early date as the bug would hardly have been out in its
southern localities. Scotland was enjoying unusually warm
weather and at Aviemore the usual selection of skiing outfits
was enlivened by a few hardy souls in bathing suits and hot
pants. In the afternoon on Granish, males of Endromis versi-
colora L. were flying with Archiearis parthenias L. and an early
Semiothisa carbonaria Clerk.
That night we decided to let the static traps work for
Brachionycha nubeculosa Esp. and to concentrate on the Scot-
tish form of Orthosia populeti Fab. Accordingly, the portable
lamps were set up in an aspen grove near Inshriach and we
left to work the sallows south of Aviemore. These produced a
fair number of moths, including Orthosia incerta Hufn. and O.
gothica L. in great variety and several of the silvery-grey form
of Cerastis rubricosa Schiff. The geometers were represented
by Tricopteryx carpinata Borkh., some of them heavily banded,
and plenty of C. multistrigaria, all past their best. On returning
to the lamps, we were disappointed to find only one O. populeti,
although five males B. nubeculosa were a pleasant sight. Next
morning, the static traps situated to the north and south of
Aviemore contained two more nubeculosa and many Lycia
hirtaria Clerk., their ground colour ranging from white to
deep yellow.
On 13th April, we returned to Struan for a further eight
C. cinctaria, all within a restricted area. That night was cold,
the thermometer at ground level registering —3°C and the
only moths in the traps were a few C. rubricosa. Sallowing at
216 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/VII/71
Rannoch was somewhat more profitable and produced one of
the very few O. cruda we saw, as well as several Xylena vetusta
Hiubn. Next morning, the Aviemore traps yielded one each of
O. populeti and Panolis flammea Schift., a few Ectropis bistorta
Goeze, A. flavicornis and the usual Orthosias, etc.
Much of our time by day was spent in pinpointing promising
sallow bushes but on a return visit to Granish we again saw E.
versicolora and found a cocoon of Phragmatobia fuliginosa
borealis Staud. on the heather. That night, we tried sallows
to the north of the village and were pleased to note about
twenty O. populeti, some of them worn, one P. flammea, five
female Chloroclysta miata L., several Lampropteryx suffumata
Schiff. and one Anticlea badiata Schiff. The lamps at Inshriach
attracted four more populeti, three nubeculosa and the usual
visitors. The static traps fared badly and apart from a male
E. versicolora contained little of interest.
Thursday, 15th April, was our last day and after loading
the car, a mammoth task, we departed for Struan where only
one C. cinctaria was found and most of the lapponaria had
vanished. Sallowing that night at Rannoch yielded both sexes
of vetusta and several L. suffumata including a female ab.
piceata Steph. which was kept for eggs. A second piceata, this
time a male, was taken from sallows at Tummel Bridge in
company with seven O. gracilis of the attractive local form.
Although the lamps had been left nearby, apart from a male
Odontosia carmelita Esp. and one P. flammea, they produced
little of note.
We ceased operations at 1.50 a.m. and were home for lunch.
Notes and Observations
EUPROCTIS CHRYSORRHOEA HUspn. (LEP. LYMANTRIIDAE)
LARVAE IN N.W. Kent.—A considerable but localised colony of
these caterpillars was found at Dartford on 18th May 1971.
More than a dozen apple and hawthorn trees and numerous
small bushes, some completely defoliated by the half-grown
larvae, were festooned with their nests. The infestation
appears to be confined to both sides of a stretch of road on the
chalk high ground East of the Darent valley. Visits to the
Dartford and Stone marshes have failed to reveal colonies
there, but a hawthorn alongside the same road in the vicinity
of Darenth Wood contained two nests.
For the present century there are only two casual records
of the moth for N.W. Kent, and none for the larva. This exten-
sion of range which will doubtless be temporary even in the
absence of local council intervention, is interesting, for
although E. chrysorrhoea is notorious for sudden increases in
larval population and temporary territorial expansion in S.E.
England, from as far back as 1800 there seems to be no record
of colonies being observed further West than Gravesend on the
Southern side of the Thames estuary.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 217
It may be worth recording that in June 1970 at Dungeness
the larvae were in extraordinary abundance and devastated
the vegetation, mainly composed of sallows, blackthorn, haw-
thorn and bramble, over a wide area. What was the state of
the species in its other haunts in the country, I wonder?—B. K.
WEstT, 36 Briar Road, Bexley, Kent.
A SoutH AMERICAN BUTTERFLY IN DorSET: While preparing
a member of Weymouth West Scout Troop for his Natural
History badge, I heard that his grammar school friend, Robert
Smith, had taken an unusual butterfly in a rough, sloping
meadow bordering the Fleet, on 25rd August 1970.
I was able to borrow the specimen, which was a little
damaged, but fairly well set in the same style as Smith’s other
set specimens. As I could not identify the insect, I took it to
Mr Douglas E. Dodwell at Yeovil, who identified the butterfly
as Hypanartia lethe Fabr.
I am informed by Mr T. G. Howarth of the British Museum
(Natural History) that this species is widely distributed in
Central and South America from Mexico to the Argentine,
where the larvae have been recorded feeding on Celtis spinosa
Spreng. and other Celtis species (Ulmaceae), also upon
Boehmeria caudata Swarz.
He also tells me that they have in the museum a specimen
presented by Mr R. L. E. Ford which was taken alive in Covent
Garden market on 17th October, 1935.
How this second specimen of lethe reached South Dorset
will probably remain a mystery. I know of no one in this area
who imports larvae or pupae of this species, so it is unlikely
to be an escapee.
I am greatly indebted to Mr Howarth and Mr Dodwell for
the help they have given.—V. W. Pui.pott, F.R.E.S., 122 Wyke
Road, Weymouth, Dorset.
THE POSSIBLE OCCURRENCE OF ARGYNNIS CYDIPPE L. (LEP.) IN
Kintyre.—Whilst on holiday with my family in Scotland, we
stopped on 18th August 1969 for lunch between Crinan and
Tayvallich, very near the northernmost point of Loch Sween,
and only about 50 yards from the Loch itself. I noted on the
wing Pararge aegeria L., Erebia aethiops Esp., Aglais urticae
L., Vanessa atalanta L., Lycaena phlaeas L. and one very
battered fritillary. The last named was flying in a damp,
marshy field, resting occasionally on thistle heads, and
although not taken, was assumed to be Argynnis cydippe L.
However, reference to the provincial Atlas of Insects of
the British Isles—Butterflies, reveals no record of cydippe in
Scotland, a fact of which I was unaware at the time, and this
would suggest that the insect was, in fact, A. aglaia L., even
though this species also is not recorded for Kintyre. Neverthe-
less, I still feel certain that I saw cydippe, but clearly the
record needs confirmation or otherwise, and anyone in the area
this summer could make a useful contribution to the Atlas by
218 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/VII/71
searching the locality—A. J. SHOWLER, 12 Wedgwood Drive,
Hughenden Valley, High Wycombe, Bucks. 24.v.1971.
It is regretted that unavoidable delays have rendered this
note too late for this year, but readers should note it for
attention next season. Ed.
COSMOITES FREYERELLA HUpn. (NIGRELLA HUsn. Nec Fas.)
(Lep. ELACHISTIDAE).—During the early months of 1969, I was
rearing a batch of grass-feeding Noctuid larvae, on a diet
consisting largely of Poa. Some time in April a very small
cocoon appeared on the nylon stocking which was being used
as a covering for the rearing container. The cocoon was rather
broad and flat and consisted of a fairly substantial sheet of
silk, which was nevertheless sufficiently transparent to allow
the light rust-brown pupa to be easily seen through it.
Although I searched amongst the uneaten food I was un-
able to find a mined grass-leaf which could have been the
former feeding place, and I assumed that one of the Noctuids
had devoured it. The moth emerged in May 1969, leaving the
pupa skin in the cocoon (not protruding from it).
During September 1969 I found a similar cocoon on the
underside of a dock {(Rumex) leaf, which produced a moth a
few days later. Further cocoons appeared amongst other grass-
feeding batches of larvae in the early months of both 1970 and
1971, from which a few moths appeared. The cocoons were
always constructed at the top of the rearing container, either
on a piece of nylon stocking, or on a firm metal lid, the same
kind of cocoon being constructed on both the hard and the
soft materials.
Elachista species are generally reputed to pupate without
a cocoon, the pupa being supported merely by a silken pad at
the tail together with a silken girdle (like the Pierids) and one
wonders wether any other members of the genus Cosmoites
are cocoon-makers.
My thanks are due to Lieut. Col. A. M. Emmet for having
idenified the moths, and for assisting with the nomenclature.—
J. L. Grecory, 17 Grove Road, St. Austell, Cornwall. 11.v.1971.
CorRRIGENDUM.—In my article on collecting on the Riviera
and in Spain (antea: 34) for some unaccountable reason some
errors have crept into the list of Lepidoptera recorded.
Line 5 from top should read “Clossiana dia L. a few flying
at Coussols.’”’, while in line 12 from the top, in place of Erebia
pluto a second time it should read “Erebia gorge Hiibn. In
smaller numbers near Col de la Bonette.”—C. G. M. de Worms,
Three Oaks, Woking. 16.v.1971.
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CONTENTS
Collecting aa in Britain cars 1970 ms C. Gi Wi
de WORMS Be
Problems around Vanessa atalanta Linnaeus by B. J.
The Moths of Wimbledon: Further Captures 1962-1970
by J. V. DACIE sine iy deed. eMisw on Set ae cee
A Model for Temporal Sub-speciation. by R. L. H. DENNIS
A Review of the Butterflies in the Bristol Area (Continued
from p. 108). by A. D. R. BROWN ... de Re
The Highlands: ee 1971. ee R. G. CHATELAIN and B. F.
SKINNER.
Euproctis chrysorrhoea Hiibn. wee Be geine c Larvae
in N. W. Kent. by B. K. WEST . ie See
A South American anon in Dorset. by V. W.
PHILPOTT fae) Nala aaal phat a aa a Oe
The Possible Occurrence of Argynnis re Li. ens
in Kintyre. by A. J. SHOWLER _... we
Cosmoites freyerelle Hiibn. (nigrella Hiibn. nec bly ae
Elachistidae). by J. L. GREGORY ie au hae
Corrigendum. by C. G. M. de WORMS
187
199
204
207
210
215
216
217
PAN
218
218
A EE ES TE SS ESE TT a ED AS
T. BUNCLE AND CO. LTD., ARBROATH, ANGUS, SCOTLAND
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NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B.
J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.E.S. S. WAKELY
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THE
ENTOMOLOGIST’S
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219
The Systematics of the Charaxidae
(Lepidoptera: Nymphaloidea)
By A. H. B. Rypon, F.R.E.S.
(c/o Williams & Glyns Bank Ltd., Kirkland House, Whitehall,
London, S.W.1)
The family Charaxidae was erected in 1886 by William
Doherty for five species of Indian butterfly, namely Charaxes
fabius (Fabricius), Ch. kahruba Moore (=lunawara Doherty),
Ch. polyxena hemana Butler, Polyura (not Eulepis) athamas
(Drury) and P. eudamippus (Doubleday). The family is listed
as Name No. 284 in the Official List of Family-Group Names
in Zoology (Second Instalment, 1966), but whether or not it
should be maintained as a separate family-group of the
Rhopalocera is a matter of opinion. Some modern authors
(e.g. Aurivillius, 1911; Stichel and Bryk, 1939) have treated
the Charaxidae as a subfamily (i.e. ‘“Charaxidinae’’) of the
Nymphalidae (sensu Doubleday and Westwood, 1846-52); while
others, such as Fruhstorfer and Rober (1916) and Fox et al.
(1965, Butterflies of Liberia), have instead demoted the family
to a tribe (i.e., “Charaxidi” or ‘“Charaxini’”’) of the subfamily
Nymphalinae (sensu Butler, 1869; Kirby, 1871). However,
since the Charaxidae differ markedly from the other Nymph-
aloid families, not only in the early stages and the morphology
of the adults but also in their habits in the field (qq.v.), I
propose to treat them here as a separate family on a par with
the Satyridae, Danaidae, Acraeidae, Ithomiidae, and so on,
placing them with the latter families in the superfamily
Nymphaloidea (which comprises all those butterflies with a
suspended pupa, and with only four ambulatory legs in the
adults, the forelegs being reduced in both sexes and not used
for walking). Alternatively, the Charaxidae can equally well
be treated as a separate family of the superfamily Papili-
onoidea (s.l.), in the same way that Klots has done with some
of the Nymphaloid families in his Field Guide to the Butter-
flies, 1951.
Doherty, incidentally, was not the first systematist to have
separated the Charaxidae from the other Nymphaloid families.
Linnaeus (1758, Systema Naturae, 10th ed.) for example, in-
stead of placing the two members of the Charaxidae known
to him at the time, i.e., Papilio pyrrhus (No. 24) and P.
demophon (No. 36), in his phalanx ‘“Nymphales” to which they
rightly belonged, placed them, because of their size and shape,
in his “‘Achivi” (Achaeans) which were a subdivision of his
phalanx “Equites” (Knights) to which the Swallowtail butter-
flies also belonged. Stoll (1782), however, in his essay on the
systematics of the butterflies, separated from the latter’s
“Equites” most of the members of the Charaxidae that he and
Cramer had figured and described in their Papillons Exotiques,
and placed them in his own family “Argonautes” because, as
Note.—Figs. 7-14 will appear next month.
220 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 135/ Villy 7a
he said, the latter had four ambulatory legs, as opposed to
the six that the ‘“Equites” or Swallowtails had; and because,
unlike the ‘‘Equites”, the Argonauts had the abdomen covered
below by the hindwings, and veins 2 and 4 of the hindwings
typically extended into tails. Jones (1791), who went by the
wing-venation chiefly, expressed the opinion that the Argo-
nauts correctly belonged to the Linnean phalanx ‘““Nymphales’,
with which opinion Fabricius (1793, Ent. Syst., vol. 3) seemed
to agree, since he also placed the Argonauts in his own family
“Nymphales’”, together with certain other Nymphalids,
Apaturids, and Satyrids, but with Papilio jasius L. at the head
of it. Latreille (1805, Buffon’s Hist. Nat., vol. 14) did much
the same as Fabricius, placing P. jasius (which he referred
to as ““Nymphalis” jasius) at the head of his own ‘genus”
“Nymphales”’ too, the latter taxon not being a genus in the
modern sense of the word but rather a superfamily, since he
said, on page 82, “Ce genre est divisé en trois grande familles,
qui sont les Nymphales proprement dites, les nacrés, les
satyres”. Shortly afterwards, Fabricius (1807, Illiger’s Mag.
Insektenk., vol. 6) created a number of new taxa (‘““Gattungen’’)
for the butterflies, among them being his “genus” Paphia (an
invalid name, by the way, because it had been used already
by Lamarck for a genus of molluscs) which also represented
a group of higher rank than a mere genus, since it was sub-
divided into four sections, two of which contained a number
of the Charaxidae, and two some of the larger Limenitids and
Nymphalids. Recognising this fact, Ochsenheimer (1816,
Schmett. Europa, vol. 4) removed Papilio jasius from Paphia,
and placed it instead in his own genus Charaxes, thus making
P. jasius the type-species of the latter by monotypy. Owing,
however, to the prior association of P. jasius with Latreille’s
genus Nymphalis, it was some time before the name Charazes
was generally adopted, such authors as Westwood (1850-2) and
Kirby (1871) continuing to refer to Charaxes as “Nymphalis”.
Swainson (1827), the author of the two Nymphaloid famil-
ies Nymphalidae and Heliconiidae, gave Paphia (i.e., Charaxes
and its allies) as an example of the strong build and powerful
flight of certain members of his Nymphalidae, comparing it
with the delicate construction and weak flight of the Heliconi-
idae, and suggested that it should be made a subfamily (i.e.
‘“Paphiana”’) of the Nymphalidae. (But since the latter family
has, in recent years, been elevated to superfamily status (i.e.
the Nymphaloidea) by some modern systematists, one is now
also justified in raising the Charaxidae to family rank, because
they are the modern equivalent of the ‘‘Paphiana’’). Boisduval
(1832, 1840), on the basis of the larvae, subdivided his ‘“‘Pen-
duli” (i.e., those butterflies with a suspended pupa) into
Danaides, Nymphalides, Satyrides, Apaturides, Morphides and
Libytheides. In his ‘‘Apaturides” he placed Apatura and
Charaxes, the larvae of which are smooth, without dorsal scoli,
and armed with horns on the head, being unlike the prickly
larvae of the typical Nymphalidae. Doubleday and Westwood
SYSTEMATICS OF THE CHARAXIDAE DYN
(1846-52) maintained most of Boisduval’s families, but not his
‘“Apaturides” which they lumped, together with numerous
unrelated genera, in their family Nymphalidae based on
“Nymphalis” jasius and other Charazes. Since when, the
Charaxidae and the Apaturidae have invariably been treated
as part and parcel of the Nymphalidae by most authors up to
the present day, although these three families actually have
very little in common. Now that Hemming (1933,
Entomologist, vol. 66, p. 225) has fixed Papilio polychloros L.
as the type-species of Nymphalis Kluk (1802) which has priority
over Nymphalis Latreille, the Nymphalidae no longer primarily
represent the Charaxidae but rather the Vanessidae of Butler
(1869). If the Nymphalidae are made to include the Charax-
idae, the Apaturidae, and other Nymphaloid families, it be-
comes impossible to define, except in the broadest of terms.
Of the latter, Barcant (1970, Butterflies of Trinidad and
Tobago, p. 53) says, ‘““Adequate description of the family as a
whole is impossible. It is highly diversified and badly in need
of reclassification. It seems to me, for instance, that nothing
could possibly justify a common family classification between
the tiny flower-seeking Dynamines and the powerful, fruit-
sucking Preponas, irrespective of what their body and wing
structures may be like. Their habits and habitats are too
diverse ....”
The need for splitting up or subdividing the Nymphalidae
or the Nymphalinae of the above authors into smaller and
more manageable taxa had, however, been recognised for
many years by various authors. For example, Denis and
Schieffermiller (1775), in accordance with their dictum, “Ein
Aug auf den Schmetterling, das andere auf die Raupe”’ (one
eye to the butterfly, the other to the caterpillar), divided the
Nymphaloid butterflies of the Vienna region by the larvae
into six families, namely: “Papiliones Nymphales Gemmati”’
(Satydridae); “‘P. Versicolores” (Apaturidae); “P. Maculato-
fasciati” (Limenitididae); “P. Angulati’” (Vanessidae); P.
Nobiles” (Argynnidae); and “P. Variegati” (Melitaeidae). No
doubt they would have created a family for the Charaxidae,
too, if Charazxes jasius had occurred in their faunal region!
Herrich-Schaffer (1864), this time mainly on the basis of the
wing-venation, divided the Nymphaloid genera into Heliconina,
Danaina, Brassolina, Biina, Hetaerina, Satyrina (two groups),
Elymniina, Ragadina, Eurytelina and Nymphalina. The latter
family he subdivided into a number of groups, placing most
of the Charaxid genera known to him in his “Protogonius-
Agrias” group. Butler (1869, Cat. Diurn. Lep.) subdivided the
Nymphalinae of Bates (1864, J. Ent.) into ten groups, namely:
Nymphalides (which contained some of the Neotropical
Charaxidae); Apaturae (containing Apatura, Charaxes, and
various other Charaxid and Nymphalid genera); Limenitides;
Catagrammae; Timetides; Vanessides; Epicaliae; Adoliades;
Diademae (in which, oddly enough, he placed the two Charaxid
genera Agrias and Godartia!); and the Argynnides. Doherty
D2, ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 15/VIII/71
(1886, p. 107) expressed his dissatisfaction with the Nymphal-
inae of systematists such as Kirby (1871), saying that this
family-group presented a confused mass of many genera, the
relationships of which inter se were extremely vague and un-
certain. He suggested that the eggs should be studied with
a view to a better understanding of the true relationships of
the genera, since the wing-venation, though well and easily
defining a particular genus, only very imperfectly expressed
the relationship in which it stood to other genera. On the
basis of the eggs, Doherty split the Nymphalinae into three
families, the Apaturidae, Charaxidae, and the Nymphalidae.
His “Apaturidae”’, however, were based on ‘“Apatura”’
(Hypolimnas) bolina (which is a Vanessid or Nymphalid, not
an Apaturid), and his “Nymphalidae” on “Nymphalis”
(Limenitis) populi; hence his ‘‘Apaturidae” represented the
Nymphalidae in the modern sense, and his ‘“Nymphalidae” the
present-day Limenitididae (or Limenitidinae). Doherty was
of the opinion that Charaxes (which had smooth globular eggs,
with obscure ribs and cross lines at the apex only) seemed to
connect the Nymphalidae (with their longitudinally ribbed,
conical eggs) to the Limenitididae (with their spiky faceted,
dome-shaped or rounded eggs).
Clark (1947), however, said the larvae appeared to offer the
most dependable basic characters for the primary subdivision
of the Nymphaloidea, dividing them into three main groups:
(1) those that are spineless and usually fusiform (the Satyridae,
Brassolidae, Morphidae and Apaturidae); (2) those that are
spiny and cylindrical (the Marpesiidae, Nymphalidae,
Ergolidae, Argynnidae and Acraeidae); and (3) those that are
cylindrical but provided with “pairs of long fleshy filaments”
(comprising the Danaidae). On the basis of the larvae he made
the Charaxidae a subfamily of the Apaturidae; but the eggs
of Charaxes, as already stated above, are globular and smooth
with a fluted depression on top, while those of Apatura are
somewhat conical and longitudinally ribbed (see Frohawk,
1924, Nat. Hist. Brit. Butts. pl. 29, fig. 1); so that, on the basis
of the eggs at least, the Charaxidae do not belong with the
Apaturidae. On the other hand, Ehrlich (1957, 1958), on a
comparative study of all ‘major areas of the integumental
anatomy” of the adults of some 300 species of butterflies,
made the Charaxidae a subfamily of the Nymphalidae (s.1.),
giving it equal rank with the Ithomiinae, Danainae, Satyrinae,
Nymphalinae, and others. But since many modern authors
still maintain family status for most of Ehrlich’s subfamilies,
it is reasonable to maintain similar rank for the Charaxidae,
also. Aurivillius (1911), when he erected his subfamily
‘“Charaxidinae” for the African members of the group, made
no attempt to subdivide it into tribes; nor did Ehrlich (1958),
who simply said that no tribal division of the Charaxinae was
suggested at the time. The main purpose of this paper, there-
fore, is to try and fill this gap in the systematics of the
butterflies, since, to my knowledge, no other author to date
SYSTEMATICS OF THE CHARAXIDAE 223
has done so.
Schatz and Rober (1892), on the bases of the early stages
and the morphology of the adults, added the following genera
to the Charaxidae, originally comprising the two genera
Charaxes and Polyura Billberg: Euxanthe Hiibner and Palla
Hiibner (both of which are Ethiopian genera), as well as the
Oriental genus Prothoe Hiibner which Semper (1886-92, Die
Schmetterlinge der Philippinischen Inseln, pp 76-78) had
earlier placed in his ‘“‘Pseudo-Nymphalis”’ group, adjacent to
the “Charaxes” group, of the Nymphalinae (sensu Kirby). In
addition, Schatz and Rober placed the following Neotropical
genera among the Charaxidae: Siderone Hiibner, Zaretis
Hiibner, Coenophlebia Felder and _ Felder, Polygrapha
Staudinger, Prepona Boisduval, and Agrias Doubleday. All
the above-named genera they placed in their “Nymphalis”’
group of the Nymphalidae (sensu Doubleday and Westwood).
They separated the Anaea group of Neotropical Charaxids
from their ‘‘Nymphalis” group on the basis of the wing-
venation, as well as on the larvae which, in the Anaea group,
are covered with papillae and tubercles, and often have short
simple or branched horns on the head. In the latter group
they placed Anaea Hiibner (=Pyrrhanaea Schatz). Hypna
Hiibner, and Consul Hiibner (=Protogonius Hiibner), all of
which Herrich-Schaffer (1864) had grouped together with
Siderone, Charaxes, Prepona and Agrias in the “Protogonius-
Agrias” group of his family “Nymphalina.”’ Reuter (1896),
from a detailed study of the palps of the butterflies, also
separated the Anaea group from the “Nymphalis” group of
the Charaxidae, placing the latter in his tribe ‘“Nymphalidi’’,
and the former in his tribe “‘Anaeidi” (here referred to as the
subfamily Anaeinae), However, Fruhstorfer and Rober (1916)
recombined these two groups and placed them in their tribe
“Charaxidi” Fruhstorfer (1916) added Anaeomorpha Roths-
child to the list of the New World Charaxidae, and erected
the genus Archaeoprepona for those species of Prepona with
black hair-tufts in the hindwings of the males. Fruhstorfer
(1913-14) also added Agatasa Moore to the list of the Old World
Charaxidae, treating it as a subgenus of Prothoe. Stichel and
Bryk (1939, Lepidopterorum Catalogus, parts 91 and 93) main-
tained Aurivillius’s subfamily ‘‘Charaxidinae” for all the
genera of the Charaxidae, adding to the list the African genus
Hypomelaena Aurivillius, and the dubious genus Phyllophasis
Blanchard (=Sideronidia Bryk) which is based on Papilio
galanthis Cramer, known only from the figures in Cramer’s
Papillons Exotiques, 1775. More recently, Comstock (1961), in
his monograph on the genus Anaea, has lumped together on
phylogenetic grounds nearly all the genera comprising the
New World Charaxidae (including Siderone and Zaretis, but
not the Prepona-Agrias group of species) and has demoted
them to subgenera of his ‘“‘Anaea’’, and has also resurrected
Memphis Hiibner as a subgenus for a large group of the latter.
Be that as it may, Siderone and Zaretis, should in my opinion,
224 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 15/VITI/71
be separated from the latter’s “Anaea’ group both on the
morphology of the adults, and on the larvae which are quite
distinctive (q.v.). For these reasons they were separated from
the Anaeinae by Schatz and Rober (1892), and Fruhstorfer and
Rober (1916). In this paper I propose to maintain Siderone
and Zaretis, together with Coenophlebia, as a separate sub-
family of the Charaxidae, intermediate between the Prepona-
Agrias group of species on the one hand, and the Anaeinae on
the other.
The Charaxidae are an outstanding group of medium to
large-sized butterflies many of which are scarce in the field,
and some are among the most beautiful of all the Lepidoptera
(e.g. Agrias claudina sardanapalus Bates and Agatasa calydonia
(Hewitson), to mention but two species among others). Most
members of this family are robust, fast-flying insects, with a
large and deep thorax and a short abdomen. They do not
feed at flowers, but will readily come to exuding sap, ferment-
ing fruit, damp and muddy places, and ordure—tastes that
they share to some extent with the Apaturids. Charaxes and
(according to Moore, 1899) Agatasa have the odd habit (like
some Lycaenids) of jerking the hindwings up and down in
contrary motion when feeding, presumably to distract potential
predators from the more vulnerable parts of the body. Ac-
cording to various authors, all the members of the Charaxidae
have the habit of returning frequently to their feeding places,
or if not feeding, to their favourite perches (somewhat in the
manner of the Apaturids) where the males like to bask in the
sun and wait for passing females, defending their territory
with great pugnacity against all intruders, particularly other
males of the same species. (In Africa I have seen Charaxes
pursuing birds much larger than themselves on the wing!) The
females are more retiring than the males, but will sometimes
be seen flying about their foodplants or sunning themselves
on a leaf after ovipositing. They are attracted to natural
exudates and fermenting fruit like the males, but not to
excrement to which the males are especially partial. The
females will not tolerate being mobbed by the males while
feeding, but will drive them away by striking at them with
their powerful wings. The Charaxidae have a _ circum-
tropical distribution, being mainly inhabitants of warm rain-
forests; but some are found in drier, more open country, while
others prefer cooler, montane conditions. Several species
occur in the temperate regions, i.e. Charaxes jasius in the
Mediterranean Subregion, and Charazes pelias Cramer and a
few others in the Cape Province of South Africa; while some
species of the Anaeinae are found north and south of the New
World Tropics.
Morphologically, the imagos of the Charaxidae differ from
those of the other Nymphaloid families in having veins 7 and
8 of the forewing generally much longer than their common
stalk, with vein 8 curving downwards at its termination. (In
Charaxes vein 8 ends at the outer margin below the apex of the
SYSTEMATICS OF THE CHARAXIDAE 225
wing, but in the Anaeinae and some other genera it tends to
end at the apex, or in the costa of the forewing basad of the
apex). In the Ethiopian Euxanthe and Hypomelaena, and in
the Neotropical Anaeinae, there is also a tendency for some
of the subcostal veins to anastomose with the costal vein, and
in some species the first subcostal vein (vein 11) is vestigial or
absent. The antennae of the Charaxidae are gradually
thickened to a club, the terminal four or five segments being
longer ventrally than dorsally, thus giving the antennae the
appearance of being rolled up at the tip. The palps are also
distinctive, being, in the main, uniformly wide and strong, and
in some genera (e.g. Charaxes, Polyura, Siderone, Zaretis)
they are somewhat S-shaped and porrect. The relatively long
middle segment of the palps (which, for example, is four times
the length of the basal segment in Charaxes) is densely
squamose, being covered with flat scales on its latero-ventral
surface, and has a prominent dorsal tuft of long narrow hair-
like scales at its distal end. The terminal segment is short,
conical, and densely scaled. Reuter (1896), on the basis of the
palps, subdivided the Nymphalinae (sensu Kirby) into fifteen
tribes of which two, i.e. his ‘“Nymphalidi” and “‘Anaeidi’’, com-
prised the present-day Charaxidae. He pointed out that there
are differences between the Anaeinae and the main body of
the Charaxidae in the shape and structure of the sensory patch
(Reuter’s ‘‘Basalfleck”’) which is located at the base of the
inner side of the basal segment of the palps. In the Anaeinae
the basal patch is variable in shape, being pulled out in its
full length and obtusely rounded off or cut off at right angles
in Anaea, Hypna and Consul, but is scutiform, or quadrate in
shape in typical Memphis and Polygrapha. In Charazes, Pre-
pona and Siderone, however, the basal patch extends more
distad from the base of the palp, and is somewhat elongate and
conical in appearance. In Prothoe and Agatasa (which Reuter
did not study) the basal patch is short, wide and oblong, being
perhaps nearest in shape to Polygrapha than to any of the
other Charaxidae. Reuter considered his ‘‘“Nymphalidi” (i.e.
the main body of the Charaxidae) to be more closely related
to the Limenitididae than were the Anaeinae which were more
evolved than the former. Miiller (1886), from a comparative
study of the early stages of the Neotropical genera, concluded
that the Charaxidae were related to the Limenitididae too. The
Anaeinae, as well as Siderone, Zaretis and Coenophlebia
(which, as I have just said, I am treating as a separate sub-
family in this paper) also differ from the other Charaxids in
having, as Comstock (1961, p. 4) has pointed out, a short
“ambient” vein at the base of the inner margin of the hind-
wing, this vein being but vestigial in the last three genera. In
addition, the Charaxidae can be divided into two main groups
according to whether the costa of the forewing is serrated or
not. The serrated (prionopterous) group consists of Charaxes,
Polyura, Euxanthe and Palla, all of which are Old World
genera. None of the New World Charaxidae has a serrated
226 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 15/VIII/71
costa, nor have the Oriental Prothoe and Agatasta. Rothschild
and Jordan (1898) made a detailed examination of the mor-
phology of the prionopterous genera. One of the many points
they drew attention to was the specialized type of scaling
found near the base of the dorsum of the underside of the
forewing, which overlaps a similar patch of scaling on the
upper side of the humeral lobe of the hindwing when the
insects are in flight. This specialized scaling consists of short
erect or semi-erect triangular, or elongated conical, scales. In
some of the Charaxidae (i.e. Charaxes, Polyura, Euxanthe,
Anaea, Polygrapha, Cymatogramma and Memphis) these
pointed triangular scales extend above vein 1 into space lb of
the forewing, as far as the fold of the wing halfway between
veins 1 and 2; but in the rest of the genera (i.e. Prepona,
Agrias, Prothoe, Zaretis, Siderone, Coenophlebia, Palla, and
the two Anaeine genera Consul and Hypna) these specialized
scales do not extend above vein 1. In this respect the first
group (comprising Charaxes and its allies) shows a relation-
ship with the Limenitididae, since in Limenitis populi (L.) the
specialized triangular scales also extend above vein 1 into
space 1b; while the second group (comprising the remainder
of the Charaxidae) shows a relationship with the Nymphalidae
(s.s.) in which, in Nymphalis polychloros, these scales are de-
limited by vein 1 and do not extend into space 1b. The above
observations, therefore, support Doherty’s suggestion that the
Charaxidae seemed to connect the Nymphalidae with the
Limenitididae.
The male genitalia of the Charaxidae are also distinctive,
those of Charaxes, Polyura and Euxanthe differing from all the
other butterfly genera in having a short broadly-bifid uncus,
combined with a very long slender aedeagus, and a large
shoe-horn-shaped juxta which is grooved dorsally and which
forms a funnel between itself and the gnathos above it (re-
ferred to as the “penis-funnel” by Rothschild and Jordan, 1898,
pp. 561-563). In the above genera the aedeagus is almost as
long as the abdomen and, in cabinet specimens that have been
killed by pinching the thorax, it will often be seen to be pro-
jecting from the abdomen—a sure diagnostic sign of the latter
genera. In the Anaeinae one finds, generally, a relatively
simple male genital armature, with a simple pointed uncus,
and rounded or elongated valves which often have an apical
hook, and a somewhat broad and relatively short, unspined
aedeagus (see Comstock, 1961, for figures of the male geni-
talia). The male genitalia of the Anaeinae, and also those of
Zaretis, Siderone, Coenophlebia, and the Oriental genera
Prothoe and Agatasa (see figs. 35, 36), to a certain extent show
a resemblance to some Limenitids (e.g. Limenitis and
Adelpha), in which there is often a simple pointed uncus, and
elongated or rounded valves, but the aedeagus of L. populi
differs from that of the Anaeinae in being terminally hooked.
In the Prepona-Agrias group (see figs. 31-34), however, one
meets with a quite different arrangement in the male genitalia,
SYSTEMATICS OF THE CHARAXIDAE 227
with the characteristic club-like, or spiky mace-like, subuncal
projections, although in appearance the aedeagus is closer to
that of the Anaeinae than to Charaxes. It comes as a surprise
to find that the genital armature of Prepona (see fig. 33) is
very similar to that of Agrias (fig. 34), as was noted by Fruh-
storfer (1916) who separated Archaeoprepona (see fig. 31)
from Prepona and Agrias on these differences, as well as on
the colour of the hair-tufts in the hindwings in the males,
which are black in Archaeoprepona but are yellowish or light-
brown in Prepona and Agrias. The female genitalia of the
above genera have not been examined by me, but according
to Comstock (1961, p. 7) those of the Anaeinae can be used
successfully in the separation of the species. The female
genitalia of Charaxes jasius and Palla decius have been figured
by Rothschild and Jordan ((1898, pl. 14a).
The early stages of the Charaxidae are characteristic of
the family, those of some African species of Charazes,
Euxanthe and Palla having been described and figured in 1926
by van Someren and van Someren, and by van Someren and
Rogers (1927-31); while Moore (1880-1, 1893-6) has figured the
larvae and pupae of several species occurring in Ceylon and
India. Shirozu and Hara (1969) have figured the egg and early
stages of Polyura eudamippus weismanni Fritze. Muller (1886)
has illustrated and described the early stages of a number of
the Neotropical species—information that has been added to
by d’Almeida (1922), and others. It is of interest that Stoll,
as long ago as 1791, figured the larvae and pupae of Consul
fabius (Cramer), and Memphis leonida (Cramer); but it should
be mentioned that, owing to a lapsus calami, the large spiky,
yellow-banded larva, purporting to be of Papilio odilia Stoll
(see Stoll, 1791, pl. 6, fig. 3C), is that of Papilio odius Fabricius
which is not a Charaxid, but a Nymphalid or Vanessid! The
early stages of Charaxes jasius have been known since the end
of the 18th century, and were figured by Hiibner in 1811 under
the name of “Nymphalis unedonis” (presumably named after
its foodplant, Arbutus unedo L.!) in his Geschichte Euro-
pdischer Schmetterlinge (pl. 23). The early stages of Prepona
omphale guatemalensis have been figured by Le Moult (1932),
the egg of which (see fig. 27) resembles quite closely that of
Charaxes (see figs. 15, 16). The egg of Siderone marthesia
nemesis Bates was stated by Miiller (1866) to be almost spheri-
cal but flat on top and at the bottom, the apical plane being
larger than the basal one, with the former being finely dentate
round its edge. Rober (1916) quoted Fass] as saying that the
eggs of Anaea were “globular, smoothly shelled and of a light
colour’; while those of Hypna, according to d’Almeida (1922, p.
170), are almost spherical, measuring a little more than 1 mm.
in diameter. The eggs of the African genus Euxanthe are
somewhat similar to those of Charaxes, according to van
Someren (1926); but the eggs of Palla ussheri interposita
Joicey and Talbot, according to the same authors (1926, p. 251)
“when first deposited are spherical, but very soon become
228 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 15/VITI/71
irregularly depressed on the top just as in eggs of certain
Sphingidae”’.
The larvae of Charazes (see figs. 2-5, 21, 22) have two pairs
of well-developed horns on the head, with two pairs of smaller,
vestigial horns in between the longer ones, and a short bi-
furcate tail, and are closely similar in appearance to those
of Polyura (figs. 23, 28). (It should be noted, in passing, that
the first instar larva of Charaxes and Polyura possesses horns
on the head, which in the case of Ch. varanes, according to van
Someren and van Someren (1926, p. 335) “are mere tubercles
when the larva has just emerged, but they are gradually ex-
truded within the first 12 hours.’”’ In the remaining genera
of the Charaxidae, however, the first instar larva is without
horns on the head, and only develops them in the second instar,
as in the Apaturidae.) The larva of Euxanthe (figs. 6, 20) has
the lower pair of horns greatly enlarged, extending outwards
and upwards, with the central horns reduced in size. (As noted
above, these horns are not present in the first instar, but ap-
pear in the second stage.) The caterpillars of the above
genera, as far as the head-pieces go, resemble to some extent
those of the Neotropical Brassolidae. The larva of Palla
(figs. 1, la) is very unusual in appearance, with its single pair
of large bifurcate horns on the head, and with the lateral
expansion or frill (false carapace) that is chiefly developed in
the region of the sixth to eigth segments, and is vaguely
reminiscent of the caterpillars of certain Neotropical Charaxids
such as Prepona, Siderone, and others. ‘The caterpillar of
Archaeoprepona demophon (L.) (see fig. 7), apart from one
pair of well-developed horns on its head, has a pair of long
caudal appendages. These features are found in the Agrias-
Prepona group of species too (see figs. 25, 26), but the larva
of Archaeoprepona is differently shaped, in that it has a false
carapace extending along the dorsum from segment 4 to the
anal end as in the larvae of Zaretis and Siderone (see figs.
8-10). The larva of A. amphimachus (Fabricius) has been
figured by Miiller (1886, pl. 14, fig. 6), and is shown with
segments 3 and 4 hunched up and produced anteriorily (like
those of Siderone and Zaretis figured here), with a false eye on
either side of segment 5, thus giving it a rather fearsome,
reptilian look which doubtless serves to intimidate certain
predators. Archaeoprepona also differs from the Agrias-
Prepona larvae in having the horns on the head widely separ-
ated (figs. 19, 24). The larva of Zaretis itylus (Westwood) (see
fig. 8) is somewhat like that of Siderone marthesia (Cramer)
(see fig. 9) and S. nemesis (Illiger) (see fig. 10). The latter two
species of Siderone are considered to be conspecific by some
authors, but it can be seen from the caterpillars that they are
not. The larvae of Zaretis and Siderone resemble more closely
the Archaeoprepona-Agrias species than the Anaeinae, but
differ from the former in having a pair of spiky terminally-
clubbed horns on the head, and no long caudal appendages.
The larvae of the Anaeinae differ from those of the other
SYSTEMATICS OF THE CHARAXIDAE 229
Charaxids in having no horns, or only short ones, on the head.
For example, the larva of Anaea andria Scudder (figs. 29, 29a)
is without horns, and is covered with small papillae and
tubercles, and has two pairs of slightly larger tubercles on the
vertex. The larva of Cymatogramma verticordia (Hubner)
(fig. 12) has one pair of short horns on the head, and in appear-
ance seems to be quite close to that of Anaea phidile Geyer
(fig. 11). Both the latter caterpillars are markedly unlike the
bristly, somewhat Morpho-like ones of Memphis porphyrio
(Bates) (fig. 13) and M. morvus (Fabricius) (fig. 14), which fact
indicates that Anaea phidile does not belong to the same genus
as the latter two species. The larva of Consul fabius (Cramer)
which has been figured by Stoll (1791), and Sepp (1852-5), is
naked and fusiform, and is covered with papillae and small
tubercles, and has a pair of short blunt horns on its head.
D’Almeida (1922, pp. 170-174) has described the caterpillar of
Hypna clytemnestra (Cramer); it is covered with tubercles too,
but is unusual in having a long black subdorsal seta on either
side of segments 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 respectively, with hairs pro-
jecting from the side of the head and two pairs of large
tubercles on the vertex. The larva of Anaea suprema Schaus
(=Anaea zikani Rebel) has been described and figured by
Zikan (1921), and is much like the other naked, papillated
larvae of the Anaeinae, but has a pair of short bifurcate horns
on the head. The caterpillars of the Anaeinae—unlike those
of Charaxes and Prepona—have a tendency to roll up the edge
of a leaf in which they hide during the heat of the day, but,
according to Edwards (1868-72), the larva of Anaea andria, if
placed in a shaded room, seldom rolls up leaves, but feeds at
random over the plant, and when at rest simply lies extended
on a leaf. The caterpillars of the Charaxidae feed mainly on
dicotyledons, but several African species feed on monocots, i.e.
the Charaxes boueti group on bamboo, Arundinaria spp.
(Gramineae), and Ch. jasius epijasius Reiche and Ch. castor
(Cramer) on Sorghum (Gramineae).
The pupae, which are suspended by a characteristic
cremaster, are typically smooth, stout and rounded, with the
abdominal segments compressed into a cone. In appearance
they are perhaps nearest to the Danaidae. The heads of the
pupae of Charaxes are either truncated, rounded, or slightly
bifid (figs. 2a, 2b, 3a, 4a, Sb, 5c, 5d), indicating that this genus
is a heterogeneous one. The pupa of Euxanthe (figs. 6a, 6b)
is ventricose and humped dorsally, with the lower part of the
wing-cases bulging outwards; while that of Palla (figs. 1b, 1c,
ld) is somewhat triangular in shape, being much broader
towards the base than at the apex. The chrysalis of the Agrias-
Prepona species (figs. 7a, 26a) is more elongate than that of
the above genera, and has two strong cephalic projections, and
in appearance is somewhat reminiscent of certain Apaturids
and Limenitids. The pupae of Zaretis (fig. 8a) and Siderone
(figs. 9a, 10a) are squat and stout, and resemble those of Anaea
(fig. 29b) and Memphis (figs. 1la, 14a) all of which are some-
230 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 15/VIE/ TE
what Charazes-like in appearance. The pupa of Consul (see
Stoll, 1791, pl. 2) is also compressed like that of Anaea, but
has a dorsal hump and a pair of short protuberances on its
head; that of Anaea suprema, as figured by Zikan (1921, p. 2,
figs. 3 and 4), is also broad, stout and gibbous; while that of
Hypna (fig. 30) is broadly fusiform, humped dorsally, and has
a bluntly bifid head. The somewhat deformed pupa of Cymato-
gramma, with its dorsal humps (see fig. 12a), is perhaps nearer
to Hypna and Consul than to the other New World Charaxids,
and in this respect supports Westwood’s (1850) opinion that
Cymatogramma was a link between Consul and Hypna on the
one hand, and Anaea (including Memphis) on the other.
From the foregoing it can be seen that the genera coni-
prising the Charaxidae have in common a smooth globular egg
which is flat, or has a fluted depression, on top; and hence
these genera belong together in the same family—that is if
one accepts Doherty’s system of classifying the butterflies by
the eggs. However, on the basis of the larvae (already dis-
cussed above), the Old World Charaxidae can be subdivided
into the following subfamilies: Charaxinae; Euxanthinae sub-
fam. nov. (type-genus, Euxanthe); and Pallinae subfam. nov.
(type-genus, Palla). I have not seen figured anywhere in the
literature the larvae of Agatasa or Prothoe, but, according to
Corbet and Pendlebury (1956, Butterflies of the Malay
Peninsula, pp. 243-244), the larva of Prothoe franck Godart
(not P. franckii Hiibner; vide Cowan, 1968, p. 19; 1970, pp. 23,
58) is ‘pale purple-brown” in colour, with one pair of horns
on the head. However, the adults of Prothoe and Agatasa are
morphologically distinct enough from the other Charaxids for
them to be given a subfamily of their own, i.e. the Prothoinae
subfam. nov. (type-genus Prothoe). In addition, the New World
members of the Charaxidae can be divided into three sub-
families, with the Archaeoprepona-Agrias group of species
comprising the Preponinae subfam. nov. (type-genus,Prepona);
the Zaretis-Siderone group the Zaretidinae subfam. nov. (type-
genus, Zaretis); and the Anaeinae a third subfamily, making a
total of seven subfamilies for the Charaxidae in all. The
differences in the larvae of these subfamilies are, as we have
already seen, supported by differences in the pupae to a certain
extent, and also, as is to be expected, by differences in the
adults, some of which will be given in the key to the sub-
families below. Using a combination of these characters, the
seven subfamilies of the Charaxidae can be further subdivided
into a number of distinct tribes which will be dealt with below
under the various subfamily headings. These subfamilies and
tribes are based primarily on the type-species of the type-
genera, as given in Hemming (1967) and as amended by
Cowan (1968, 1970). The classification of the Charaxidae pro-
posed here, however, can only be regarded as a provisional
one, in view of the fact that the early stages of some of the
genera (i.e. Coenophlebia, Polygrapha, Anaeomorpha and
Agatasa) are apparently still unknown. Much more is still
SYSTEMATICS OF THE CHARAXIDAE 231
needed to be known about the early stages of the species
comprising the Anaeinae in particular, before it will be pos-
sible to finalize the systematics of the latter group. This lack
of knowledge, however, should not preclude one from attempt-
ing a classification of the Charaxidae now, but rather it should
serve as a spur to fellow lepidopterists to investigate the early
stages of those species that are still unknown; nor should one
hesitate unduly to use that information which is presently
available, else, in the words of Swainson (1827), ‘“months and
years pass away, and that knowledge which, if properly used,
might have advanced others one step nearer to the Temple
of Truth, is suffered to lie useless and unemployed”’.
Key to the subfamilies of the CHARAXIDAE
Costa of ‘the forewins-serrated sien 4, Ask... ARN. 2
— Costa of the forewing not serrated ..................cceeeeeee 4d
2 Palps dark above, with white spots, or a light stripe
below; cell of forewing about two-fifths the length of the
forewing, or obtusely rounded anteriorily; mid and hind
tibiae and tarsi spined above and below; specialized
triangular scales near the base of the underside of the
dorsum of the forewing extending beyond vein 1 into
space 1b; aedeagus long, extending almost the length
of the abdomen, supported by a long, dorsally-grooved,
jixtas’ vinrculam Omarrow Mee ie. Tet ened eek aes 3
— Palps dark above and below; cell of forewing about one-
third the length of the forewing; mid and hind tibiae
and tarsi spined below only; specialized scales on under-
side of forewing delimited by vein 1, not extending
into space 1b; aedeagus relatively short and very spiny,
without a prominent juxta; vinculum broad and thick ...
PALLINAE Subfam- n.
3 Palps relatively short and erect, the middle segment
being about three times the length of the basal segment,
black in colour with white spots; hindwing rounded,
entire; first and second subcostal veins of forewing
Vs.11, 10) typically anastomosing with the costal vein
(V.12); abdomen in the males longer than the thorax;
tarsus of foreleg in the males short and bluntly rounded,
about one-quarter the length of the tibia; mid and hind
tibiae and tarsi with long spines above and below ......
EUXANTHINAE subfam. n.
— Palps relatively long, S-shaped, porrect, the middle
segment being four times the length of the basal seg-
ment, dark-coloured above with a light longitudinal
stripe below; hindwing angled or tailed; subcostal veins
not anastomosing but running free; abdomen in the
males usually shorter than the thorax; tarsus of fore-
leg of the males longer and more slender but slightly
shorter than the tibia; spines on legs shorter than in the
Maxanthinae) 222. 24s ak oboe) mio! CHARAXINAE
4 Subcostal veins of forewing typically running free;
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Figs.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 18/VIII/71
palps quite large and strong, dark above and light-
coloured: below cx dissddonessssk doh tein aes. cards eer A)
The first two or three subcostal veins of the forewing
anastomosing with the costal vein, or if running free,
the third subcostal vein (V.9) arising distad of the fifth
subcostal vein (V.7); palps not so large and strong,
unicolorous above and below, or with alternate dark and
light longitudinal stripes below ............... ANAEINAE
Palps erect; third subcostal vein (V.9) ending in apex of
forewing; “ambient” vein not present at base of the
inner margin of the hindwing; hair-tufts typically
present in the hindwings of the males ..................... 6
Palps somewhat S-shaped, porrect; third subcostal vein
ending in costa of forewing basad of the apex;
“ambient” vein vestigially present at base of the inner
margin of the hindwing; hair-tufts not present in the
hindwings of the males ......... ZARETIDINAE subfam. n.
Third and fourth subcostal veins (Vs. 9, 8) of forewing
running independently of one another, with the third
subcostal vein running almost straight to the apex, and
the fourth subcostal ending with a downward curve in
the termen; hindwing typically rounded; cell of hind-
wing typically closed; mid and hind tibiae and tarsi
typically spined below only ...... PREPONINAE subfam. n.
Third and fourth subcostal veins of forewing running
closely together for much of their course, then both
veins suddenly bending away from each other, like a
pair of bent callipers, before ending in the apex and
termen respectively; hindwing produced into a lobe
between veins 3 and 4; cell of hindwing open; mid and
hind tibiae and tarsi spined above and below ............
PROTHOINAE subfam. n.
(to be continued)
Early stages of some of the Charaxidae
15. Egg of Charaxes cithaeron Fld.; approx. X6.
16. Egg of Charaxes varanes vologeses Mab.; X6
17. Larval head of Archaeoprepona demophon (L.); x14
18. Larval head of Archaeoprepona licomedes (Cr.); x1
19. Larval head of Prepona laértes (Hbn.); x13
17-19 in Miles Moss’s coll. B.M. (N.H.).
20. Larval head of Euxanthe eurinome ansellica Butl.; x1
21. Larval head of Charaxes jasius epijasius Reich; x1
22. Larval head of Ch. varanes vologeses Mab.; x1
23. Larval head of Polyura pyrrhus sempronius (F.); x1. In
Rothschild coll., B.M.(N.H.).
24. Larval head of Agrias claudina (Godt.); slightly enlarged. In
Adams Bequest, B.M. (N.H.)
25. Larva of Prepona laértes (Hbn.); nat. size. In Miles Moss’s
coll., B.M.(N.H.).
26. Agrias claudina (Godt.); 26, larva; 26a, pupa (nat. size). In
Adams Bequest, B.M.(N.H.).
PLATE VIIla
Fig. 27. Egg of Prepona omphale guatamalensis Le Moult (after Le
Moult, 1932).
Fig. 28. Larva of Polyura pyrrhus sempronius (F.); somewhat reduced
in size. In Rothschild coll., B.M.(N.H.).
Fig. 29. Anaea andria Scudder; 29, 29a, larvae; 29b, pupa. In Roths-
child coll., B.M.(N.H.).
Fig. 30. Pupa of Hypna clytemnestra (Cr.); dorsal view; nat. size. In
Rothschild coll., B.M.(N.H.).
Figs. 15, 16, 20-22 reproduced from photos by V. G. L. van Someren
(1926) by courtesy of the Royal Entomological Society of London,
figs. 17-19, 23-26, 28-30 photographed by A. H. B. Rydon with the
permission of the Trustees of the B.M.(N.H.).
PLATE VIIIb
Larvae and pupae of African Charaxidae
Fig. 1. Palla ussheri interposita J. and T.; 1, la, larva; 1b, 1c, 1d, pupa:
le, larval head.
Fig. 2. Charaxes fulvescens monitor Rothsch.; 2, larva; 2a, 2b, pupa.
Fig. 3. Ch. jasius epijasius Reiche; 3, larva; 3a, pupa.
Fig. 4. Ch. baumanni Rogen.; 4, larva; 4a, pupa; 4b, head.
hiss 5, (Cha etesipne (Godt)s 5, larva: 5a, head: 5b. ie) d.. pula:
Fig. 6. Euxanthe eurinome ansellica Butl.; 6, immature larva; 6a, 6b,
pupa.
Reproduced by courtesy of the Royal Entomological Society of London
from the coloured drawings by V. G. L. van Someren, 1926.
SYSTEMATICS OF THE CHARAXIDAE 2393
Male genitalia of some of the Charaxidae
(The left valve has been removed)
Fig. 31. Archaeoprepona demophon (L.); fig. 32, Nymphalis (Prepona)
chromus Guér.; fig. 33, Prepona omphale (Hbn.); fig. 34,
Agrias claudina (Godt.); fig. 35, Agatasa calydonia (Hew.);
fig. 36, Prothoe franck (Godt). A. H. B. Rydon del.
(A.C.)
234 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 15/VIII/71
Mt. Etna (Sicily) Re-visited
By ANOTHONY VALLETTA F.R.E.S.
Having been encouraged by the number of different species
of butterflies taken last year on Mt. Etna, and fascinated by the
richness of its flora, this spring I again paid a week’s visit from
May lst to the 7th, a week later than last year, hoping to come
across different species from those of last year’s, but as the
saying goes: ‘Man proposes and God disposes’’, I not only did
not get new species, but bagged 16 species less than last year!
I left Luga Airport on May 3lst at 7.50 p.m. vice 6.00 p.m. as
there was a delay in the departure and consequently, I arrived
at Catania Airport rather late, but by 9.00 p.m. I was at Hotel
Costa at the far end of Via Etnea. Again this year I was
accompanied by old friend, Sig. Sebastiano Distefano. Our
first visit on May Ist was to Adrano 660m. The weather was
cloudy with periods of sunshine. By 11.00 a.m. we were on the
hunting ground, an area planted with almond and olive trees
and clusters of prickly pears. The first insect that came into
the net was an Arctia villica, a female, which laid several eggs
in the pillbox that very night and on the following days.
Euchloe ausonia was the most common butterfly that morning,
but a few Anthocaris damone and A. cardamines were also on
the wing, only a few G. cleopatra, G. alexis, Philotes baton, C.
pamphilus, P. rapae and Brassicae were noticed, the greyish
geometer Lithostege duponcheli was quite common and two
other A. villica came our way, but were difficult to take owing
to the rough ground especially that part planted with prickle
pears (Opuntia ficus-indica).
At 1.00 p.m. we left this spot and proceeded to Randazzo
765m, a rough ground with little vegetation in the open spaces,
but vineyards stretched all over the fertile fields. This is the
ideal place for the A. damone but unfortunately, a strong wind
was blowing at this height, still a few were flying in the shel-
tered fields, resting on the various wild flowers. Here again,
the A. ausonia and A. cardamines were on the wing; a single
Lycaenopsis argiolus, a male, was taken. At 3.00 p.m. it
started to rain and kept raining all night and the whole of the
following day. Monday May Srd, we went to Lentini 56m and
Carlentini 200m, it was a sunny, warm day, but we had a very
poor catch. Last year Amata marjana Stgr. and Synapha
moldevica Esp. were so common yet this time not a single
specimen was seen. The most common butterflies, as one
would expect at such altittude were P. icarus and C. pamphilus.
A few P. daplidice, P. rapae, L. phlaeas, L. agestis and P.
megrera were also on the wing.
Only one P. machaon and M. phoebe were seen. Beating the
vegetation the following moths were taken: A. luctuosa, A.
efformata, A. ochrearia, P. sanguinalis and Z. purpuralis.
The following Hemiptera were also taken: Calocoris
nemoralis F and the f. erythronota Rbr., f. exastigma Rbr., f.
MT. ETNA (SICILY) RE-VISITED 239
hispanica, F. Calocoris nemolis F., f. Picea Eyr., Caloris norve-
gicus G. M., Rhinocoris erythropus L., Haploprocta sulcicoris
F., Cercopsis sanguinolenta Scop., Coriomeris hirticornis F.,
Eurydema ventrale Kol., Holcastathus albipes F., Cydnus
aterrimus Forst. and Doycoris baccarum L.
Tuesday, May 4th: A miserable day, cloudy and very misty.
We drove to Nicolosi 800m hoping for the best, but there was
no improvement at all. Only a few Chiasma clathrata L. ssp.
aurata Turati were on the wing. We went lower down to
Pedara 610m but still there was nothing on the wing. Two C.
pamphilus were disturbed and that was all for the day. At 10.30
a.m. it started to rain and kept on up to late in the evening.
Wednesday, May 5th: It was still cloudy in the morning, but
by 1.00 p.m. it cleared up a bit. We drove again to Nicolosi,
and we noticed that P. brassicae, P. rapae, C. croceus, Euch.
ausonia, A. cardamines, A. damone, L. phlaeas, V. atalanta
and P. icarus were quite common; C. clathrata was also met
with as well as Hipocrita jacobaeae. By 3.00 p.m. it became
dull again and it started to rain.
Thursday, May 6th: A sunny, warm day after two gloomy
days! Our venue was Zafferana 1000m. At first we collected at
a lower level where Anth. cardamines, Anth. damone, Euch.
ausonia and P. icarus were quite common, then we went higher
up where we came across Z hypsipyle latevittata Vrty. flying
freely in the shade of chestnut trees. P. napi and Pyrgus
malvoides modestor Vrty. were also on the wing. In this
locality one would be fascinated by the predominant yellow
colour of the Spartium junceum, Euphorbia biglandulosa, E.
dendroides, Ferula nodosa, F. chiliantha, Chrysan themum
coronaria, Calendula arvensis, Genista acanthoclados and
Phlomis fruticosa. At 11.30 a.m. we moved to Valle di San
Giovanni where we came across P. mannii and P. napi and a
few G. alexis which had already past their best. Only in this
locality we came across the P. mannii.
Friday, May 7th: The weather kept sunny and we again
drove to Nicolosi but this time to a different locality where we
could, at the same time, see a bit of the eruption of the volcano.
Here we saw three I. podalirius and only one specimen of Z.
hypsipile. The most common butterfly in this locality was the
Anth. ausonia, however P. icarus, G. alexis, L. phlaeas A.
agestis, C. pamphilus and Anth. cardamines were also on the
wing. Anth. damone appeared now and again but it was not
so common as at Zafferana. By noon we had to pack up, as I
was supposed to leave for Malta at 4.00 p.m. Thus my second
visit to Mt. Etna came to an end, not as fruitful as the previous
visit of 1970 when 38 different species were taken. It seemed
that the season was retarded owing to the severe winter. No
females of Anth. Damone were noticed. In 1970, a week earlier
than this time, M. jurtina hispulla, C. semiargus, Prygus
armoricanus, Cartharodus alceae and the wintering species
were quite common in the same localities I visited this year.
When I reached the airport at Catania I found the last
straw ...a strike was on at the airport in Rome, and so the
256 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 15/VII/71
plane had not arrived. After waiting up to 7.00 p.m. we were
told that the flight to Malta had been cancelled, so the only
alternative was to take the 10.00 p.m. boat from Syracuse to
Malta.
My thanks are due to Sig. S. Distefano and to Prof. M. La
Greca the director of the Istituto Policattedra di Biologia
Animale, for their valuable help.
257 Msida Stret. B’Kara, Malta. 30th June, 1971
A Review of the Butterflies in the Bristol Area
By A. D. R. BROWN, F.R.E.S.
(Continued from page 216)
RIODINIDAE
Hamearis lucina Linn. (Duke of Burgundy Fritillary)
Although once widely distributed across the Cotswold
escarpment, this species is now restricted to several specific
localities. Two of these are known to the author, the first of
which is threatened by sight-seers, since it is a typical beauty-
spot overlooking the Severn Estuary and the mountains of
Wales beyond. Picnickers trample down the breeding grounds
on every sunny weekend, and never more than three butter-
flies have been noted on any one occasion. The other haunt
of the Duke of Burgundy Fritillary is situated on the edge of
a golf course where the grass is rarely cut, small conifer trees
are planted at intervals and many unusual plants live here,
including several species of Orchis. About a dozen butterflies
were observed at this locality about two years ago, but the
habitat is restricted, and is quite vulnerable.
We have a single record for the species from North Somer-
set, with eight butterflies being observed at Goblin Combe in
May 1964, but despite frequent searches since that time, no
other butterflies have been seen.
LYCAENIDAE
Aricia agestis Schiff. (Brown Argus)
As with the species just described, the Brown Argus is
mainly confined to the western slopes of the Cotswold Hills in
Gloucestershire, where its colonies are none too strong. At
Kingsweston Down just to the north of Bristol, a few of these
butterflies are seen each year, despite frequent clearing of
the long grass.
In North Somerset the Brown Argus occurs in a wide
variety of habitats, where it also flies in greater numbers.
Once again, Goblin Combe is one of the strongholds, while
Jp
REVIEW OF THE BUTTERFLIES IN THE BRISTOL AREA 75 |
Aricia agestis Schiff. © Lysandra coridon Poda
Brown Argus) (Chalkhill Blue)
x Lysandra bellargus Rott.
se
®
e
eo
e
Celastrina argiolus L. Lycaena phlaeas L.
(Holly Blue) (Small Copper)
238 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 15/VIII/71
the other colonies seem to be centred around the western
end of the Mendip Hills, in places such as Cheddar and Crook
Peak near Weston-super-Mare. The Somerset moors provide
another habitat for this species, although our knowledge of
its distribution in that area is very incomplete at present.
Cupido minimus Fuessl. (Small Blue)
Unfortunately, we have very little information concerning
the Small Blue, but we have reason to believe that it is quite
widespread throughout the Cotswold Hills. In Somerset it is
common on the hills around Weston-super-Mare, but no other
localities in this vice-county have been reported to us.
Polyommatus icarus Rott. (Common Blue)
The Common Blue is widespread and may be observed in
a variety of habitats over the two vice-counties. In West
Gloucestershire, it is particularly common at Wetmoor near
Wickwar and along the entire range of the Cotswolds. The
western end of the Mendip Hills appear to be another good
locality for this species, where there are extensive areas of
open limestone downlands with well-cropped turf and an
abundance of flora. Further east, too, around the abandoned
lead-mines at Priddy and Charterhouse, the butterfly is met
with in considerable numbers. There appears to be little in
the way of local variation.
Lysandra coridon Poda (Chalkhill Blue)
As far as Gloucestershire is concerned, our knowledge re-
garding the distribution of the Chalkhill Blue is far from
complete. At present, the Gloucestershire Trust for Nature
Conservation is sponsoring a scientist to study this species
and its ecology along with the Large Blue (Maculinea arion
Linn.), the Adonis Blue (Lysandra bellargus Rott.) and Small
Blue (Cupido minimus Fuessl.). We know for certain that
there is considerable scope for variation within the colonies
of the Cotswold Hills, owing to the abundance of this butterfly
in some years.
In North Somerset the Chalkhill Blue occurs in several
places along the south side of the Mendips, and also on the
Polden Hills near Street. Along the coastal areas around
Weston-super-Mare, this species is seen every year. It is
feared, however, that this butterfly is on the decline as it is
elsewhere in the country, due to the cultivation and destruc-
tion of: habitats, particularly for farming purposes.
Lysandra bellargus Rott. (Adonis Blue)
From the map it appears that the Adonis Blue is more
widely distributed than its cousin the Chalkhill Blue (Lysandra
coridon Poda), but this is probably not the case and is rather
misleading. We seriously doubt the validity of some of our
records, owing to the places where it is claimed to have been
observed. In fact, the foodplant, Horseshoe Vetch, has been
REVIEW OF THE BUTTERFLIES IN THE BRISTOL AREA 239
totally absent in some cases, and it is more likely that this
butterfly has been confused with the Common Blue (Polyo-
matus icarus Rott.), which may sometimes be very bright in
colour.
Starting with West Gloucestershire, four males were seen
in September of the year 1963 near Wotton-under-Edge, but
despite regular searches since that date there has been no
sign whatsoever of the Adonis Blue. A number of years ago,
a large number of pigs were released onto the hillside to
graze, but the damage that they caused was quite phenominal
and the greater part of the breeding grounds was totally
ploughed up. The pigs are no longer there, but it is without
doubt that this caused the eradication of the Adonis Blue from
that particular locality. As can be expected, the strength of
the Chalkhill Blue colony at this place was reduced consider-
ably. We have been sent in other observations of the Adonis
Blue from the region around Wickwar, but we have yet to
check up on this. This species very likely occurs in many
other places in the Cotswold Hills, but the present survey
being carried out will reveal the extent of its distribution in
this area to a greater degree.
In North Somerset regular reports come in of sightings
along the coast near Weston-super-Mare. The habitat appears
suitable enough but we still doubt these observations due to
the abnormal times during which this butterfly has been noted.
Further reports are of sightings near the Cheddar Gorge in
the Mendip Hills and also from a Roman encampment south
of Clevedon, and we believe these to be correct.
Unfortunately, the Adonis Blue is obviously on the decline
in the Bristol area as eleswhere in the country, and every
effort is needed to protect it.
Celastrina argiolus Linn. (Holly Blue)
Although very widespread, the Holly Blue is never com-
mon and is usually observed in ones and twos. The greater
part of our records comes from within Bristol itself, and in a
few places it appears to be on the increase. Little more can
be said than that, since we have no idea what controls the
strength of this species in the Bristol area. Its various food-
plants are abundant nearly everywhere, and the only possible
explanation is the dependence upon the weather conditions,
which are on the whole mild and damp in comparison with the
rest of the country.
Lycaena phlaeas Linn. (Small Copper)
This species, like the Holly Blue (Celastrina argiolus Linn.),
is scattered widely over the two vice-counties but is rarely
seen in any substantial numbers.
Nowhere in West Gloucestershire is it common other than
the north of Bristol. At Kingsweston Down, a healthy brood
is observed in each generation every year, with a good propor-
tion of ab. caeruleo-punctata, the form with a series of blue
240 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 15/VIII/71
markings on the hindwings. Sorrel, being the larval food-
plant abounds here, since the grass is cut back each year
and there also being a large number of anthills in the vicinity.
In an orchard not far away, the Small Copper is equally plenti-
ful, even though cattle are regularly allowed to graze there.
This butterfly is often bred by the author, from larvae col-
lected in a number of localities, and it is of interest that the
above-mentioned variation appears in as much as eighty or
ninety per cent of the resulting brood.
In the Mendip Hills, the Small Copper occurs in the famous
areas around Priddy and Charterhouse with an equal propor-
tion of aberrations, but its numbers have reduced drastically
in the former locality. At Shipham, near the western end of
these hills, this species was common in the years 1965 and
1968, but it was much scarcer in 1969.
On the whole, the prospects look good for the Small Copper
in our part of the world, its only real enemies being disease
and parasites.
Notes on Some of the British Nepticulidae
By Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., M.A., F.R.E.S.
(continued from p. 171)
MALUS (Apple)
We have six apple-feeding species, viz., Stigmella aéneella
Hein., S. desperatella Frey, S. malella Stt., Nepticula pomella
Vaughan, Dechtira atricollis Stt. and Etainia (Dechtiria)
pulverosella Stt. On this occasion I shall confine my remarks
to the last two.
Etainia pulverosella is now assigned to the same genus as
our three species which feed on the wings and seeds of maple
and sycamore (E. sericopeza Zell., E. sphendamni Hering and
E. decentella H.-S.). Both in the markings of the imago and
the life-history it is the odd man out. Feeding in apple leaves,
the larva makes a short gallery soon opening into a blotch,
which is nearly always situated at the leaf-margin. The single
generation comes early in the year; Ford (1949) is accurate in
giving mid-June to early July for the larvae, but in forward
seasons they may all have gone by the end of June. This is
one of the easiest of the univoltine species to rear, the larvae
spinning up readily between leaves or on tissue. I have found
mines in all the areas where I have collected microlepidoptera
in the south-east of England, though normally in limited num-
bers. Meyrick (1928) gives the distribution as ‘England to
York, rather local’; it also occurs in the west of Ireland, in
Co. Galway and the Burren.
D. atricollis makes a very similar mine, not only on apple,
but also on hawthorn (most commonly), pear and cherry. Ac-
cording to Meyrick (1928) and Waters (1924) there is only one
generation of larvae in the autumn, but Tutt (1899) and Ford
(1949) state there is also an earlier one in July, and Hering
REVIEW OF THE BUTTERFLIES IN THE BRISTOL AREA 241
(1957) and Borkowski (1969) concur. I have not yet met with
this earlier brood of larvae, even in places where they occur
plentifully in October. I suggest that, in Britain at any rate,
July larvae are few in number and erratic in appearance, if
they exist at all.
Until recently I found the mines of pulverosella and
atricollis hard to differentiate, and it was not until I came
across a colony of tenanted atricollis mines on apple and haw-
thorn together (see notes on Crataegus) giving me unquestion-
able examples of that species’ mines that I was able to make
a detailed comparison and work out the differences. These
are tabulated below, being based on the study of thirty-six
mines of pulverosella from six localities, and sixteen mines of
atricollis all from Kent. It is possible I would have found
more variation in the mines of atricollis if I had had more
examples drawn from different localities.
pulverosella
~ atricollis”
Ovum
Mine
(a) Gallery
(b) blotch
Larva
Larval exit-
hole
-|Laid on either side of the
leaf, generally near the
margin, but occasionally in
a central position.
Short and convoluted, but
occasionally following the
margin. Frass in a rela-
tively solid line. Gallery
sometimes absorbed in sub-
sequent blotch.
Frass blackish and concen-
trated in a thick line or
cone near the junction with
the gallery.
Yellow, head light brown.
Underside
Always laid on the under-
side of the leaf, about 1 mm
from the margin.
Longer, generally following
the margin. Widens grad-
ually and filled with dis-
persed frass.
Frass brownish, and distri-
buted irregularly through-
out the mine.
Greenish white with ven-
tral row of dark _ spots
sometimes’ visible. Head
dark brown.
Upperside.
HYPERICUM (St. John’s Wort)
Few people realize how late in the year the larvae of
Fomoria septembrella Stt. feed. Last year I found a larva on
the 14th of December which did not spin up in its mine until
the 19th, on which day I noticed another wild larva only just
beginning to make its cocoon. Waters (1924, p. 96-97) records
larvae ‘commonly on December 17th 1922, many being still
quite young.”
POPULUS spp. (Poplar and Aspen)
Nepticula trimaculella Haw. has a very variable frass-line,
like N. speciosa Frey, and, possibly, Stigmella ulmivora Fol.
On the 23rd July last, having a little time to kill on a visit to
London, I collected some Nepticulid mines in Hyde Park. I
was at once struck by the unfamiliar pattern of frass in some
242 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 835 15/VIII/71
vacated mines on Populus italica. The grains were well separ-
ated and filled the whole width of the gallery. On my return
to Saffron Walden, I collected, for comparison, thirty-nine
mines in leaves of Populus nigra (all but five vacated), but
none was similar to the London examples. Thirty-eight had
fine lines of frass, and one was intermediate, but tending to
fine. The names populicola Sorh. and subtrimaculella Dufr.
have been given to the miners with the thin frass line, but
both are now regarded as identical with trimaculella and their
names are reduced to synonymy (see Hering, 1951, p. 88, where
both types of mine are figured, and Borowski, 1969).
In writing about Dechtiria turbidella H.-S. at Wicken Fen
(Emmet, 1970). I stated that I had failed to find the larva. This
proved not to be the case. In October 1969 I noticed green
islands and larvae in the fallen leaves of a tree which I then
thought was an aspen, growing in another part of the fen, over
600 yards as the nep flies from the white poplars on and around
which I had taken the imagines of turbidella the previous
spring. I assumed the larvae were those of D. argyropeza
Zell. and, as I wanted only the record from the fen, and not the
moth, I collected very few of the leaves. These I neglected,
even leaving them in the plastic bag in which I had placed them
in the field. However, on the 25th of May, almost by chance, I
noticed an imago in the bag which, to my surprise, proved to
be turbidella. And so, despised and ignored, the first British
specimen of turbidella was reared in captivity. I have since
identified the tree from which the mines came as Populus
canescens (grey poplar).
Last spring the imagines of turbidella were even more
plentiful on the trunks of the white poplars and neighbouring
alders in the part of the Fen where I first found them in 1969. I
took a dozen more specimens, some of which are now in the
British Museum (Natural History); had I wished, I could have
taken scores. Yet a search of the fallen leaves of these
white poplars in October again drew blank, while the grey
poplar leaves on the other side of the Fen were heavily in-
fested; it was a pity that I failed to look for the imago on the
trunk of that tree in late May. On checking in the Hering
herbarium I find that his turbidella mines are (in my opinion)
in leaves of P. canescens, though they are designated as P. alba.
Whilst walking in Chippenham Fen, Cambridgeshire, last
October, green islands in fallen leaves caught my eye; the
cause proved to be larvae of turbidella, and in this case too the
trees were P. canescens. This variety of poplar, therefore,
seems to be the dominant foodplant.
I can now give a more detailed description of the mine and
larva, made from material collected at Wicken Fen on the 18th
and 30th of October 1970. All were in Populus canescens, with,
more often than not, two larvae in a leaf. The eggs are laid on
the petiole about half an inch below the base of the leaf,
usually one on each side of the stalk. The early mine shows up
as a dark expanding ridge in the leaf stalk (a varicose vein, as
REVIEW OF THE BUTTERFLIES IN THE BRISTOL AREA 243
Mr Jacobs vividly expressed it after I had sent him some
tenanted mines). The dark coloration is due to the frass which
is appressed against the outer skin, leaving a roomy chamber
in which the larva rests when not feeding. The stem is caused
to swell slightly at the junction with the leaf, giving still more
space. From this base the larva mines out into the lower part
of the leaf, on the same side of the midrib as the egg on the
stalk. Seventeen of the leaves I collected on the 30th of
October showed larvae feeding when I examined them that
night, but only nine of these larvae were visible the next morn-
ing; however, two had appeared in the leaves which had
seemed empty the previous evening. I chivvied a feeding larva
with a fine paint brush, and it slowly backed into its place of
concealment, the process taking about two minutes—not much
of a protection from the attention of predators! An unprovoked
larva took about the same time to retire. The frass at the leaf
base is arranged in a double wall, leaving a passageway be-
tween, and the retiring larva finds its way between these walls
by wagging its tail. Ultimately it becomes too tight a fit for
the larva to re-enter the petiole, and it then rests in the frass-
lined passage. The larvae create green islands, but individuals
feed on discoloured as well as green parts of the leaf. They
seem to quit their leaves earlier than their relative D. argyro-
peza Zell., and all the mines were vacated by the middle of
November.
The larva, seen in the mine, appears to be whitish green,
exactly matching the colour of the excavated portion of the
leaf. The dorsal vessel is darker and the head and mark on
segment 2, which is rectangular with slightly concave sides,
are pale brown. The cocoons are greyish green.
On the 19th of June 1962, when I was only just starting to
take an interest in microlepidoptera, I took three specimens
of turbidella at Withenshawe, a suburb of Manchester. These
I did not determine correctly until this year. The moths were
found'‘on the trunks of sycamore, but I remember well that there
was a large poplar (probably canescens) nearby; I have a speci-
ment of Nepticula trimaculella which I boxed on its trunk two
days later. This capture of turbidella constitutes a new county
record for Lancashire; hitherto the moth has only been re-
ported from Middlesex and Cambridgeshire.
Though I failed to get my record of D. argyropeza for
Wicken Fen in 1969, I did so this year when I located genuine
aspens growing not far from the grey poplar. This species has
had a remarkably good year and the green islands caused by
the larvae gave rise to vividly contrasting hues never envisaged
by Shelley among his “yellow, and black, and pale and hectic-
red Pestilence-stricken multitudes” of autumnal leaves swept
along by the wild west wind. Wood (1894, p. 152) writes ‘“‘to see
an aspen tree with nearly every leaf of a pure yellow, save for
a bold splash of vivid green striking across from the stalk to
margin, is an extraordinary sight, and one that can scarcely fail
244 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 15/VIITI/71
to attract attention.” Waters (1924, p. 102) adds his testimony,
“Sometimes nearly every leaf of a good-sized tree shows the
vivid green splashes which betray the larva’s presence.” So it
was in 1970. On one particoloured tree at Debden in Essex, I
counted the leaves along a couple of branches chosen hap-
hazard; out of a hundred leaves, fifty-six were tenanted by
larvae, in some instances two to a leaf, and of the forty-four
that were clear the majority were small, inconspicuous leaves.
Yet, for all Wood’s eloquent words, I wonder if many readers
noticed this beautiful phenomenon last October.
Our other aspen-feeding Nepticulid is N. assimilella Zell.
Tutt gives only Sussex and Hereford as the counties in which
it occurs. To these Waters (1928) added Berkshire and Oxford-
shire. Meyrick (1928) had nothing new to contribute. I have
bred this species from Farningham in Kent, and have found
mines at Wicken Fen in Cambridgeshire and Quendon in Essex;
all these, as far as I know, constitute new county records. The
species is never plentiful, but is clearly far more widespread
than the meagre reports suggest.
PRUNUS (Blackthorn)
Though I had a single cocoon from a late larva of Dechtiria
spinosella Joan. taken in 1969, I failed to breed the moth
(Emmet 1970). So in 1970 I visited Benfleet in Essex very
much earlier—the 11th of August as against the 22nd Septem-
ber in 1969. But even so, I was on the late side, and far more
spinosella mines were vacated than tenanted. Nevertheless,
an afternoon of searching produced nearly fifty tenanted
mines. May I here interpose that it is not my usual practice
to take this number of larvae of any species. My reasons for
excess in this instance were, first, that the abundance of empty
mines showed that there would be no threat to the species;
secondly, this being an insect not previously taken in Britain,
I was collecting not only for myself but for museums and,
possibly, other interested entomologists; and, thirdly, the
casualty rate is nearly always high with neps, and I was
anxious to make sure of getting the imago. With this last
object in view, I varied my treatment of the larvae as they left
their leaves to pupate. Some I put in moss, others in peat,
and yet others in sawdust. Probably all these precautions
were unnecessary, for a dozen or so spun up well enough be-
tween leaves or on the tissue lining their container. Un-
fortunately, I have mislaid the description I made from life
of the larva; my recollection is that it is whitish green with
a darker head. The cocoons are light brown. Mr Jacobs found
recently vacated mines of this species at Box Hill, Surrey, in
September 1970.
I introduced this species as Stigmella spinosella, following
the nomenclature used by Hering (1957). I see, however, in
my copy of the draft of the new Kloet & Hincks check-list
that it has been assigned to Dechtiria.
REVIEW OF THE BUTTERFLIES IN THE BRISTOL AREA 245
QUERCUS spp. (Oak)
Our oak-feeding Nepticulids fall into two groups, Stigmella
and Dechtiria. Meyrick (1895) initially recognised two species
as British in each genus, viz., atricapitella Haw. and basigut-
tella Hein. in the former, and subbimaculella Haw. and quin-
quella Bed. in the latter, to which he added (1928) S.
suberivora Stt., when it was discovered by Waters in the Isle
of Wight (Waters 1928). Since then S. ruficapitella Haw. has
been reinstated as a good species, and finally Waters added
D. albifasciella Hein., bringing the total up to seven (Waters
1928). Currently, however, the atricapitella group is under-
going a thorough and long overdue revision in the hands of
continental entomologists, amongst whom Borkowski and
Johansson are taking a leading part. Anyone who has studied
the mines and imagines carefully must have felt that Mey-
rick’s single atricapitella was a hotchpotch and that the
restoration of ruficapitella fell short of resolving the problem.
Dr Borkowski informs me by letter that they have found at
least five new and unpublished species, in addition to
samiatella Zell. (long recognised on the continent but not in
England) and zangherii Klimesch.
It remains to be seen how many of these species occur in
Britain, and it is desirable that a good supply of British
material should be available to the continental workers for
appraisal. Accordingly the British Museum is sending its
series of the atricapitella group to Borkowski in Poland and I
am adding my own few specimens to the parcel. If any other
British collector is prepared to lend his material in the cause
of science it would be welcomed by Dr Borkowski.
The task is twofold. First we need to know what species
we have; then will follow the fascinating work of matching
the moths and the mines. As these notes show in other con-
texts, with a few of the Nepticulids the mines are variable;
but in the majority of cases minutiae of difference are valid
guides to specific determination. So we must approach the
oak-mines with an open mind and not be too disappointed if
variation in their characters blunts our ability to separate the
species that made them.
I have seen little comment in our entomological literature
about the specialised scales possessed by some of these
species. Tutt (1899, p. 185) writes of atricapitella, ‘““The blue-
black cilia extend in the female almost to the base of the wing
without perceptibly decreasing in length, and in set specimens
they distinctly lie over the posterior wings’. Beards are
normally an embellishment of the masculine sex, and among
my own few specimens I would judge that it is the males which
boast this feature. Amongst the tawny-headed imagines, the
males have distinctly thickened cilia at the base of the costa
and dorsum of the hindwing. The red-headed moths appear
to have no specialised cilia. The colour of the collar also
varies; though most commonly white, it is black in some speci-
mens, while it is pale orange-white in the redheads.
246 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 15/VIII/71
There the matter must rest for the present, and I pass on
to species which, as yet, have not presented us with problems.
Stigmella suberivora Stt. was first recorded as British in 1928,
when Waters bred the moth from larvae feeding on ilex grow-
ing on St. Catherine’s Down in the Isle of Wight. The vacated
mines are so conspicuous and durable in the leaves of an ever-
green tree that it is inconceivable that they could have been
overlooked if they had long been present in this country. It
is therefore safe to assume that suberivora first became estab-
lished in the Isle of Wight through immigration or accidental
importation and that it has since spread to other localities in
the south of England. In order to take stock of its present
distribution, I shall list the localities that I know in the hope
of eliciting supplementary records. It occurs as follows:
Suffolk—Thorpness district (common); Essex—Epping; Kent—
Greenwich; Middlesex—south London parks; Dorset—Port-
land and Weymouth (common); Devon—Torquay. The last
locality was communicated to me by Mr J. L. Gregory, who
adds that, though holm oaks are common round his home in
St. Austell, Cornwall, he has searched them in vain for the
mines of suberivora. I can supply another piece of negative
information. There are plenty of ilexes in the Gog Magog
Hills near Cambridge, but when I examined them in the spring
of 1968 and again in 1971 I drew blank. So suberivora is
widely but patchily distributed, and it will no doubt continue
to spread its range.
Both Meyrick (1928) and Ford (1949) state that April is the
month for the larvae. Hering (1957), more accurately, gives
November to April as the larval season. I have found full
grown larvae at the end of February and by late March most of
the mines will have been vacated. March is therefore the best
time for the larvae, unless there has been a prolonged spell of
severe weather.
Stigmella basiguttella Hein. has had arelatively good year.
I have always regarded this as an uncommon species and in the
past have had to be content with finding one or two vacated
mines. In 1970, however, I noted them (though mostly in small
numbers) in various localities in Cambridgeshire, Essex, Kent
and Surrey; at Durfold in Surrey they were almost com-
mon. I even found one or two tenanted mines in Kent which
yielded cocoons. The difficulty with this species is that the mine
is exceptionally hard to see; it is completely filled with green
frass, and the larva, too, is green, so that the whole harmonises
with the colour of the leaf. After the larva has gone, the mine
becomes more conspicuous; there is the clear spot where the
larva last lay, and with the passage of time the frass in the
mine turns brownish.
An even better year was enjoyed by Dechtiria albifasciella
Hein. This species was added by Waters to the British list in
1928, and until his untimely death in 1930 he found it freely in
many localities, chiefly around Oxford. This is one of the
species which is liable to marked variation in abundance, and
REVIEW OF THE BUTTERFLIES IN THE BRISTOL AREA 247
Waters’s discovery must have corresponded with one of its
peak periods of plenty. Since then little has been heard of it.
I had not knowingly seen the mines till last September, when
I first met with them, already mostly vacated, in a wood near
Westerham, Kent. The hunt was on, and I found them, some-
times not uncommonly, in Cambridgeshire, Essex and Surrey;
they were in fact, wherever I searched for them. A bizarre
locality was the Annual Exhibition of the Amateur Entomolo-
gists’ Society held in London on the 26th of September, where
I noted the mines in oak leaves provided as provender for
exotic silk-moth larvae; I was informed that the leaves had
been picked near Wokingham in Berkshire. Mr Gregory sent
me mines of this species for determination which he had
gathered-near his home at St Austell—almost certainly a new
record for Cornwall. My latest date for a tenanted mine was
the 5th of October, but they had already passed their peak
when I found my first mine on the 11th of September.
The egg is laid against a rib, generally the midrib (upper-
side) and the larva starts by making a narrow gallery alongside
the rib. On reaching a branch nervure it turns outwards and
follows it for some way before changing its manner of feeding
and making a squarish blotch. Sometimes, when the egg is laid
on a branch nervure, the larva keep a straight course beside it
before starting its blotch. Occasionally the blotch is excavated
directly from the midrib; this is most likely to happen in the
confined space at the base of a leaf. Ford’s description, there-
fore, of the mine as a “‘blotch away from a rib” as contrasted
with that he gives of D. subbimaculella Haw.—‘‘an oblong
blotch next to a rib’ —is completely misleading. ‘‘Away from”
has two meanings. Compare ‘‘a path leading away from the
door” (initial contact) with ‘‘a man living away from home”
(complete physical separation). Albifasciella’s blotch starts in
contact with a rib and not infrequently, when the larva has
worked inwards, extends back to the midrib, making contact
there too. Subbimaculella is variable in the location of its
blotch especially when there are several mines in a leaf. The
favourite position is in the angle made by the midrib and a
branch rib, but the mines may also be found along any of the
branches, though even then the angle between veins is prefer-
red. The gallery phase of subbimaculella tends to be shorter
and broader, and it is often absorbed into the blotch. I shall
mention the slit cuticle later. Albifasciella is by far the earlier
species, as I have already indicated. Subbimaculella starts
when albifasciella leaves off in early October, and continues,
often feeding in green islands, till the end of November. It
literally swarms in some localities and in my experience is our
commonest oak-feeding nep.
It seems possible that two or even more species are mixed
up under the name subbimaculella. Writing of it, Waters (1924,
p. 101) says, ‘I noticed also on several occasions that larvae of
this species (in captivity) made their cocoons inside the blotch,
in the same manner as N. septembrella.” I found such a cocoon
248 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 15/VIII/71
in the wild at Keston in Kent in November 1968, from which I
bred a parasite which could have accounted for abnormal
behaviour. Hering, however, considers that possibly a second
unnamed species is indicated by this habit (Hering 1957, species
No. 4215).
One of the characteristics of subbimaculella is that it slits
the lower cuticle of the leaf, generally at the angular junction
of veins. Let me quote Hering, ‘“‘All species of Nepticula leave
their frass in the mine except one, Nepticula subbimaculella
Haw. on quercus, which makes a slit on the underside of the
leaf through which some of the grains of frass are ejected. A
whole group of closely related species make no such slit in the
lower epidermis, species which are so closely related to the
above-mentioned, that they were systematically for centuries
past united with it, until E. G. R. Waters drew attention to this
point of difference”. (Hering, 1951, p. 83). However, mines
of “‘subbimaculella”’ often lack this slit. These, then, are
the alternatives: either we have one of Hering’s “closely re-
lated species” in this country, or subbimaculella’s slit in the
cuticle is optional. Here is another field for research.
Dechtiria quinquella Bed. is one of our most local neps and
one that is subject to periodic population explosions. I only
know one locality for it, where it has been found regularly for
about a century. I have visited this site, which is near Cam-
bridge, for the past three years and have formed the impres-
sion that quinquella’s numbers are increasing. This may well
be the prelude to another “bang.”
The large, conspicuous, dark, round spots distributed along
the dorsal vessel of the larva of quinquella are well known, but
I have never seen it recorded that, in the last instar, they are
detachable. One by one they become displaced, losing their
alignment and overlapping each other on their journey towards
the anus. Finally the larva advances clear of them, and they
are lost in the trail of frass. I put a dead larva under a low-
powered microscope and found that I could remove the spots
with a micro pin. There is scope for research into the nature
and function of these spots.
(To be continued)
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ORIGIN AND PRONUNCIATION OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES 249
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Thoughts on the Origin and Pronunciation
of Scientific Names
By H. SYMES
In recent years the names of Lepidoptera have been sub-
jected to a severe spring-cleaning, and many old favourites
have been flung out on to the dust-heap. It is hard to con-
template some of the changes without regret: for instance
the replacement of the time-honoured Edusa by the upstart
Croceus, which is so very obvious. Paniscus, a little Pan, is an
ideal name for the Chequered Skipper, as anyone who has seen
this lively little butterfly frisking about in the woods will
agree; Palaemon, a minor sea-god, is not. Again, Dictaea and
Dictaeoides convey the close relationship between the two
species: Tremula and Gnoma do nothing of the kind. The
same applies to the substitution of Hermelina for Bifida. How
apt, too, was the old generic name of Minucia lunaris. Ophiodes
—snake-like—must surely appeal to all who have seen and
reared the larvae of this species. I do not know what Minucia
means, but I rather think it was the name of a Roman lady.
However, I suppose it is useless to repine, and sometimes the
change is for the better. Pavonia is in every way an improve-
ment on Carpini, especially as the Emperor larva does not
normally feed on Hornbeam, and the graceful White Admiral
has more affinity with Camilla, a warrior maiden, fleet as the
wind than with the ancient prophetess Sybilla, besides, the
other Admiral, Atalanta, is named after a similar character.
And purely on colour grounds, Aethiops is a more suitable
name for the Scotch Argus than Blandina, the heroic slave-
girl martyr of Lyons.
There are times when some pronunciations of scientific
names come as rather a shock. Like so many of my genera-
tion, I received a classical education, which included the read-
ing of Greek and Latin poetry and even some attempts at
writing Latin verses. In those days the perpetration of a
250 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 15/VIII/71
false quantity was regarded as an almost unpardonable
offence, though no longer punished, as in earlier and more
barbarous times, by a flogging. The result of this early
training is that a false quantity still grates on one’s ear,
especially when the name in question has been taken straight
from classical literature.
Among my treasured possessions is a slim volume entitled
“An Accentuated List of British Lepidoptera, with hints on the
derivation of the names”. It was published by the Entom-
ological Societies of Oxford and Cambridge in 1858, and among
the officers of those Societies the best-known is J. O. Westwood.
Pencilled on the fly-leaf is the one word “‘scarce’’. It starts
with a list of authors and nomenclators. This, I notice, does
not include Fourcroy, to whom we owe the substitution of
Croceus for Edusa. The volume contains much valuable and
some rather amusing reading. I often used to wonder why
the Large Elephant Hawk should have been called Elpenor, a
name taken straight from Homer. This unfortunate young
man, one of the comrades of Odysseus, had missed the ladder
and fallen off the roof of Circe’s house after drinking to excess,
and so had broken his neck. The Accentuated List—to which
I shall in future refer as A.L.—supplies the connection with
Porcellus (piglet) and with the old generic name Choerocampa
(hog-larva) by assuming, though Homer does not say so, that
Elpenor was one of the twenty-two comrades of Odysseus who
had been turned by Circe into pigs.
In rather strange company among the heroes and goddesses
of classical mythology appears a characeer from the Bible, the
ambitious Athalia, daughter of Ahab and Jezebel, who, like
her mother, came to a sticky end (II Kings, xi. 15-16). But I
suspect that the name was originally Thalia, one of the Muses,
and that one day an entomological friend, presumably an
Englishman, went up to Rottenberg and said something like
“Last summer I caught a Thalia’, with the consequences we
know. I have no idea why Cydippe (L.) has replaced Adippe
(L.), for A.L. quotes Linnaeus as expressing preference for
Adippe, but the change seems immaterial, as both nymphs
probably came from the same row of the Olympian chorus.
Then we have a fashion note that should appeal to the ladies
in the name Xerampélina, a word used by Juvenal to describe
clothes of the colour of dead vine-leaves (Sat. vi.519), a rather
subdued shade of purplish-brown.
The derivation of some names was a cause of perplexity
to A.L. The Dingy Skipper, now Erynnis tages, has been
blessed with a variety of generic names. The two given in
South are Thanaos and Nisoniades. Of Thanaos, A.L. says
“perhaps a typographical error for Thanatos, death, in allusion
to the dark colour of the species”. Plausible, but the palm
for this sort of conjecture must be awarded to an explanation
of Nisoniades which I read in another old book whose name I
have forgotten. This was to the effect that Nisoniades was
probably a mistake (presumably a ‘typographical error’) for
ORIGIN AND PRONUNCIATION OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES Dol
Bisoniades, in allusion to the bull-headed appearance of the
butterfly in question. And why not? After all, the Dipterous
family of Simulidae are known as Buffalo Gnats for this
reason.
Some names seem particularly inappropriate. Why should
the beautiful Orange Underwings be saddled with two such
disreputable titles as Parthenias (child of an unmarried
mother) and Notha (bastard)? In some cases A.L. makes
pointed comments on specific names taken from the food-
plant of the larva. Of Catocala fraxini it merely says ‘feeds
on Ash, Poplar, etc.”, and of T. betulae “feeds on the Birch,”
without further comment, but of L. sinapis it says ‘named
from the common mustard (Sinapis)” and adds, rather plain-
tively “‘but the larva feeds on Vicia, Lotus, etc.” Similar
protests are justifiably made about L. quercus, C. gnaphalii,
Z. filipendulae, Z. lonicerae and P. statices.
There is one name whose pronunciation has always given
me some uneasiness, and that is Cardamines. A.L. gives
Cardamines, and this seems to be generally accepted. But
the derivation of the word is doubtful, and I am not alone in
preferring to say “Cardamines’’, a more euphonious and, in
moments of exasperation, more satisfying word. I wonder
how many readers of the ‘Record’ have seen a charming
little poem by C. J. Longman, quoted by W. H. Hudson in
one of his books. I made a copy of it, and should like to
conclude by quoting it again.
“To the Orange Tip Butterfly”
“Cardamines, Cardamines!
Thine hour is when the thrushes sing,
While gently stirs the vernal breeze,
When earth and sky proclaim the spring;
When all the fields melodious ring
With cuckoos’ calls, when all the trees
Put on their green, then art thou king
Of butterflies, Cardamines.
What though thine hour be brief, for thee
The storms of winter never blow,
No autumn gales shall scour the lea,
Thou scarce shall feel the summer’s glow;
But soaring high or flitting low,
Or racing with the awakening bees
For spring’s first draughts of honey—so
Thy life is passed, Cardamines.
Cardamines, Cardamines!
E’en among mortal men, I wot,
Brief life while spring-time quickly flees
Might seem a not ungrateful lot:
For summer’s rays are scorching hot
And autumn holds but summer’s lees,
And swift ere autumn is forgot
The winter comes, Cardamines”’.
252 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 835 15/VIII/71
I am indebted to Mrs Connie Symes for the manuscript of this paper
which she discovered among her late husband’s notes. Ed.
Current Notes
The Annual Exhibition of the Amateur Entomologists’
Society will be held at Holland Park School, Airlie Gardens,
Campden Hill, London W.8, on Saturday, 25th September, 1971
from 11.30 until 16.00. Admission is free and visitors are wel-
come.
The exhibition may be reached from Notting Hill Gate
Station (Underground) or Kensington High Street Under-
ground. Omnibus services 27, 28, 31, 46 and 52 may be used
to Kensington Church Street. There is a certain amount of
parking space for cars in the school grounds.
Is the season so bad that no one can find subjects for Notes
and Observations, or is it so good that no one has time to write
up such notes? Ed.
Current Literature
Two separates from Teodoro Monteiro O.S.B. include “Revision
des Espéces Portugaises du Genre Procris Fabricius
(Zygaenidae Lep.)” with six genitalia drawings, and
Lepidopteres de l’Algarve” which gives an account of
localities visited with a map, followed by an account of the
Geometridae found, with some figures of genitalia dis-
sections.
These represent Nos. 111 and 105 of the publications of
Instituto de Zoologia ‘“‘Dr Augusto Nobre’”. Faculdade de
Ciencias do Porto, and both are in the French langu-
age..—S.N.A.J.
From Emilio Berio I have an account of a method for ex-
tracting the genitalia of Lepidoptera, invented by him some 30
years ago, but never previously recorded. It is set out with six
photographic illustrations, in Memorie della Societa Entomo-
logica Italiana, XLVIII (1969): 368-378.—S.N.A.J.
Flora of a Changing Britain, Edited by F. Perring, 157 pp.,
Classey £2.10.
This book is a report of the 11th Biennial Conference of the
Botanical Society of the British Isles, held at the Imperial Col-
lege of Science on 19th September 1969. After a preface by
the Editor, the sixteen papers read are given with notes on the
subsequent discussion of each paper. The first, entitled “Our
Changing Climate” is by H. H. Lamb, of the Meteorological
Office, Bracknell, and is followed by ‘‘Changes in Plant Life
following Changes in Local Climate” by Dr J. P. Savage of the
University of Aberystwith. The third paper by Professor C. D.
Pigott, of the University of Lancaster is entitled ‘““The Response
CURRENT LITERATURE 2593
of plants to Climate and Climatic Change’’. The subject of Land
Use is dealt with by P. J. O. Trist O.B.E. writing on “‘The Chang-
ing Pattern of Agriculture’. M. Brown’s paper is entitled ‘““The
Effect of Planting Trees” while Dr M. D. Hooper writes on the
Botanical Importance of our Hedgerows and A. J. Gray on
The Colonisation of Estuaries following Barrage Building.
The third session deals with the effect of Transport, and J.
E. Lousley opens with the Influence of Transport on a
Changing flora, dealing with paths, roads, canals, railways,
motor ways and air transport and in summing up he looks to
the future. There is a long list of references. A. P. Dumbrill
discusses the subject of the Management and Planting of
Motorway Verges, and he stresses the advantage of these in-
accessible sites for the establishment and development of the
flora. Dr May Gillham concludes with a paper on seed dis-
persal by birds.
Session four resumes on Saturday, 20th September with a
paper by Dr K. Mellanby entitled “Our Filthy World — The
Pollution of Land, Air and Water” in which the aspects of the
disposal of industrial and domestic waste are discussed.
J. D. Fryer and R. J. Chancellor provide a paper entitled
Herbicides and our changing weeds, and Dr H. J. M. Bowen
discusses the effects of air pollution on plants.
Session five, on Past and Future opens with ‘“‘The Last Seven
Years” by F. H. Perring followed by ‘‘The Next Twenty-five
Years” by Dr S. W. Walters, and the Summing Up by E. Milne-
Readhead.
The whole is well indexed, and should make most interesting
reading for a very wide circle, for it concerns all of us, natural-
ists or not. The book is well printed on good paper and is
strongly bound in cloth.—S.N.A.J.
Centurie de Lépidopteres de Il’Ile de Cuba by P.H. Poey (1823)
reprinted by E. W. Classey, with a biographical foreword
C. F. Cowan (1970), 56 pp., including 20 coloured plates.
£12.50
In producing this reprint, a most interesting foreword by
C. F. Cowan puts the work into focus for the reader by a care-
ful reconstruction of the circumstances surrounding the
original project and the portion of it which saw the light of
day. This most interesting account concludes with a warning
that the written descriptions should always be checked because
some of the colours then in use were not stable, and became
black with the passing of time. The early retirement of his
engraver, Paul Dumenil, seems to have been the main reason
why the work was not completed.
The Preface gives an account of the situation and nature of
the Isle of Cuba, pointing out that it has some species of
lepidoptera not recorded from the neighbouring islands. The
author mentions his eight years of collecting in the island and
his research in Parisian libraries to identify his captures, and
294 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 15/VIII/71
states that of the hundred species selected for this work, about
eighty are entirely new and of the rest, some features is figured
which had not previously been noted.
Of the twenty plates which actually appeared, the beauty
of design and colouring (excepting the few cases of chemical
change already mentioned) makes one regret very much the
failure of the projected other eighty to appear.
The accompanying text gives Latin and French versions of
the descriptions, followed by a good account of the species in
the French language.
The book is beautifully printed on good paper and, is
strongly bound in grey cloth boards with a blue spine. The
printers of the plates have done an excellent job, and the work
will thus become available to students of the Cuban insect
fauna. The price may seem high for a book of this size, but
the work involved and its quality justify it—S.N.A.J.
West African Butterflies and Moths by John Boorman 79pp..,
including 16 coloured plates: Longmans £0.60.
This little paper back gives some account of about 225
species of Lepidoptera, set out to give an account of the main
families represented. Besides the coloured plates, the outer
margins of the pages bear black and white photographs and
line drawings illustrating the text.
The text begins with some account of the physiology and
life cycle of a lepidopteron, followed by hints on making a
collection and on handling insects, and finally on rearing and
photographing specimens. The author’s final paragraph about
scientific names puts the matter very concisely, and should be
read by all who now show a preference for vernacular names.
The main text goes through the macrolepidoptera by
families, mentioning some of the species to illustrate them, the
accompanying photographs being marked with their scale
when not life size, as also are the coloured plates. The colour
work, while it cannot be described as first class, is none the less
good, and will be a great help in identification. Richard Bon-
son’s line drawings are excellent throughout but Ben John-
son’s excellent photographs lose something by being repro-
duced on a coarser screen than one could have wished for such
subjects, but here again it must be borne in mind that art
paper, which is really required for a fine screen would not be
suitable for a paper-back book which is to be handled fre-
quently.
At the end there is a useful appendix headed “Going on from
here” which commences with a short note on museums,
Natural History Societies, and University Zoological Depart-
ments. It goes on to give a list of publications on the subject
and finishes with addresses enabling readers to get in touch
with the two Nigerian societies.
The author’s style makes the book useful to both the be-
ginner and the more advanced student of the West African
Lepidoptera.—S.N.A.J.
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EXCHANGES AND WANTS
For Sale or Exchange.—Butterflies and moths. Many species from Africa,
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on request by sending International Postal Coupon.—Robert Keiser,
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write G. Hanrahan, 20 Riverpark Drive, Marlow, Bucks, SL7 1Qh.
For Sale.—Livestock of Hawk Moths and Silkmoths.—Send s.a.e. for
further details to C. Johnson, 7 Hoppet Lane, Droylsden, Manchester.
The Croydon Natural History and Scientfic Society is conducting a survey
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Information and records from many entomologists are gratefully
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appreciated.
K. G. W. Evans, Chairman, Entomology Section, 31 Havelock Road,
Croydon, CRO 6QQ.
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CONTENTS
The Systematics of the Charaxidae (Lepidoptera: Nymphaloidea).
A. H. B. RYDON .. Be ae me we a ae,
219
Mt. Etna (Sicily) Re-visited. ANTHONY VALLETTA .. oA 1 234
A Review of the Butterflies in the Bristol Area. A. D. R. BROWN 236
Notes on Some of the British Nepticulidae. Lieut. Col. A. M.
EMMET ae ss ay Se ae We Ee ee a. § 240
Thoughts on the Origin and Pronounciation of Scientific Names. H.
SYMES me Ae Be 33 ie a ake A .. 249
Current Notes... sit ad 3 ee x is A er)
Current Literature is i of Ais ee oe Hi a.) teOe
Butterflies and Moths of Kent III. J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT oe EAGT)
I TE SR ER 2 EEE TT SE ES LE TS
T. BUNCLE AND CO. LTD., ARBROATH, ANGUS, SCOTLAND
if 83 No.9 September 1971
THE
ENTOMOLOGIST’S
RECORD
AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION
Edited by S. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.E.s.
with the assistance of
A. A. ALLEN, B.S.C., A.R.C.S. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B.SC., F.R.E.S.
NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. H. C. HUGGINS, F.R.E.S.
J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.E.S. S. WAKELY
Major A. E. COLLIER, M.C., F.R.E.S.
Commander G. W. HarpER, R.N. (Retd.), F.R.E.s.
Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S.
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‘ ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION FOR THIS VOLUME No. 83
GREAT BRITAIN AND COMMONWEALTH .. a fs .. £1.75 Post Free
OTHER COUNTRIES .. Ke Pe ts Be: ni .. £2.00 Post Free
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animals observed. The aim of the author has been
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More than 200 pages are devoted to insects. The
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to colour; other insects have been classified by size,
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PLATE IX
woyexfim “YH fiq oj0yd
250
No. 26
A New Race of Myrina silenus (F.) (Lepidoptera:
Lycaenidae) from the North Western Cape
By C. G. C. Dickson and R. D. STEPHEN
Occurring in Little Namaqualand and for some distance
further south but still in the more north-westerly portion of the
Cape, this butterfly constitutes a race which differs quite appre-
ciably from Myrina silenus ficedula Trimen, and can also be
separated readily from M. silenus deserticola Stempffer from
South West Africa. It is decidedly different from M. silenus
silenus, which does not occur in Southern Africa. The charac-
teristic features of this new race are given herunder.
Myrina silenus penningtoni subsp. nov.
Average size of both sexes below that of M. silenus ficedula
and tails of hindwing not as long, and narrower, than in this
race.
Male. Upperside.
Forewing. The ferruginous area not reaching the extreme
distal-margin but bordered or at least edged here with
brownish-black.
Hindwing. Inner-marginal area, the anal-lobe as a whole
and the untwisted portion of the tail markedly whitish and
much lighter than in ficedula.
Underside.
Forewing. No apparent constant difference, in comparison
with ficedula.
Hindwing. The inner-marginal edging and the broad strip
in lower half of inner-marginal area lighter and much whiter
than in ficedula. (In some specimens of the latter race the
upper edging of the inner-margin and a curved streak of light
scaling bounding the upper part of the broad lighter strip are
nearly as white as in penningtoni—but not the strip itself.)
Length of forewing: 15-16 mm. (the latter measurement,
applying to holotype).
Female. Upperside.
Forewing. The dark costal border more clear-cut than in
ficedula in relation to the ferruginous colouring, where the
border approaches the blue area of the wing. (In the female
Myrina silenus penningtoni subsp. nov.
Fig. 1. ¢ Holotype (upperside) Fig. 2. ¢ Holotype (underside).
Fig. 3. 2 Allotype (upperside) Fig. 4. © Allotype (underside).
Fig. 5. Valves of ¢ genitalia, viewed at right angles to main surface, and
aedeagus of lower, second, preparation.
Fig. 6. Armature of ¢ genitalia, with aedeagus removed, three pointed
processes of uncus directed towards observer.
Figures of imagines 1.7 times natural size.
Figures of genitalia 21 times natural size.
256 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 13/1X/71
the distal margin is not or is at the most barely dark-edged. )
Hindwing. Commencing from a little below vein 6, the space
between the blue area and the distal-margin is largely, ferru-
ginous coloured, instead of dark-brown to blackish as in
ficedula. Inner-margin, anal-lobe and tail whitish as in the
male of the present race.
Underside.
Forewing. Like that of male.
Hindwing. As in the male, with the same remarks appli-
cable to the inner-marginal area, etc.
Length of forewing: 17-18.5 mm. (the former measure-
ment, applying to allotype).
Antennae, in both sexes, with the clubbed portion beneath
lighter (i.e., partly rather bright ferruginous as a rule) than
in ficedula, and underside of thorax and abdomen as well as
legs, considerably more white than in this race.
5S Holotype, WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE: Doorn River, N.
of Clanwillam, 2. x. 1970 (C.G.C.D.); British Museum Reg. No.
Bh. 17288.
2 Allotype, W. CAPE PROVINCE: data as holotype;
British Museum Reg. No. Bh. 17289.
Paratypes in Coll. C.G.C.D. data as holotype, i1.x.1970, 2 dd
dQ (C:G:G.D:):
Paratypes in Coll. R.D.S., as holotype, 15.x.1967, 1 ¢.
Paratype in Coll. J. Brown, W. CAPE PROVINCE: Kuboes
(Little Namaqualand), 19.xi.1962, 1 2 (H. D. Brown).
Paratypes in Coll. K. M. Pennington, W. CAPE PRO-
VINCE: Soebatsfontein (Little Namaqualand), 18.xi.1946, 1
3 (K.M.P.); Garies (Little Namaqualand), 22.ix.1967, 1 9°
(K.M.P.).
Paratypes in Coll. Mrs J. V. Sipser, as holotype, 1.x.1970,
PS 22 NESE LA x 1970 Ia oe? (CG: Cp)
Paratypes in Coll. W. Teare, as holotype, 19.xi.1970, 6 ¢¢,
ENERO HCW TS)!
Paratypes in Coll. Transvaal Museum, W. CAPE PRO-
VINCE: Brakfontein, Richtersveld (Little Namaqualand),
18.x1.1933, 1 d, 1 2 (G. van Son).
Some specimens of both sexes have the blue a little less
extensive than in ficedula, but this is by no means a constant
feature. In a few individuals the colouring may be a shade
more violaceous than is usual in the latter race — with the
majority apparently not showing any real difference in this
respect.
The butterfly cannot be confused with M. _ silenus
deserticola, although the females of the two races can be
more alike than the males. An extension basad, of the ferru-
ginous colouring of the upperside (this applying to the fore-
wing only, in the male) is a feature of deserticola, and with
the blue itself absent or simply consisting of a little scattered
scaling in the hindwing of the female. Furthermore, this
race lacks the dark border to the distal-margin, in the male
A NEW RACE OF MYRINA SILENUS (F.) 257
as well as the female; and, from a single specimen that has
been seen, the inner-margin and the adjoining part of the
hindwing are less whitish on both surfaces than in penning-
toni. The underside of the latter race is usually but not in-
variably of a duller brownish tone than in ficedula; in the
female paratype from Garies, caught by Mr Pennington, it is
of a mustard-yellow colour. The distinctness of the trans-
verse streaks on the underside of the wings is individually
variable, while the marking at the end of the cell may be
prominent in some specimens (at least in the hindwing) and
in others barely visible—or in some cases not discernible at
all, in the forewing anyway.
It is necessary to mention that a single male specimen
which has been seen—of two obtained by Mr Pennington on
23rd November, 1946, at Otavi in the northern part of South
West Africa and 250 miles from the coast—is close but not
indentical to penningtoni from the N. W. Cape. In this speci-
men (in which the dark border on the upperside of the fore-
wing is well developed) the blue is visibly a shade more viol-
aceous and slightly less extensive than is usual in the males
of penningtoni, while a broad inner-marginal zone as well as
the anal-lobe and most of the tail of the hindwing are, on the
upperside, decidedly darker and more like the corresponding
parts in ficedula. Otavi, incidentally, has a higher annual
rainfall than the localities in which deserticola has been
found.
The male genitalia of M. silenus silenus have been fully
described and figured by M. Stempffer in “‘The Genera of the
African Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera)”’ (Bull. Br.
Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) Suppl. 10 p. 111, 1967); and this author
states ‘‘As I have pointed out (1943, Ann. Soc ent. Fr. 1942:
117) the male genitalia of M. ficedula are identical with those
of M. silenus and it is probable that ficedula is a subspecies
of silenus.’ In his figure which includes the valves, these
organs are shown in immediate proximity to one another—
the broad folded portion of each valve being clearly apparent
in the lower part, of the drawing.
In the accompanying figures, the valves are not represen-
ted in an inverted position as in the drawing referred to
above; and, since they are spread outwards in the prepar-
ations, with the main surface of the upper folded portion
more or less on the same plane as the line of vision of the
observer, an alternative view of the valves is given in our own
paper.
The late Rev. D. P. Murray has given a good figure, in the
lateral view, together with a short covering statement, of the
male genitalia of M. silenus ficedula, in J. ent. Soc. S. Afr., Vol.
x. No. 2 (1948).
Mr W. H. Henning and his son Graham most obligingly
furnished suitable male specimens of ficedula, from the
Florida Hills Transvaal, just when these were required for a
comparison of the genitalia with those of penningtoni. In the
2968 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 85 15 / TX
present specimens of both these races which we have
examined the aedeagus has in ali cases been decidedly iess
robust than that of M. silenus silenus in Stempffer’s very clear
drawing in the publication cited. The valves of penningtoni
have been relatively broader and the total length of the
folded portion has been greater in relation to the length
longitudinally of the rest of the valve, than in the above
specimens of ficedula; and some other differences in detail
have been noticed in the valves of the two races. Prepar-
ations of the genitalia of penningtoni were made from Mr
Teare’s captures, from the type locality.
Mr Pennington himself has stated, in a letter of 15th May,
1971:—“‘I first took two males at Soebatsfontein in 1946 when
I camped against a large rock with a running fig along its
face. I spotted them as I was having breakfast in November.
I took two more a week later at Otavifontein a thousand miles
north in S.W.A. From time to time since I have seen odd
specimens in Namaqualand, but did not actually catch any till
1967 when they were fairly common round our camp in
September under the Kamiesberg eight miles out of Garies’’.
One of us (R.D.S.) gives his own experience of the butterfly
in the paragraph which follows hereunder.
I was fortunate in taking a few specimens of this new race
of M. silenus on the huge wild fig trees on the Doornrivier near
Klaver, in October, 1967. I have so far not found them any
closer to Cape Town, although the fig trees are evident
further south. In addition, I have taken M. silenus ficedula
in one spot at Mossel Bay on the ridge above the town. At
the time of writing, these localities each represent the spots
recorded closest to Cape Town where these two individual
races are to be found.
As a result of the earlier experience of R. D.S., the locality
in which the type-specimens of penningtoni were duly caught
was visited by C. G. C. D. and Mrs J. V. Sipser with the express
object of obtaining specimens (on Ist and 2nd October, 1970)
which were found in fair numbers round the wild fig trees
(Ficus cordata Thunberg) on which the butterfly obviously
breeds. This insect does not seem to be as quick in its move-
ments as ficedula. While habitually remaining about the same
tree for long periods, specimens do on occasion fly from one
tree to another, as was observed in the earlier part of the
morning, and they may be seen feeding at low-growing
flowers, including a deep pink species of Mesembrianthemum
(sens. lat.), during this time of day.
It is believed that Dr Bernard Kettlewell took specimens
of deserticola in S. W. Africa in 1952, judging by specimens
that were shown to one of the writers (C. G. C. D.) by him at
that time — in which case, these examples are now in the
British Museum (N.H.), as Mr G. E. Tite referred in a fairly
recent letter to specimens which answer to them.
The specific name of the Ficus tree with which this butter-
fly is associated was kindly furnished by Miss W. F. Barker,
OBSERVATIONS ON BRITISH BUTTERFLIES IN 1970 259
Curator of the Compton Herbarium, Nationtal Botanic
Gardens, Kirstenbosch, Cape—and who referred at the same
time to the distribution of the tree, stating “It occurs from
Clanwilliam northwards into S. W. Africa and Griqualand
West.”
As mentioned by Stempffer (1967), the caterpillars (or
early stages) of M. silenus and M. subornata have been de-
scribed by Farquharson and by Lamborn, in 1911 and 1913
respectively, and those of the former species by Jackson in
1937; while Murray has covered those of M. silenus ficedula
in 1935, and Clark and Dickson (in Life Histories of the South
African Lycaenid Butterflies) in 1971.
“Blencathra’’, Cambridge Avenue, St Michael’s Estate,
Cape Town.
19 Wheelan Street, Newlands, Cape.
Observations on British Butterflies in 1970
By Dr C. J. LuckENs
The first free-flying butterfly of the season is always a
special delight, and a worn Aglais urticae L. bravely sunning
itself in the garden on March 26th was indeed a welcome
herald of Spring. Apart from the release of a few more
housebound A. urticae and a Scoliopteryx libatrix L. fluttering
to get out into the weak sunlight during that week, we had to
be content with this brief glimpse of Spring until well into
April.
On April 9th, however, my father saw our first Gonopteryx
rhamni L. in the garden and a few days later, just before our
return to Glasgow, I myself saw one near Bolney.
We saw nothing of butterflies after that until the early
Spring ‘Whites’ started flying in the Glasgow area on May
9th. I saw Pieris rapae L. around the University and a few
Pieris napi L. and A. urticae near Kirkintilloch.
A few days later we went over to the moss near Kilmacolm.
It was a perfect Spring day—curlews were nesting among the
grass tufts, Cuckoos called in the surrounding copses, and
at the entrance to the moss a pair of Stoats played to within
a few feet of us. Yellowish heavily-marked females of P.
napi were beginning to emerge (males were plentiful), and
there were also a number of quite bright looking A. urticae.
I started to get very worried about my final exams. in
Medicine after that, but in the lull between the end of the
written papers and the start of the clinical exams, we took a
few days off to stay with friends at Connel, near Oban. We
were very fortunate in that our last three days there were
gloriously sunny, and on June Ist we travelled up to Fort
William in search of Carterocephalus palaemon Pall.
Carrying our small son, my wife and I quartered the ground
for this elusive insect; but though we saw several Callophrys
260 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 15 / TX TE
rubi L. and took a few dusky female P. napi we again had no
success with C. palaemon. Commander Harper has since in-
formed me that it has become very scarce in Lochaber.
The following day we made an even longer journey from
Oban to Badenoch. It was a great pleasure to see our first
Scottish Antocharis cardamines L. alongside the road just
before Laggan Bridge. Thereafter males of this species be-
came quite plentiful along the Spey valley, though not one
female was seen all day.
In the afternoon we explored the birch woods around
Aviemore, where plenty of richly-coloured Clossiana euphro-
syne L. were skimming over the violets and bugle, together
with more A. cardamines, P. napi, and a few Phragmatobia
fuliginosa L.
Our last day was spent around Oban where we dropped
in at some of the coastal localities for Ewphydryas aurinia
Rott. We were a few days too early for this fritiilary, but
Lycaena phlaeas L. was common and there were a few
Nymphalis io L. about also.
June 13th was the next day I could feasibly take off and
fortunately the weather promised fair, so we sped on our
way to Argyll again.
E. aurinia was out in very good numbers in several local
colonies between Lochgilphead and Oban but already be-
ginning to get worn. As usual there is a wide range of varia-
tion but in general aurinia is of a large and strongly coloured
race in this area.
Flying with this attractive butterfly were Coenonympha
pamphilis L., P. napi, very tattered N. 70, and Callimorpha
jacobaea L., but this usual attendant Polyommatus icarus Rott.
had not yet emerged.
We left Glasgow on the 19th June for the south cf Eng-
land, paying a flying visit to Meathop Moss en route. Here
Maniola jurtina L. was about, and a sprinkling of Coenonym-
pha tullia f. philoxenus Esp., the latter not nearly so abundant
on the moss as I had been led to believe. It was fairly early
in the season, I had no guide to the locality, and perhaps
sampled a less favourable part of it, but I got the general
impression that the future of C. tullia philoxenus is a bit pre-
carious in this country if Meathop is its stronghold. I would
be very glad to be reassured to the contrary.
We stayed the night in Lincolnshire and the following
morning visited Castor Hanglands Reserve.
It was a hot sunny day and numbers of Ochlodes venata
Br. and Grey were buzzing about in the rides. Little else was
on the wing, however, and about midday we went on to Monks-
wood, where we were treated to the sight of scores of
Strymonidia pruni L. over the old blackthorns. Indeed this
rare and local hairstreak seemed one of the most abundant
butterflies in the wood, and we spent some time watching
it flying around the tops of the bushes.
About 4 p.m. we left Monkswood in order to fit in a quick
OBSERVATIONS ON BRITISH BUTTERFLIES IN 1970 261
visit to Salcey Forest on our way south.
On arrival almost the first butterfly we saw was the one we
had come for—Leptidea sinapis L., fluttering feebly through
the tangled underbrush. This delicate insect seemed reason-
ably common here so I took a few specimens (some were still
fresh at this late date) to compare with Devonshire and Sussex
races in my collection. In one of the rides a late A. cardamines
made a surprise appearance. It was very disappointing, how-
ever, to find that one of the old ‘iris’ breeding grounds in
Salcey had been destroyed since our last visit the previous
August. We arrived at my parents house near Haywards
Heath late that evening.
Our next butterfly expedition was on the 25th June when
we went to Blean Woods in Kent. The last time we visited
this area two years previously, my wife and I had found a
thriving colony of Mellicta athalia Rott. in one of the lesser
known enclosures, and we were keen to see how it had fared
in the interim.
Soon after we entered the wood we started to see numbers
of this dark little fritillary skimming over the herbage, and
found that it had greatly extended its former confines in this
locality. In fact the original site of the colony had become
too overgrown to support much cow-wheat, and the butterflies
had mostly spread to a large flowery area, which two years
ago had been composed of tree stumps of felled chestnut
with little or no vegetation in between. This part of the
Blean Woods system is not deliberately managed to suit M.
athalia, but evidently the wood is still periodically coppiced
and thus the cow-wheat thrives and hopefully so will the
butterfly dependent upon it.
I came face to face with a half-grown dog fox in one of the
rides, and he quite unconcernedly turned and trotted along
the track in front of me for about fifty yards before scamper-
ing aside into the undergrowth. Later we all went to cool off
in the quiet atmosphere of Canterbury Cathedral.
On June 27th I went to a wood about ten miles away, near
Uckfield, where a good variety of butterfly species were flying.
Limenitis camilla L was freshly out and sailing about the
bushes in plenty; Thymelicus sylvestris Poda., Aphantopus
hyperanthus L. and summer P. napi were just emerging; a
few Vanessa cardui L. were about with M. jurtina, P. icarus,
Pararge megera L., Pararge aegeria L.; and late and tattered
Erynnis tages L. and Clossiana selene Schiff. were still flying.
There were G. rhamni larvae to be found on nearly all the
buckthorns.
I was particularly looking for Argynnis cydippe L. for
which this wood was noted at one time, and soon I saw a large
swift-flying Argynnid which I assumed was the butterfly in
question. It perched on a tall field-thistle for a restless instant
and then was off like the wind. Later I netted a large fritillary
in one of the broad rides but to my surprise it turned out to
be a perfect male Argynnis aglaia L. instead of the other
262 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 15 /1X/el
species. All the subsequent captures in the wood have proved
to be A. aglaia and I wonder if it has recently colonised the
wood and displaced the very similar A. cydippe by natural
competition.
My parents travelled North with us on June 29th for my
graduation in Glasgow. We took the journey in easy stages
and included the Lake District. The weather was not of the
best however, and conditions in the Honister Pass did not
look promising enough to warrant a foray after Erebia
epiphron L. which is said to be abundant here.
We did not have much time to spare in Glasgow, but on
July 4th we went to the Lochgilphead area where there were
disappointingly small numbers of worn C. tullia about on
Moine Mhor. However, we collected a few larvae of N. io,
Saturnia pavonia L. and Lasiocampa quercus callunae L.
I snatched a few hours on July 7th to make a quick in-
spection of Flanders Moss near Stirling. On the wooded out-
skirts of this wild waste of cottongrass and heather A. hyper-
anthus was emerging, a very local species in Scotland, and of
a constant ashy-grey tinge on the underside when compared
with the more richly-coloured Southern English forms. On
the moss itself C. tullia was about but already in tatters and
again in fewer numbers than usual.
On our way south again on July 9th we dropped in at
Arnside, and in spite of mediocre weather saw plenty of freshly
emerged A. cydippe. One or two Eumenis semele L. of a very
small and bright form skipped among the stones, and there
were a few P. icarus and Aricia agestis salmacis about.
Back in Sussex it seemed high time to start looking for
Apatura iris L., and on July 11th I went with Dr A. Rydon to
West Sussex. Soon after arrival at the forest we met Mr
Haines and Mr Meredith, both with the same quarry in mind
as ourselves. It was the most beautiful day and many species
were flying—Argynnis paphia L., L. camilla, Polygonia c- album
L., Thecla quercus L., early G. rhamni, and the usual woodland
Satyrids including the first Maniola tithonus L. In spite of
ideal weather I saw only one A. iris, and that a short glimpse
as he skipped between oaks.
Dr Rydon and I left our two friends about 6.30 p.m.,
who decided to wander slowly back for a last look around—
just long enough for Mr Meredith to take a fine male iris
about ten minutes after our departure!
The next day the first flush of Celestrina argiolus L. (Sum-
mer brood) started to emerge around my parents garden—a
most welcome sight after several seasons of scarcity. This
dainty little butterfly remained abundant thereabouts until
mid-August, when the last one was seen on the 18th. Numbers
of ova and larvae could be found on practically any ivy clump
in the area.
On the 13th July I drove over to the West Sussex Woods in
the morning and again met Mr Haines, who told me of his
friends success two days previously. As we were talking, a
OBSERVATIONS ON BRITISH BUTTERFLIES IN 1970 263
male A. iris swooped down to my car (which I had parked
strategically), flew around it for a few seconds while we stood
immobile, dashed down the ride and then came back straight
over our heads.
Quite a lot of adrenaline circulated for a minute or two!
The cause of it flitted about the oaks above us for a while
before finally making off. I had to leave before midday but
returned in the afternoon to find that Mr Haines had had
only sporadic sightings of iris for the remainder of the day
but had netted and released A. aglaia, an unusual butterfly
in these woods nowadays.
July 15th was a generally cloudy day with occasional sunny
spells, and I set off for a well-known locality for iris on the
Hants/Surrey border. On arrival at about 1 p.m. I immedi-
ately saw two iris over the oaks, but when I got to the prime
spot in the wood I could see no less than five at once, soaring
about the oak crowns and engaging each other in aerial com-
bat. One suddenly swooped down to the shrubs behind me,
and sat just a few feet out of reach with spread wings for a
moment before sailing up to the high tops again. This spectacu-
lar display of iris ceased about 3.30 p.m. and thereafter I caught
only occasional glimpses of this superb butterfly.
A few L. camilla were about, looking diminutive beside
iris, and there were quantities of T. quercus flying about the
oaks and chestnuts.
After an interview in Ashford, Kent, the following day I
called into the Uckfield wood on my way back. Weather
conditions were poor, but I saw several L. camilla, A. paphia
and a few A. aglaia careering along the rides.
The weather was again cloudy with chinks of sunshine on
17th July, when the whole family went to the Hampshire
locality. Soon after arrival, my parents and my wife saw
their first iris over the oaks and settled back to watch them
with binoculars, while I wandered along the rides hoping for
a capture. When I returned my wife told me that while I
was away a male iris had leisurely inspected the car only a
few feet away. After repeatedly calling me to no avail, she
eventually grabbed a spare net and narrowly missed captur-
ing “His Imperial Majesty”!
In spite of the long journey involved, I could not keep
away from this place, and got back the following morning at
about 8.45 a.m. I only saw one iris early on, but Mr C. Wyatt
who was there when I arrived captured a perfect male on the
forest track. There were plenty of T. quercus and C. argiolus
and a fresh brood of P. aegeria was emerging.
The crowds started to gather about mid-morning so I left
for the relative solitude of the West Sussex localities. In one
of the copses there later that afternoon, I saw iris flap slowly
straight through some scattered young oaks about twelve feet
up—a type of heron-like flight I had not observed before in
this species.
July 20th was changeable but generally sunny, and I went
264 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 15/IX/71
to the wood near Uckfield where I hoped to net a female A.
aglaia for breeding. For some time I chased these elusive
butterflies which were flying wildly and haphazardly among
young trees in a heathy part of the wood. Stopping to get
my breath, I suddenly saw an adder sunning itself within
striking distance of my canvas-shod foot! Thereafter I went
with caution, and going with caution one simply does not
catch fast-flying aglaia. The first newly emerged N. io were
about here.
The next morning I made the long journey into Hants
again, getting there just before 9 a.m., but iris was not forth-
coming. Large numbers of T. quercus were coming down to
moisture on the paths, however, about nine out of ten being
females. I waited around for a while with Mr Wyatt who had
also come early to the forest, but we saw no iris and event-
ually adjourned to his house where I had the pleasure of see-
ing part of his fine collection.
The weather turned rather sour after July 23rd, and
apart from the first Lysandra coridon Poda. buffetted by the
wind on the downs near Lewes, we saw little in the way of
butterflies until the 29th, when my wife and I went over a
stretch of downland in the Eastborne area. A number of
local chalk butterflies had been reported from this ground
around 1945 and we were interested to see how it had fared
as a locality in the intervening twenty-five years. We were
pleasantly surprised and recorded twenty-five different butter-
fly species just during August. On the first visit we saw scores
of L. coridon, P. icarus, P. megera, C. argiolus, and a few
Melanargia galathea L. and boldly marked E. semele.
The next day, July 30th, in the sunbaked rides of a West
Sussex wood second brood L. sinapis were flying in fair num-
bers—males only at this date. Vanessa atalanta L. was very
scarce this season, but on this occasion a female of the species
was noted—while I was stalking a roe hind with my camera
in one of the forest paths.
The last day of July was hot and sunny, and I went along
with Dr Rydon to the Hampshire border where we visited
several localities. In some of the woods A. paphia was still
fairly fresh (we saw one pair in cop., the male carrying the
female); C. argiolus and T. quercus were frequent, and the
trackside thistles were attracting plenty newly-emerged G.
rhamni and P. c-album. We returned via Woolmer Forest
where E. semele was flying, and visited the Chiddingfold
Woods to see how the Summer brood of L. sinapis was coming
along in Surrey. These dainty little whites were out in good
numbers, fluttering along the verges of vetch and trefoil with
P. icarus.
The hot humid weather continued into the first few days
of August, and on the 3rd I went over to the North Downs
around Mickleham. The morning was very misty at first but
soon it became brighter. P. icarus, A. agestis and L. coridon
were numerous, but I was looking for Hesperia comma L.
OBSERVATIONS ON BRITISH BUTTERFLIES IN 1970 265
which turned out to be rather difficult to find. I saw it in one
or two places over a wide area, mostly as single specimens.
A. aglaia was fairly frequent in one downiand valley, and
much less wild than those I had been chasing in the Sussex
wood, so at last a female was secured for breeding.
This splendid butterfly was also flying over the South
Downs near Eastbourne the following day. JL. coridon and
A. agestis were now out in full strength in this locality, and
there were still a few M. galathea flying. We were pleased to
see a few H. comma here also, the first time we’ve ever found
this species in Sussex. The weather became very changeable
and we did not visit this place until August 11th, when on
our arrival at the slope in fine weather almost the first butter-
fly we saw was a freshly emerged male Lysandra bellargus
Rott. This delightful butterfly became abundant here as the
days of August proceeded. H. comma was also gathering
strength, and a pair was seen in cop. We did not see A. aglaia
or M. galathea this time, but E. semele was everywhere in the
hot sun and there were plenty of L. coridon, A agestis, T.
sylvestris, etc.
In the afternoon we investigated the downs around Lewes
and took a perfect female L. coridon var. semi-syngrapha on
arrival but L. bellargus had not emerged here.
I was very worried about this stretch of downland, which
had taken a terrible trampling from cattle over the winter,
and in March had looked so bare and cut up that I could
hardly credit anything could survive. Much to my relief I
was proved completely wrong when we visited the Lewes
downs on the 15th August, and found L. bellargus even more
plentiful than last year. I took a good ab. striata of L. bellar-
gus and noticed others on successive visits. L. coridon, A.
agestis, P. icarus and P. megera were all common. We were
able to visit this locality frequently over the next fortnight.
L. bellargus seems strongly entrenched over a wide area here,
and is really plentiful in favoured little hollows. However, I
have never seen M. galathea, E. semele, A. aglaia or H. comma
here, all of which occur with L. bellargus at the afore-
mentioned Eastbourne locality. Fresh L. bellargus were to be
found at both Lewes and Eastbourne in the last few days of
August when we visited the colonies for the final inspection
of the season. The other species were mosily in tatters or
finished but the astonishing thing was the large numbers of
M. jurtina around that looked newly emerged.
I took up a hospital appointment in Ashford, Kent, at the
beginning of September, and thereafter expeditions were few.
We were disappointed to find the Wye Downs National Nature
Reserve overrun by sheep and practically cropped bare. C.
pamphilus was the only butterfly seen. However, on Septem-
ber 23rd we walked along Folkestone Warren and saw a num-
ber of autumn species including a single worn male bellargus.
This was a surprise for we had heard that this insect had
become really scarce in the area. It was a fine warm day
266 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 15/1X/71
and a few G. rhamni and a single V. atalanta were seen in the
lanes through Orlestone Forest on our return journey.
Apart from a couple of afternoons unsuccessfully search-
ing for ova of Thecla betulae L., this virtually concluded our
observations on butterflies for this year. It was a memor-
able one for us in many respects.
From the end of June to the beginning of September cir-
cumstances provided us with unparalleled opportunities for
butterfly hunting, and in addition to that it was a splendid
year for nearly all species.
Of the scarcer insects A. iris in particular was literally
abundant in some localities, and S. pruni was common in more
than one of its haunts. E. aurinia had an excellent year in
Argyll, and so had L. bellargus and A. aglaia in East Sussex;
and C. argiolus enjoyed a real population explosion through-
out its range.
On the other hand V. atalanta was unusually scarce and
we did not see one Colias croceus Fourc. throughout the
season.
It may be interesting to add that in the last two seasons
only, my wife and I have recorded no less than fifty species
of butterfly in Britain—out of the sixty that regularly breed
here. All of these were flying naturally in the wild. It is a
source of great pleasure to us to add a new species each
year but this becomes increasingly difficult, and a hard core
of five natives remain that we have never seen.
Pinefield, Scaynes Hill, Sussex.
Why just ‘‘ Schiff” ?
By CHARLES F. Cowan
Every recent list and article on European moths and butter-
flies contains names which are attributed to ‘Schiff.’ What-
ever’s happened to Denis?
All these names were first published in the famous Wiener
Verzeichniss, written anonymously by joint authors who called
themselves “einige Lehrer am k. k. Theresianum’’, or Profes-
sors at the Imperial Theresian Academy (closed in 1784).
The “W.V.”, as it was generally cited in deference to its
anonymous authors, had a long gestation, the preface having
been written and dated in March 1771. Even so, its birth was
somewhat premature. It first appeared in 1775 under an
apparently temporary title; Ankiindung eines systematisches
Werkes von der Schmetterlinges der Wienergegend (Announ-
cing a classification of the Viennese moths and butterflies). A
review published on 7 December 1775 identified the two
authors as Professors Denis and Schiffermiiller, and mentioned
that it comprised 322 pages and ‘8” plates [presumably an
error for 3 plates]. There is a copy of this in the Library of the
Museum and another in Linnaeus’ own Library held by the
Linnean Society of London; the latter indexed now under (just)
WHY JUST SCHIFF? 267
Schiffermiller! Then in, 1776, the identical 322 pages, frontis-
piece and two plates were reissued under a new title page, the
more familiar Systematisches Verzeichniss der Schmetterlinge
der Wienergegend (Classified catalogue of the Viennese moths
and butterflies), still anonymously.
The foregoing has been common knowledge from the
earliest times. Hiibner, Ochsenheimer and Horsfield (the last
using Haworth’s 1776 copy) each in turn discussed the work
with approval before 1830. The entries in Percheron, 1837,
Bibliographie entomologique, for Denis (1: 82) and Schiffer-
Muller (2: 39) are typical; he dates the work 1775 and, quite
understandably, cites the later title rather than the temporary
one. L. B. Prout investigated the subject in 1900 (Ann. Mag.
nat. Hist. (7) 6: 158-160), and finally the International Com-
mission on Zoological Nomenclature fully discussed it in 1958.
In their most useful Opinion 516 (Opin. Decl. I1.C.Z.N. 19 (1):
1-44) they ruled on the precedence of five well known 1775
works on Lepidoptera and placed this one, as by Denis and
Schiffermiiller, on the Official List of Works approved for zoo-
logical Nomenclature with serial number 37. Its full official
citation is given in the final paragraph below.
It would be interesting to know more of the history behind
this book, but it is probably too late to recover details. No
helpful obituaries have been found, but from various indica-
tions the following possibilities are suggested. Can anyone add
to them?
Johann Nepomuk Cosmas Michael DENIS (1729-1800) was
chiefly known as a poet but he published much else, both
theological and scientific. He is commemorated by an article
in the Encyclopedia Britannica (1910, ed. 11 vol. 8: 22a). He
appears to have been something of an extrovert, dedicated
always to the propagation and spread of knowledge. His
interest in Lepidoptera was not evanescent, for he contributed
in 1785 to Fuessly’s Neues Magazin.
Ignaz SCHIFFERMULLER (1727-1809), in contrast, seems to
have been more reserved. Possessing a magnificent collection,
for which he became well known, he published little of his own.
It looks as if Denis was the prime mover of the book, and
perhaps acted as “editor”, compiling the results of their joint
pioneering studies of the early stages of the Lepidoptera (how
slowly these come to hand when needed!). The work abounds
in lengthy footnotes and insertions, testifying to its laborious
development after the 1771 preface was written. Then, as
Denis noted in 1778, Schiffermiller was translated on pro-
motion to the Linz Academy and its contiuation had to be de-
ferred. Was his move, presumably with his collection, the
reason for the first hurried issue under the temporary title and
then, after a brief interval during which hopes of continuation
faded, the reissue of the bulk of the printing under its final
title?
The statement has appeared from time to time, certainly
as early as 1859, that Schiffermiiller was ‘‘author of the Ankun-
268 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 15/1X/71
dung (1775), and joint author of the famous Wiener Verzei-
chniss”. No source or reason for such a statement can be
traced. It is clearly false for two reasons; both authors were
named in the 1775 review, and the texts of the two works are
identical’.
Whatever the background to the history the main facts are
clear. Names cannot be attributed to just “‘Schiff.’”’, it must be
Den. & Schiff., or D. & S., wherever “W.V.” was used by the
old authors. As the work was anonymous, square brackets are
needed for [D. & S.] if such distinctions are being made. The
full and extended citation of the work is:
[DENIS, J.N.C.M., & SCHIFFERMULLER, I.], 1775. Ankiindung
eines systematisches Werkes von der Schmetterlinges
der Wiener Gegend. [2] tp., 1-304, [2 blank], 305-322,
[323 Anzeige], [324 blank], ftsp., 2 pls. 4°. Wien. (The
two plates lie between pp. 304, 305).
If any change had been made, or if the work had been reprinted,
the errata on p. 323, which refer only to pp. 45-98, would undoubtedly
have been corrected (or augmented); but there is no change. The only
difference in the texts which I have found is that page 313 of the 1775
issue was numbered «31. This presumably was a mishap corrected
by the printer during the actual printing process. It is noted that the
plates of the reissue are reversed right for left. The text figure on
p. 304 is signed --T. I. Schiffermtiller’, which dispels any dougt as to
the spelling of his name (T. standing for Theresian).
A Holiday in the East Pyrenees, June-July 1970,
with Notes on the Lepidoptera Observed
By E. P. WILTSHIRE
SYNOPSIS
A stay in the Pyrénées Orientales, France, 17th June-
13th July, is described. In the course of a general narrative,
observations on the phenology, foodplant and morphology
are given on some Lepidoptera. On 9th July at 2100 m.
nocturnal migrant species came to light in large numbers in a
thick cloud of mist; diurnal migrant species were noted at
about 1000 m. on 21st and 23rd June in small numbers. Prob-
ably of intereset to students of distributions are the capture
of (a) Satyrus ferula cordula Scop. in the Val d’ Eyne at
1500 m., (b) Lycaena helle deslandesi Hemm. and Hamearis
lucina (L.) in the Tet valley just below Lac des Bouillouses at
1900 m., (c) Pyrgus malvoides El. & Ed., a much smaller form
at Lac des Bouillouses at 2100 m., than at the localities near
Vernet-les-Bains (700-1100 m.), (d) Tethea or F. at Casteil (not
in Dufay, 1961), (e) Mamestra bi-ren Goeze (=glauca Kleem.)
at Lac des Bouillouses (c. 2100 m.) (not in Dufay, 1961); (f)
Hadena ruetimeyeri Boursin at Lac des Bouillouses (c. 2100
m.). A list is given of altogether 223 Macro-Lepidoptera noted
A HOLIDAY IN THE EAST PYRENEES 269
during the holiday with their localities. Of this total of 223,
81 were Rhopalocera and Grypocera, cf. in Dufay’s list, 160
Rhopalocera and Grypocera out of a total of 1094, for the
Department all the year round.
Narrative
One’s first visit to a district as well known as the French
East Pyrenees, particularly the Tet-valley, is unlikely to pro-
duce startling discoveries in the field of Lepidoptera. My aim
was that my wife and I should enjoy a real holiday some-
where with a decent climate and a rich fauna and flora which
might, to add interest, be sampled and studied to a reason-
able extent. A real holiday for us, of course means avoiding
the thickest crowds, household chores, snow, salt and sand,
also excessive heat or rain. It seemed that a fortnight at
700 m., followed by another fortnight at 2000 m. in the Eastern
Pyrenees would answer these requirements, and after consult-
ing the Guide Michelin and several colleagues, bookings were
made at (a) Le Catalan hotel in the village of Casteil above
Vernet-les-Bains, and (b) at the Hotel BBones Hores, Lac des
Bouillouses, north of Mont Louis on the eastern slopes of
Pic Carlit. By the time the whole of France, triggered off
by Bastille Day and the school holidays, were encumbering
the roads to the beaches, we would be returning from Nar-
bonne to Normandy on a car-sleeper.
Our southward journey in mid-June, however, was made
by road, with single-night stops and without reservations and
went according to plan; it deserves no mention here except
to say that rain and thunder did not tempt us to prolong our
one-night stop at Gedre (Hautes Pyrénées) (Pension Bréche
de Roland), so we drove down again and westward.
As we passed over the Col du Portel on the evening of 16th
June we left behind us the lush storm-wracked Atlantic zone
and saw, spread out before us, the sunny Mediterranean
maquis and limestone hills surrounding Quillan. In this town
we spent the night at the Hotel Chaumiére, in the town-centre,
the other hotel, on the periphery, being full up. A further
110 km on 17th June, via Estagel by a roundabout but easy
road brought us to our destination at Casteil. On the way,
passing over the Col de la Bataille, we did not stop to pick
up the Melanargia which seemed numerous there; they
proved when sampled on a later visit to be lachesis Hiibner,
the distinctive subspecies of galathea L.; but our lunch stop
near Millas showed Pyronia bathseba subsp. pardilloi Sag.
flying in abundance on a bushy roadside bank, and also one or
two lachesis amid the vineyards. The former, however, were
already rather rubbed, but we found a few days later at
Cattlar, above Prades, a population in fresher condition and
with a slightly greater wing-span than the Millas ones. These
two butterflies were a clear indication that we had arrived
in a new zoogeographical region.
From Millas we turned again on the road towards the
Spanish frontier and left it again at Villefranche-de-Conflent,
270 ENTOMOLOGISI’S RECORD, VOL. 83 15/1 xo
and halted briefly at a suitable spot not far from this town,
in the gorge of the Cady which flows down from Vernet-les-
Bains. A brief sample of the butterflies showed this to be
rich terrain, with an admixture of Mediterranean with Euro-
Siberian forms, as is equally true of all the surroundings of
Vernet, including Casteil: ‘southward facing slopes tended
to be characterised by Cistus and lavender, while the north-
ward slopes and valley bottoms, if not planted with apple,
provided a great variety of meadow and woodland biotopes
swarming with a high proportion of the typical European
fauna.
The hotel Le Catalan at Casteil (700 m.) proved to be an
excellent choice. Food, wine, and service were good, the
atmosphere cheerful and friendly; a double bedroom with
private bath (the only one such) and full pension for two
weeks cost us about £100 all-in. It was surrounded on two
sides by a small apple orchard and on the other two by
the village, which is very small, and its fields. All around are
wooded slopes, with numerous torrents. Excellent hunting
ground was about 14 mile away, easily accessible by motorable
tracks or on foot. A well-organised camping ground in an
orchard close to the torrent was noted about half-way between
Casteil and Vernet, whose situation would be ideal for
attracting moths without moving from one’s tent. At the
Catalan, one could get good moths to light but more and
better ones by going a short distance away. The hotels at
Vernet-les-Bains seemed entomologically poorly placed, except
of course for the Hotel Angleterre, mentioned in previous
articles about Vernet, nestling half a mile above the town in
the Cady gorge, a little below the camping ground. It seemed
however ill-maintained and lifeless; we were told it now took
overflow tourists from other hotels to sleep only, the previous
proprietrix having ceased to be active. However, this state
of affairs could change again, and it would be worth investigat-
ing.
The lighted veranda of Le Catalan attracted a few moths
every night, and on our first night I thus took Epicallia villica
(L.), Caradrina aspersa Ramb., and a bleached, chipped female
of Gnophos mucidarius Hiibn., which laid ova between 18th
and 2lst June. A number of low plants were offered to the
larvae which hatched about Ist July, but the only thing to
please them were the pale mauve flowers of an undetermined
species of Linaria, somewhat resembling the Jersey toadflax
(L. pelisseriana) which grew on dry spots both at Casteil and
higher in the department. They were fascinating little
creatures to watch, sitting tight on the flower-petals and
vibrating their fore-parts almost in unison at the slightest
alarm. Only in their last instar did they drop this habit, which
I have also noted when rearing from ova larvae of the Middle
East species of the same genus, G. dubitarius Stgr., which in
fact belongs to the same subgenus too. The mature larva of
mucidarius is remarkable for its spine-like dorsal tubercles,
A HOLIDAY IN THE EAST PYRENEES 271
arranged in pairs on somites 5 to 8 and 10, each being bifid.
On returning to Normandy in mid-July I succeeded in persuad-
ing them to transfer to Linaria vulgaris, and obtained a small
series of gen. 2 at the end of August; this lot were coloured
pale orange-brown, variegated with dark blue-grey. Nearly
all the subgenus Euchrognophos Wehrli have this orange tint
which makes them for me the most attractive group in the
very large and rather confusing genus Gnophos. The rather
southerly or, rather, Mediterranean to Central Asian, distribu-
tion of this subgenus gives it also a scarcity value.
For night-work, however, I relied rather on an actinic
tube operated from my car-battery than on the hotel lights.
One of the moths so taken was a ¢ Pterostoma palpina (L.),
a chocolate-brown form darker and more nearly unicolorous
than the palpina gen. 1 form which I have taken in Normandy
which is variegated straw and grey; another was Tethea or F.,
a species not mentioned in Dufay’s list of species inhabiting
this department of France.
Perhaps the best of all localities close to Casteil, accessible
to motor traffic, was the Col de Jou (1000 m.), on a western
shoulder of Canigou. At the Col, one forest track branched
eastward, mounting the far side of this 2785 m. mountain,
whose peak, by this approach was too distant for us; probably,
too, the track was only to be attempted in a jeep. The other
fork, from the Col, was not on any map; it had been made
some years before to a now disused quarry which disfigured
a ridge further to the west of the Col, and indeed seemed to
cut a new Col at about 1200 m. in this ridge, which might well
be called Quarry Pass or Col de la Carriere. Just below the
fork at the Col de Jou itself, and on the left, was a flowery
meadow with terrace-like irrigation, rich in butterflies. The
track to the quarry was also a productive walk, with steep
slopes above and below; it was impassable for motor traffic.
After the flowery, productive stretch, the track turned and
became gloomier, overshadowed by a beech forest, with fewer
insects on the wing by day. Finally, at about 1250 m. on the
far side of the Quarry Pass, the path virtually ended at a
grassy slope overlooking the Sahorre valley and the village
of Py: glorious scenery, well worth the hour’s walk, from
the Col de Jou. We reached this point on 21st June, on a
fine day following a rainy night; in the beech wood on the
way back, we noticed a female Phalera buchephala L., appar-
ently lifeless in a puddle on the track. Placed in a carton,
and warmed by the afternoon sun, she came to life and during
the following night laid two neat batches of yellow ova, which
hatched on 7th July, by which date beech (Fagus) foliage was
difficult to obtain, so I bred up the larvae on Salix caprea and
later, at Le Havre, on Salix babylonica and occasional Fagus.
Pupation took place in August and moths hatched, slightly
forced, in April 1971.
Throughout our holiday there was a tendency for afternoon
thunder-storms to creep eastward from the higher peaks
272 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 895 1S/TK7e
further west, but they seldom got as far as Canigou and
Casteil. The quickest way up Canigou is by hired jeep from
Vernet, as described by de Worms (1966), as far as the chalet-
restaurant at Les Cortalets (2200 m.), amidst the pines, with
the peak and its snows towering behind and a tarn frequented
by grazing catttle. De Worms visited this place in July but
was disappointed; nevertheless he took more than I did on
26th June, a date that seemed too early for any of the
specialities. A few Vanessa cardui L., Aglais urticae L.,
Issoria lathonia attenuata Sag., Pieris napi L., and Gonopteryx
rhamni L. were seen, also a single Isturgia limbaria F., a
species common among broom at 1000 m. and higher over a
wide area. Only a very fine female Nymphalis polychloros L.,
taken at 1800 m., where the track went through a tunnel,
partly consoled me.
If June was too early to get much at 2200 m., the season
was well advanced on the drier slopes below Vernet, which
we visited on days when clouds or storms seemed to threaten
the higher localities; indeed such day-fliers as Papilio
feisthameli Dup., Lampides baeticus L., and Synthymia fixa
F., which characterised these lower drier localities, were far
from fresh.
The first of the two localities in this category which we
visited appears as ‘Vernet 600 m.” on my labels; it was in
fact the Crétes de Fuilly, a ridge-top crossed by the road
linking Vernet with Sahorre in the Rotja valley. One can
walk from the road, or even drive a car along an un-made
track, northward along this ridge for some distance, and
already it shows signs of tourist-erosion, a fate that awaits
too many beautiful places which cars can penetrate. Quite
a number of P. feisthameli were seen on this ridge, all past
their best on 19th June, and some very active L. baeticus, so
worn as to be colourless; these rapid ghosts, looking larger
than life, were most intriguing and difficult to catch and when
finally netted proved a disappointment! Argynnis paphia L.
was already out here, but elusive. Heodes alciphron veronius
Fruhst. and Nordmannia ilicis Esp. were fresh, too, and easier
to catch, and a few P. bathseba and M. lachesis were also
noted. Among the moths, Chlorissa pulmentaria Guen. was
put up by day, amidst swarms of Tortrix viridana L., and in
the evening the light attracted Pseudoips bicolorana Fuessly,
E. villica, Metopoceras canteneri Dup., Caradrina flavirena
Guen., and selini Boisd., etc., and among the Pyralids Loxo-
stege verticalis D. & S. On two different species of oak half-
grown larvae of Lymantria dispar L. were noted the same day.
The second locality in the dry, low category, was further
away and involved a trip through Prades, the picturesque
market-town in the Tet valley east of Villefranche, where
Casals lives. Leaving the main road at Prades we crossed the
river and mounted the slopes above Cattlar, and took the
turning for Sourniya. It was a bit too far to work at night
from Casteil; but on both our visits (18th and 28th June) we
A HOLIDAY IN THE EAST PYRENEES aE
found plenty flying here by day, no matter what the weather
might be doing at Casteil or higher. On the 18th, we found
P. bathseba plentiful not far from Cattlar, flying with Pieris
mannii Mayer, Melitaea didyma Esp., garumna Verity, etc.,
and a few M. lachesis on both visits. On 28th June we found
also Plebejus argus freshly hatched in plenty; it was a larger
and lighter form than the argus flying ata higher elevations
and rather reminiscent of Lycaeides idas L., but the fore-leg
tibial spine, present in all examples, is a diagnostic character
of argus. P. bathseba was still plentiful, and among others
taken were Strymonidia spini D. & S., N. ilicus, and Sterrha
ochrata Scop.; L. dispar larvae were now mostly full-grown
and plentiful both on the oaks and on Pistacia terebinthus
but we did not take them. A larva of Sterrha circuitaria
Hiibn. was found on flowers of Silene inflata, the moth hatch-
ing on Slst July.
A third locality in this category, which we did not work
is that corresponding to the first, near Vernet, but on the
crests of the right bank of the Cady; this ridge is crossed by
the track linking Vernet with Fillols.
Doubtless we ought to have proceeded further along the
road from Cattlar to Sourniya, where Euphydryas desfontainii
pierroni Lajon. was discovered, but we might well have been
too late for it, and I note from a recent article (Mazel, 1971)
that the proprietor of the land where it flies charges for
admission!
Casteil itself, and the Col de Jou thus provided the greatest
riches, for the season seemed just right there, and the list
of species at the end gives the details. Villefranche might
have done equally well, but we were content with the 700 m.-
1000 m. contour. The only Erebia species which we saw was
E. meolans de Prun., in a form transitional to bejarensis com-
mon at the Col, but not quite reaching the village of Casteil.
According to Bretherton the form on Canigou is almada
Fruhst., while subsp. zagazia Fruhst. flies at Porté, so the
former name appears to apply.
Just before the end of our stay at the Hotel Catalan, Dr and
Mrs Dacie arrived and by a coincidence were placed at a
table next to ours; they had just come from Porté (1625 m. and
further west than any of the places we visited) and had a
beautiful series of Proclossiana eunomia Esp. from there on
the setting-boards; Dr Dacie had also seen L. helle deslandesi
fairly commonly there but going over, only the females being
in tolerable condition.
On Ist July we ourselves drove westwards, but branched
north at Mont Louis up to the Lac des Bouillouses, stopping
a-while at 1650 m. in the Forest de Barrés. Here, as in many
other of the Pyrenean localities which we visited, Clossiana
euphrosyne L. and selene D. & S. were both flying. Cyaniris
semiargus Rott. was common, and there were not a few Erebia
oeme pacula Fruhst. in a rather small form. The trees were
now mainly conifers; and dwarf broom, with its thick scented
274 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 835 135/1X/71
yellow flowers, began to replace the common broom. ‘The
narrow but adequate road climbed slowly towards the lake
parallel to the Tet torrent whose banks here and there had
been selected by motorist campers relishing the wonderful
air and scenery.
On arrival below the barrage we found we had to cross an
“Trish bridge’ which, we noticed, deterred some visiting motor-
ists from crossing towards the big hotel. On the left bank,
as one approaches the barrage, are a few shacks used by
educational organisations for summer camps and one or two
tiny restaurants; one cannot call it a village. The Lac des
Bouillouses is a comparatively new body of water formed by
a straight barrage, whose top is not open to motor traffic; it
crosses the quite wide neck of what was once evidently a vast
swampy pasturage, the lower part of which, sloping due south
and draining by a different valley towards Font Romeu, is
still much grazed and on the maps is spelt “Bones Aures’’. The
Tet valley gorge branches south-west from this just below
the barrage, and an enormous water-pipe runs down it to the
hydro-electric works below without in any way disfiguring the
scene. The whole valley of Bones Aures, with its upper half
now a lake, is surrounded by forest and crags, those on the
west towards Pic Carlit (2921 m.) being intersected by torrents
and small lakes where there is choice fishing; this is controlled
by a keeper who also acts as a guide. Scores of anglers appear
every week-end, parking their cars just below the hotel,
which, however, they seem to find intimidating and preten-
tious; we had it very much to ourselves, though it would be
full-up in late July and August, like most hotels in France.
Our fortnight here in a room with private bath (all rooms are
identical) cost us £100 on demi-pension, to which must be
added about £10 for lunch-snacks at midday, when we often
drove down the road to other localities.
The situation of the hotel is entomologically as good as one
could wish—quite isolated, some fifty metres higher than the
lake and several hundred metres away, with the forests and
crags close to it on one side. Three enormous mixed-light
lamps on the front attract the moths freely on most nights,
but being at first-storey height are not easily worked. How-
ever, our bed-room was next to one, and by leaning out of the
window with a net I managed to catch a good sample of the
insects attracted, many also alighting on the window-sill. This
performance aided the digestion and helped one to go to sleep
later; it also entertained the hotel staff and occasional guests,
but they got bored before I did. One also found on the ground
floor a few moths which had entered by windows or doors,
and on our day of arrival, I took in this way a specimen of
Hadena ruetimeyeri Boursin, probably the seventh known
example of this rarity, and a new locality for it, its eastermost.
There was, however, less variety, both in diurnals and
nocturnals, at this height than at altitudes of 700-1500 m.
which I worked; nevertheless certain species, obviously resi-
A HOLIDAY IN THE EAST PYRENEES 215
dents at Lac des Bouillouses, came to light in fairly large
numbers, particularly Lasionycta nana Hufn., Hadena bi-ren
Goeze, Mythimna comma (L.) and Epirrhoe molluginata
Hibner. Of these, H. bi-ren seems to be a new record for the
Eastern Pyrenees. Others, rather less numerous, included
Pergesa porcellus (L.), Apatele auricoma D. & S., and euphor-
biae D. & S., Eucharia casta Esper, Agrotis simplonia Geyer
and Hadena caesia D. & S., and tephroleuca Boisd., also the
Geometrids Eupithecia linariata F. and Gnophos ambiguata
Dup. On 12th July, females of Lasiocampa quercus (L.) and
Macrothylacia rubi (L.) were taken at light, but since the
males, flying wildly by day, proved impossible to catch, I
cannot say what form or subspecies of L. quercus occurs at
this height in the East Pyrenees.
By day, the lake’s immediate surroundings provided fairly
good hunting, with agreeable walks in all directions; the
variety of species might well be more interesting in late July
or August. As it was, I took Callophrys rubi (L.) and Pyrgus
malvoides E. & Ed. still in good condition: the latter’s wing-
span was about 3 mm. less than the Casteil and Col de Jou
malvoides; but the reverse tendency was noted in the races of
Polyommatus icarus Rott., the higher altitude forms of which
were the larger. Epirrhoe tristata (L.), Isturgia limbaria and
Ematurga atomaria (L.) were the commonest day-flying
Geometrids and two species of Erebia were noted: E. triaria
de Prun. fairly commonly and E. epiphron fauveaui de Lesse
of which one was taken on 6th July in the narrow defile of the
Tet not far from the barrage: probably later in the month
more would have been in evidence. This defile was the most
rewarding spot within close range of the hotel, as I took a few
L. helle deslandesi there—apparently the highest elevation at
which it has been noted, and also the odd Parnassius mnemo-
syne (L.) and Hamearis lucina (L.). The local East Pyrenean
race of helle, is usually looked for by visitors at Porté, but has,
in fact, been taken even further east than where I took it.
Descimon (1960) has recorded capturing it in the Upper Aude
basin at 1700 m. on 6.vi.58, and Real (1962) on 18.vii.62 near
Col de Porthos.
Euphydryas aurinia debilis Ob. was not uncommon both
above and below the lake, at 1900 m., on the pastures of Bones
Aures (1900 m.) and among the fishing sites of the plateau
below Pic Carlit (2200 m.). At the latter it flew perhaps more
freely; and a number of Pyralids, but no Psodos were seen; it
was perhaps too early for the latter.
On 9th July unusual meteorological conditions occurred
which appeared to affect the numbers of certain species known
to be migratory. The hotel was enveloped in a fog-like cloud
as soon as the sun set, and between 9.30 and 10.30 p.m. the
lights were visited by numerous Noctua pronuba L. and also
not a few Celerio lineata livornica Esp., Agrotis ipsilon Hufn.,
and Autographa gamma (L.). (Of these, singletons of only
one, pronuba, had hitherto been noted at the Lac; singletons
276 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 15/1X/71
of pronuba and ipsilon had been attracted to light also at
Casteil on 22nd June, and one gamma on 28th June. All three
could well have been indigenous there.) On 10th July, a
normal, fine night, with quarter-moon, no more livornica were
to be seen and only one pronuba, one ipsilon and one Nomo-
phila noctuella. 11th July was thundery and one more
pronuba appeared at light, but other moths came in normal
numbers. One noctuella was seen again on our last night,
13th July, but that is all. It seems evident that the conditions
described for 9th July favoured a nocturnal migration, possibly
northwards from Spain across the range into lowland France
or, less probably, to some high point. Whatever their actual
destination, the light can only have attracted those within a
limited radius, vision being obstructed by the dense cloud, and
one presumes that far greater numbers were performing the
suggested migration. Mention has already been made of the
small numbers of day-flying migrants, whose movements are
often compared with those of the above nocturnal species, e.g.,
V. cardui and A. urticae at Les Cortalets and Col de Jou in
late June.
On days not devoted to foot-expeditions in the immediate
neighbourhood of the Lake, we used the car to visit several
interesting localities lower down. The new road to Font
Romeu, colourfully planted with lupins along its verges,
traversed a forested ridge at about 1800 m., and had one or
two favourable clearings or glades, where we noted a small
dark form of Plebejus argus, one or two Mellicta parthenoides
Kef., Euchloe ausonia Hiibn., E. oeme pacula, and triaria. But
there was better country further afield, in the Upper Aude or
the Cerdagne, using the roads through Mont Louis and Font
Romeu respectively. The Matemale barrage is the chief
source of the Aude and is situated at about 1500 m., in a rather
windy, open valley. The surrounding slopes are swampy or
forested and seemed to have a rich diurnal fauna. Close to
the lake itself at 1500 m. and again at 1600 m. near Les
Angles we took several E. aurinia debilis and the two Erebia
just mentioned, also Palaeochrysophanus hippothoe mirus
Verity. Meadows close to the Matemale village produced
Plebicula amanda D. & S. (=icarius Esp.) subs. pyrenaeorum
Verity, Scopula immorata (L.), and torrent-slopes near La
Llagone (1700 m.), closer to Mont Louis, Cl. selene, P. argus,
and Anaitis praeformata Hiibn.; the latter indeed, appeared
in several localities in this neighbourhood, the large females
flying by day being easy to catch and sometimes, as at our
hotel, also coming to light.
On another day we crossed the Cerdagne southwards from
Mont Louis and found the lower slopes of the frontier range
at 1570 m. between St. Pierre les Forcats and Planes very
rich in butterfly species on 7th July, including Brenthis ino
Rott., both Clossiana species, two Mellicta species, Coeno-
nympha arcania (L.) subsp. cephalus Geoff., and very ragged
Callophrys rubi.
A HOLIDAY IN THE EAST PYRENEES 277
Our favourite locality on these slopes, however, was west
of the Col de la Perche, at about 1500 m. in the Val d’Eyne,
equally easily reached by road via Font Romeu. The flowery
meadows close to the Eyne stream just before it passes under
Route Nationale 116 were particularly rich, with woods on
one side, and more rocky slopes on the other. Here a single
male of Satyrus ferula F. subsp. cordula Scop. was taken, not
in cabinet condition, but the first taken in this part of the
Cerdagne. According to Dr Tavoillot, who has regularly spent
entomological holidays in this area, the distribution of this
species in the Pyrenees is wider than stated in Higgins and
Riley: Dufay recorded it from Vernet and Col du Jou, and Dr
Tavoillot himself had found it near Mont Louis and at St.
Thomas (Tet valley) but not higher than 1600 m. De Worms
(1966) of course reported taking it at Py, above Sahorre. The
race of Parnassius apollo L. in the Val d’Eyne, seemed, from
the one example I took, to be nearer the form portensis Ruet.
from Porté than that of Canigou, which I had taken commonly
at Casteil. The interesting Coenonympha glycerion Bork.
(=iphis) was just appearing on my second visit to this spot. A
fine show was put up by Heodes virgaureae (L.) pyrenaeicola
Graves, P. hippothoe was quite common, likewise B. ino and
other Fritillaries, but of Lysandra coridon Poda only one male
was seen. Gnophos myrtillatus obfuscatus Hiibn. was one of
the few moths seen, and though M. lachesis was taken again,
it was disappointing that it was not russiae Esper!
I was sorry not to learn of Dr Tavoillot’s presence at Mont
Louis until our last day at Lac des Bouillouses, and I was
unable to consult him about the localities to be worked. How-
ever, there is much to be said for striking out on one’s own,
and not going where others have gone before.
On 15th July we drove from Lac des Bouillouses to Nar-
bonne, branching off at Millas across the Corbiéres, taking the
less frequented route northward from near Estagel. A mistral
gathered force through the day; clouds crept eastward along
the chain, and in the low arid hills of the Corbieres an inter-
mittent drizzle was beginning. Stopping at 200 m. between
Estagel and the Aude frontier we sampled the butterflies, and
found them to include M. g. lachesis, still in good condition,
Hipparchia alcyone D. & S., quite common, and Colias australis
Verity. As we reached Narbonne station, our destination, the
temperature had dropped and a northerly gale was blowing
over the whole of France. Having been so lucky in the weather
throughout our holiday, we felt no regrets as our train carried
us rapidly away from the butterfly-rich slopes of southern
France towards the green fields and pastures of Normandy.
(To be continued)
278 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 15/ Ero
Notes on Some of the British Nepticulidae
By Lieut. Col. A. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., M.A., F.R.E.S.
(Continued from p. 248)
ROSA spp. (Rose)
The mines of Stigmella anomalella Goeze and S. centifoliella
Zell. are hard to distinguish, and one sometimes has to await
the emergence of the moth to know which one has been taken.
Hering (1957) and Borkowski (1969) give some guidance. The
start of the mine is completely filled with frass in the case of
anomella, while with centifoliella the early part of the mine
has a central line of frass flanked by clear margins. Mines
which later on have the frass dispersed in zig-zag arcs are
anomalella, but that species does not always arrange its frass
thus.
Dechtiria angulifasciella Stt. has a mine which is quite
distinct. Unlike the other two rose-feeders, it occurs only in
the autumn. A sinuous gallery filled with dispersed, intensely
black frass leads into a large blotch in which the frass is
irregularly distributed. The larva is whitish, and not yellow.
SALIX spp. (Sallows and Willows)
What may be called the salicis group of Nepticulidae has
long caused difficulty. Stainton named salicis in 1849; Frey
added vimineticola in 1956 and Heinemann obliquella in 1862.
Tutt (1899, pp. 317-324) accepted all three as good species, but
Meyrick (1928), a confirmed “lumper’, combined them all
under the name salicis. Waters (1929) considered that there
were two species, salicis and vimineticola, following Peterson
(1927), who had found differences in the genitalia; the latter
species evidently was considered to embrace obliquella. Beirne
(1945) reached the same conclusion as Petersen, that there
were two species. Ford (1949) tentatively added obliquella
with the proviso that it might be a form of vimineticola.
Heslop (1964) gave all three, and so will the forthcoming
edition of Kloet and Hincks’s check-list; in doing so they follow
Hering (1957, p. 930) and other continental writers.
The current doctrine, then, is that we have three species:
we therefore require to be able to distinguish between them.
There are three avenues of approach—the foodplants, the
mines, and the imagines.
(a) Foodplants. All authorities agree that salicis feeds on
Salix caprea, S. cinerea and S. aurita; Hering adds that it is
occasionally found on narrow-leafed willows as well. British
writers, who have confused the other two species, say of them
that they occur on S. viminalis, S. fragilis and S. alba. Hering,
however says that vimineticola is confined to S. viminalis and
that obliquella occurs on all types of sallow. Borkowski (1969)
who has not found vimineticola in Poland, restricts obliquella
to S. fragilis and S. babylonica, the garden weeping willow. In
our present state of knowledge it is reasonable to start from
NOTES ON SOME OF THE BRITISH NEPTICULIDAE 279
the assumption that mines in broad-leafed sallows are salicis,
on osier vimineticola and on other smooth- and narrow-leafed
willows obliquella; but at the same time we must be on the
lookout for exceptions to this generalisation.
(b) Mines. The mines of salicis and obliquella are very
similar, both starting as a narrow gallery which widens, more
or less, into a blotch. Hering says that salicis has a more
contorted gallery and that the frass is deposited more thickly,
both in the gallery and the blotch, where it tends to be con-
centrated in a broad mass. He declares that the mines of
vimineticola and obliquella are similar, and are only to be
separated by means of the foodplant. Carolsfeld-Krausé
(1961), however, says that Hering describes the mine of
vimineticola wrongly and that he knows of no accurate account
of it in British literature, except where Tutt (1899) quotes
Frey’s criginal description in German. Since our text-books
are misinformed, and Carolsfeld-Krausé’s paper is little
known, I will quote his description in full.
“The vimineticola mine, as the writer knows it from Aus-
trian specimens on Salix incana (ex. coll. Klimesch), has the
ovum on the upper side of the leaf, most often near to the
stalk, in which case the mine is completely straight, running
along and very close to the midrib of the leaf towards its tip.
More rarely the ovum is placed on the margin of the leaf,
some distance from the stalk, in which case the mine runs
towards the base of the leaf before it turns towards the tip.
A single mine of the batch has the ovum placed near the tip
and runs towards the base.
“The first part of the mine is practically invisible, even by
the microscope, but where after an ecdysis it becomes visible
to the naked eye, it is rather broad and nearly filled by dark,
blackish-brown frass. It never terminates with a blotch, but
only with the usual, straight and slender part of a normal
gallery-mine, and this part is not conspicuously broader than
the last part containing frass’’.
(c) Imagines. N. obliquella has the yellow fascia in a cen-
tral position and less oblique (in spite of the insect’s name)
than the other two species. Beyond the fascia the apex is more
coarsely scaled and lacks the violet gloss possessed by its rela-
tives. The terminal cilia have a dark base and yellow tips,
and the division between the two colours is more sharply de-
fined in obliquella. N. salicis and N. vimineticola have the
fascia beyond the middle of the forewing and it is outwardly
oblique; it tends to be broken into two spots. The fascia is
in most cases thinner and less distinct in vimineticola. Tutt
quotes Fletcher as saying that vimineticola is a smaller and
darker insect. These differences are insufficient for separating
salicis and vimineticola with certainty; with them the foodplant
remains the best guide. WN. obliquella, on the other hand, is
reasonably distinct.
Warren (1884) reported finding between twenty and thirty
cocoons on mined or adjacent leaves of Salix alba at Cambridge;
280 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 15/1X/ 71
all except one of the cocoons were at the extreme tip of the
leaf. Though recorded as vimineticola, the foodplant suggests
that they were obliquella. I have now found a good many
mines of obliquella the majority of which have been vacated,
but I have never seen cocoons in such a situation.
N. salicis is a common insect with its range extending to
the north of Scotland and the west of Ireland. The other two
species have been so much confused that it is difficult to un-
ravel their records. Tutt recorded vimineticola from Sussex
and Lancashire and doubtfully from Cambridgeshire and
Herefordshire; only in the case of the Lancashire specimens
does he specifically state that they were bred from osier. His
one locality for obliquella is in Herefordshire. Water’s speci-
mens from the Oxford district (taken both in Oxfordshire and
Berkshire) are referable to obliquella, since none was bred
from osier. I have seen the specimens and their wing pattern is
consistent with this determination. I have reared obliquella
from Biggin Hill, Kent, and have found mines at Bromley,
Kent, and Wicken Fen. No doubt there are other records, but
they have not come to my notice.
Carolsfeld-Krausé says: “It is quite sure that vimineticola
is a British species, as Beirne’s figure of the male genitalia of
a specimen from the B.M. . . . certainly represents vimineti-
cola’. But this is a false deduction. I have seen the specimen
Beirne used, and it hales from the Frey collection, and is cer-
tainly of continental origin. There are eighteen specimens of
vimineticola in the general collection of the British Museum;
nine of these are from the Frey collection, seven from the
Stainton collection and two from the Rothschild Bequest. Each
of the last pair bears the label ‘Bred 5.8.83” without locality;
none of the others has a data label. The Stainton specimens
may have been British or may have been a gift from Frey.
Since vimineticola and obliquella have always been confused
in this country, I do not consider that any of the records for
the former can be accepted without question, and there is a
distinct possibility that it is not a British species at all.
Our other sallow-feeding Nepticulid presents no such prob-
lems. It surprises me that so few entomologists, including
some who have made a special study of the family, have en-
countered Dechtiria intimella Zell. I think the trouble is that
they go into winter quarters before intimella does, for it is one
of our latest leaf-miners. The egg is laid on the midrib (or,
very exceptionally, on the petiole) of leaves of Salix caprea,
and, less commonly S. cinerea. The larva first excavates a
chamber in the midrib, from which it later mines out into the
blade of the leaf, flanking this part of the mine with walls of
frass. These are often constructed in the shape of the letter
“L”, with the shorter arm directed at right angles to the mid-
rib. When small the larva retreats into its midrib hideout, like
its relatives D. argyropeza Zell. and D. turbidella Hein. When
it has outgrown this feat, it is more careless in the disposition
of its frass, and generally blocks the entrance to the carefully
NOTES ON SOME OF THE BRITISH NEPTICULIDAE 281
constructed passageway. The larvae may be found in fallen
leaves, when the green islands which they cause make the
tenanted leaves conspicuous. Those I was breeding in 1970
continued feeding until early December. I collected some
larvae in fallen leaves on a very wet day in mid-November, and
noticed that many of the mines were full of water; neverthe-
less, the larvae were feeding unconcernedly. I sent this batch
to a friend, and do not yet know how they fared. Mr E. S.
Bradford tells me that he, too, observed the same phenomenon.
I have seen two leaves, one taken by Mr D. W. H. ffennell at
Durfold, Surrey, early last November, and the other by myself
a week later in north Essex, in which the mine starts in the
midrib in the usual way and then advances up a lateral rib for
some distance before breaking out into the parenchyma of the
leaf. Sorhagen described the larva as pale yellow, and all our
authors have echoed him. To me it looks whitish green,
whether seen in or out of the mine, and Mr Jacobs, who has
had mines from me, agrees with this point. The cocoon is dark
brown and in captivity is spun on tissue or between leaves.
The following narrative shows how this species, like so
many of its relatives, can suddenly spring into abundance. In
the autumn of 1968, after finding inttmella commonly at
Wicken Fen, I also searched for it at Debden, near my home in
north Essex; with difficulty I found a single mine. I never
looked there in 1969, but in 1970 it was ubiquitous and out-
numbered N. salicis.
SORBUS AUCUPARIA (Rowan)
According to Ford (1949), there are four British Nepticulids
which feed on rowan. These are Stigmella aucupariae Frey,
S. nylandrella Tengst., S. oxyacanthella Stt. and Nepticula
sorbi Stt.
The last of these species presents no problems. Its “tad-
pole” mine (a blotch with a wriggly tail) is not unlike that of
N. plagicolella Stt. on Prunus. I have as yet only found vacated
mines of sorbi, which is an early larva and must be sought in
June; there is only one generation. It is common in the north
of Britain, but local in the south. Tutt gives Norfolk, Sussex
and Hereford as the southern counties in which it occurs, and
Meyrick added Surrey. Waters never took it in the Oxford
district. I have found the mines sparingly at Keston and
Westerham in Kent, and have taken the imago on tree trunks
in the former locality. I believe it to be a new record for the
county.
S. nylandrella appears to be confined to the north of Eng-
land and Scotland, and does not seem to have been recorded
for many years. No doubt it would still be found if looked
for.
It is the other two species which cause problems. The
evidence for rowan as a foodplant of oxyacanthella seems to
be derived from Tutt (1899, p. 203), who gives no further
details. Meyrick (1928) dodged the issue by giving oxyacan-
282 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 15/1X/71
thella’s foodplants as ‘‘hawthorn, pear, apple, etc.’’; we cannot
therefore tell his position regarding rowan. Ford (1949) gave
rowan, but may have been only echoing Tutt. The issue was
further complicated when oxyacanthella was split, losing its
apple- and pear-feeding element to a separate species called
S. aéneella Hein. (Brown, 1964). We are not told to which
species the rowan-feeding insects are assigned. Hering (1957,
p. 1012) does not include either oxyacanthella or aéneella
among the leaf-miners on Sorbus, but offers another species
called oxysorbi Skala, saying that further investigation is
needed to decide whether it is distinct from oxyacanthella or
aéneella.
Before we go any further with this problem, let us take a
look at aucupariae. The mine of this species appears to have
an exceptionally variable frass-line. In some cases it forms
a thin central thread; all the examples I found in the west
of Ireland were of this type, and I wondered if I had nylan-
driella until the imago proved otherwise. In other instances
the frass is deposited in a broad belt of separate grains; in
others again it is in zigzag arcs. Borkowski (1969) also records
this variability and adds that from mines with the characters
of oxysorbi (reddish frass dispersed in arcs) he has bred typical
aucupariae; he is therefore of the opinion that oxysorbi is a
synonym for aucupariae.
So now we come back to oxyacanthella. On the evidence
I have given, I do not think we can continue to number rowan
amongst its foodplants. The probability is that collectors have
quite understandably been led astray by the variability of
aucupariae’s mine. In one of its forms it closely resembles
that of oxyacanthella, and the larvae, too, are similar. I have
been unable to find any specimens of oxyacanthella bred from
mountain ash in the collections at the British Museum (Natural
History).
The localities given by Tutt for aucupariae lie north of a
line from Hereford to the Wash. Waters (1929) added Oxford,
and Meyrick Surrey. I have found the mines not uncommonly
at Keston and Westerham in Kent, and have a number of
cocoons overwintering from the latter locality. This appears
to be a new record for the county of Kent.
(To be continued)
BISTON BETULARIA L. AB. GRISEA SMITH IN KENT.—I took a
male example of this peculiar grey form in the m.v. trap in my
garden at West Wickham on 4th July. I am only aware that
grisea has previously occurred in Cheshire, and there is a short
series from there in the R.C.K. collection. S. Gordon Smith
bred the holotype from Chester in 1938 (cf. Ent. Rec., 66: 97).
—J. M. Cuatmers-Hunt, 1 Hardcourts Close, West Wickham,
Kent. 10.viii.1971.
NOTES ON SOME OF THE BRITISH NEPTICULIDAE 283
The Systematics of the Charaxidae (Lepidoptera:
Namphaliodea)
By A. H. B. Rypon, F.RB.E.S.
(Continued from p. 233)
(1) Subfamily CHARAXINAE
Charaxidae (Doherty, 1886)
(Type-genus: Charaxes Ochsenheimer, 1886, Schmett.
Europa, vol. 4, p. 18; type-species: Papilio jasius L.,
1767.)
This subfamily comprises Charaxes and the closely allied
Indo-Australian genus Polyura, the latter differing in having
the cell of the hindwing open, whereas in the former it is
closed. There are also differences in the male genitalia
of the two groups, mainly in the formation of the juxta,
which, in Charaxes, has the dorsal groove extending pos-
teriorly into the basal part of the ventral hook, but in
Polyura the hook is not grooved dorsally (see Rothschild and
Jordan, 1898, pl. 14). The pattern of the wings of the two
groups differs, too, as has been pointed out by the latter
authors, i.e. in Polyura the cell of both wings never has more
than two bars below, while in Charaxes four bars are typically
present. The antennae of Charaxes are black at the tip in
nearly all the species (but not in the varanes-fulvescens group
in which the antennae are reddish-brown throughout their
length), while in Polyura the last few segments of the antennae
are usually rufous-brown in colour. Sexual dimorphism is
common among Charazes, but not Polyura.
Charaxes is a large genus, consisting of more than one
hundred species in the Ethiopian region and some twenty-odd
species in the Indo-Australian region, with one species (Ch.
jasius) in the Mediterranean Subregion. The African mem-
bers of this genus were subdivided by Aurivillius (1911) into
18 groups on the shape, colour and pattern of the wings. These
groups are, to some extent, supported by differences in the
early stages (e.g. in the larval head-pieces, the cremastral
hooks of the pupae, and so on), in the foodplant preferences,
and in the male genitalia. Poulton (1926) rearranged Auri-
villius’s groups, and divided them into Leptodontiae and Hadro-
dontiae (i.e. those with small serrations on the costa of the
forewing, as opposed to those with large serrations). Some
authors have already split Charaxes in a small way into separ-
ate genera. Moore (1880) created the genus Haridra for the
large brown Indo-Australian Charaxes based on Ch. psaphon
Westwood; Hemming (1939) erected the genus Zingha for Ch.
zingha Stoll, as a replacement name for Monura Mabille; and
Cowan (1968) coined the name Stonehamia for Ch. varanes
(Cramer), to replace Hadrodontes Stoneham. If one is to split
up Charaxes into separate genera, the genus Eriboea Hiibner
should be resurrected for the distinctive etheocles-ethalion
264 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 15/1X/71
group of African Charaxes, with their black males and varie-
gated, mimetic females. However, I myself do not think
there is any real need for splitting up Charazes, since the genus
is an easily recognizable one, both in the early stages and in
the morphology of the adults; nor, indeed, was such action
advocated by Rothschild and Jordan (1898-1900) in their mono-
graph of the genus. The same thing applies to the genus
Polyura, which Moore (1896) divided into Murwareda (based
on Charaxes dolon Westwood) for the larger members of the
group, retaining the invalid name ‘Eulepis’ for the rest.
Although Rothschild and Jordan (1898) separated Polyura into
three groups according to the development of the pattern of
the wings, represented respectively by pyrrhus, eudamippus
and delphis, they did not maintain Moore’s genus Murwareda,
as they considered the characters upon which it was based
were completely unreliable. There are, nevertheless, differ-
ences in the male genitalia of the larger and the smaller
species of Polyura that would justify splitting up the genus
into subgenera if one felt so inclined. Using the following
characters, the Charaxinae can be divided into two tribes:
(1) Hindwing cell open; tip of antenna rufous-brown; ventral
hook at distal end of juxtra not grooved at its base ......
tribe POLYURINI tribus n.
(Type-genus: Polyura Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus.
Billb., p. 79; type-species: Papilio pyrrhus L., 1758.) This
tribe also contains Murwareda. (P. pyrrhus, incidentally,
was the first member of the Charaxidae to be named by
Linnaeus.)
(2) Hindwing cell closed; tip of antenna typically black;
ventral hook at distal end of juxta dorsally grooved at
TESUD ASSET UTE. ooh SUES ee Se tribe CHARAXINI
(Type-genus: Charaxes Ochs., 1816). This tribe also com-
prises Haridra, Zingha, Stonehamia and Eriboea.
(2) Subfamily EUXANTHINAE subfam. n.
(Type-genus: Euxanthe Hiibner, 1819, Verz. bekannt.
Schmett, vol. 3, p. 39; type-species: Papilio eurinome
Cramer, 1775.)
This Ethiopian subfamily comprises some _ seven-odd
species, one of which, Godartia madagascariensis (Godart),
occurs in the Malagasy Republic. They are large butterflies
with rounded, entire wings, the pattern of which superficially
resembles that of certain African Danaids. Their flight is
slow and somewhat undulating, with much flapping of the
wings, although they possess a considerable turn of speed if
molested. They are woodland butterflies, and have much
the same feeding habits as Charaxes, the males also having
favourite perches to which they will return day after day. If
two males share the same territory they will be seen per-
forming an aerial pas de deux for hours on end, whether in
fight or in play it is difficult to say. Hypomelaena tiberius,
being a shade lover, is found only in the depths of forests.
(On one occasion I disturbed a “dormitory” of a dozen or so
THE SYSTEMATICS OF THE CHARAXIDAE 285
males of the latter species resting head downwards on saplings
in the heat of the day in the depths of a forest on the Kenya
coast.) Schultze (1920, pp. 570-571) considered Ewxanthe, like
the Danaids, to be distasteful, their similarity to the latter
being a convergence phenomenon (Konvergenzerscheinung).
The Euxanthinae can be divided into two separate groups,
centred around the dark trajanus-tiberius species on the one
hand, and the lighter eurinome-madagascariensis ones on the
other. For the former group Aurivillius erected the subgenus
Hypomelaena, in 1899, because they differ from the latter
group in having the cell of the forewing almost triangular,
with the anterior and the posterior sides of the cell being
nearly equal in length, and the cell of the hindwing closed;
while in the eurinome-madagascariensis group the cell of the
forewing is obtusely rounded anteriorly, and that of the hind-
wing is open. In tiberius and trajanus the forewing has a red-
brown patch in the cell, which is not found in the members of
the other group. The forewing cell, incidentally, in tiberius
differs from that of trajanus in having the lower discocellular
vein markedly convex proximad; furthermore, in tiberius the
subcostal veins of the forewing run free, but in trajanus the
first subcostal vein (V.11) anastomes with the costal vein (V.
12). In the eurinome group the first and second subcostal veins
(Vs.11, 10) anastomose with the costal vein, the second vein (V.
10) cutting through the costal vein to enter the costa of the
wing basad of it. In Godartia madagascariensis the first sub-
costal vein (V.11) is absent), the second (V.10) running free to
the costa. In the male genitalia there are also differences in the
two main groups, the aedeagus, for example, being shorter in
tiberius and trajanus (between 8-9 mm. in length) than in the
eurinome group, in which it is between 10-12 mm long. In
tiberius the saccus is relatively short and pointed, while in
madagascariensis and eurinome it is larger and bluntly pro-
duced anteriorly. The Euxanthinae differ among themselves
in the early stages too, the larvae of tiberius and trajanus
having the lower pair of cephalic horns pointed at their
extremity, while in the eurinome group the horns terminate
in a club (see van Someren and Rogers, 1927, pl. 41). This
subfamily can be divided into two tribes, as shown in the key
below:
(1) Forewing without red-brown discal patch; forewing cell
dome-shaped; hindwing cell open; aedeagus from 10-12
mm. in length; the lower pair of horns on the head of
larva clubbed at the tip ...... tribe EUXANTHINI tribus n.
(Type-genus: Euxanthe Hiibner, 1819).
Also contains Godartia Lucas.
(2) Forewing with red-brown discal patch; forewing cell some-
what triangular in shape; hind-wing cell closed; aedeagus
relatively short, between 8-9 mm. long; lower pair of horns
on,head-of.larva pointed,.at, thevend s.jc..se00t own svemach ened
tribe HYPOMELAENINI tribus n.
(Type-genus: Hypomelaena Aurivillius, 1899, “Rhopal-
286 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 Lo/L XV TL
ocera Aethiopica”’, K. svenska Vetensk Akad. Handl.,
Stockholm, vol. 31 (No. 5), p. 220; type-species: Godartia
trajanus Ward, 1871.)
(3) Subfamily PALLINAE subfam. n.
Type-genus: Palla Hubner, 1819, Verz. bekannt.
Schmett, vol. 3, p. 47; type-species Papilio decius
Cramer, 1777.)
The African genus Palla differs from Charaxes not only
in the early stages, as already described above, but also in the
morphology of the aduits. The scheme of markings of the
wings, especially on the underside, differs from that of
Charaxes, as has been pointed out by Aurivillius (1911-12).
The male genitalia are quite unlike those of Charaxes or
Euxanthe, in that the aedeagus is relatively short and is spiny
throughout its length, and the valves are short and some-
what rectangular in shape, with a ventral hook at the apex.
The vinculum is wide and heavily sclerotized. The male and
female genitalia of Palla decius have been figured by Roths-
child and Jordan (1898, pl. 14). The specialized triangular
scales, as already stated above, are delimited by vein 1, and
do not extend into space 1b (see Rothschild and Jordan, 1898,
pl. 13, fig. 12). This subfamily consists of only one tribe,
namely Pallini tribus n. (Type-genus: Palla Hiibner). The
genus contains five or six species.
(4) Subfamily PROTHOINAE subfam. n.
(Type-genus: Prothoe Hubner, 1824, Samml. exot.
Schmett. vol. 2, pl. 54; type-species: Nymphalis franck
Godart, 1824 (not francki Hubner, 1824).)
The species comprising this Oriental subfamily were placed
among the Charaxidae by Schatz and Rober in 1892, although
Herrich-Schaffer (1864) had separated them from the “Proto-
gonius-Agrias” group of his family ‘“Nymphalina”’ because of
the open cell in the hindwing, and because the hindwing was
bluntly produced between veins 3 and 4. Semper (1886-92)
placed the genus in his ‘‘Pseudo-Nymphalis” group, just before
Charaxes; and Moore (1899, pp. 127, 128) placed the genus in
the Nymphalinae between Symbrenthia (which it mimics on
the underside) and Rhinopalpa. Moore erected the genus
Agatasa for the larger, more robust species, as typified by
Nymphalis calydonia Hewitson. As already noted, the basal
sensory patch of the palps of Prothoe and Agatasa is distinct-
ive, being proximally placed on the basal segment, and is
wide, short, and somewhat oblong in shape, being in appear-
ance nearer to Polygrapha (a genus of the Anaeinae) than to
any other member of the Charaxidae. According to Moore
(1899), and Fruhstorfer (1913-4), the species comprising the
Prothoinae have much the same kind of habits in the field as
Charaxes. Fruhstorfer also said, ‘“The genus Prothoe is, in
the frequently most gorgeous colouring of the under surface,
related to Charazes in the same way as Agrias is to Prepona”.
Schatz and Rober (1892) stated that the Prothoinae can be
THE SYSTEMATICS OF THE CHARAXIDAE 287
divided on the shape, pattern, and venation of the wings into
three groups based respectively on calydonia, franck and
australis. Fruhstorfer (l.c.), however, divided them into two
groups according to the shape of the lower discocellular vein
of the forewing, which is obtusely bent proximad in Prothoe
but is almost straight in Agatasa. Fruhstorfer’s subdivision is
borne out by the configuration of the male genitalia, in that
the genital armature of Agatasa (see fig. 35) is altogether
much larger than that of Prothoe (fig. 36), the valve of the
former being elongate, with a lower and an upper spiny pro-
jection on its inner surface, and is, as Fruhstorfer noted,
somewhat Limenitoid in shape; while the valve of Prothoe is
rounded and terminally spiked, without any projections on the
inside. Prothoe also differs from Agatasa in having a hair-
tuft in the hindwing of the males, such as is found in Prepona
and Agrias (q.v.). For these various reasons the Prothoinae
can be subdivided into two tribes, using the following key:
(1) Veins 7 and 8 of forewing short-stalked; lower discocellu-
lar vein nearly straight; hindwing without a hair-tuft in
the males; adults large and robust, with the wings chiefly
creamy-white above ......... tribe AGATASINI tribus n.
(Type-genus: Agatasa Moore. 1899, Lep. Ind., vol. 4,
p. 127; type-species: Nymphalis calydonia Hewitson,
1855.) This tribe also includes A. chrysodonia (Staud-
inger).
(2) Veins 7 and 8 of forewing longer-stalked than in Agatasa:
the lower discocellular vein obtusely bent proximad:
hindwing with a hair-tuft in the males; adults not so large
or robust as in the Agatasini, with a dark ground colour
on the upperside of the wings, and typically with a pale
blue postdiscal band in the forewing .......................006-
tribe PROTHOINI tribus n.
(Type-genus: Prothoe Hubner, 1824). This tribe con-
tains those species centred around franck, australis
Guér., ribbei Gr. Sm. and regalis Butl. respectively.
288 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 1S/TX/7T2
Notes and Observations
NEPTICULA SPECIOSA FREY: A UNIVOLTINE OR A BIVOLTINE
SPECIES?—In my ‘‘Notes on some of the British Nepticulidae’’,
under the heading of Acer pseudoplatanus L. (Sycamore)
(antea 77-78) I pointed out that there are conflicting opinions
expressed in the literature on whether speciosa has one or two
generations a year. I also recorded that I had four cocoons
from larvae taken on the 29th July 1970. These produced no
imagines in the following August, as one would expect if the
species were bivoltine, but a moth emerged on the 28th April
1971. It is dangerous to generalise from a single example, but
the indications are that speciosa has a single generation with
a prolonged period of emergence.
The moth in question came from a pseudoplatanella-type
mine, and the wing-pattern is indistinguisable from that of
specimens bred from speciosa-type mines. This corroborates
Borkowski’s view that pseudoplatanella Skala is a synonym of
speciosa Frey.—A. M. Emmet, Labrey Cottage, Victoria
Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex. 8.v.1971.
A Rare ABERRATION OF VANESSA ATALANTA L. IN SUSSEX.—On
the 29th July last, in full sunshine, I was parking my car on
the roadside verge of a Weald wood. As I glanced through the
far side car window I was amazed to see what was obviously
an aberration of V. atalanta resting, with wings closed, near
the top of the clipped dogwood hedge about four feet from
the ground. I had my net ready and was able to capture the
insect successfully after an uneasy excursion round the rear
of the vehicle!
Careful examination of the specimen confirms that it is an
example of the aberration illustrated by South, pl. 49, figs. 1
and 2, and described in the text on p. 82. It is also illustrated
by Frohawk in Natural History of British Butterflies, plate 27,
figs. 14 and 15, and described in the text on page 165.
My example is more extreme in that (a) on the upperside
forewings the first white costal blotch is absent except for a
small white speck on the margin, and (b) on the underside
forewings the large blue costal area is heavily suffused with
black. On the underside hindwings the central areas of the
wings are darker and the marginal bands lighter in contrast.
Only two blue ovoid spots are present on the edge of the bands.
The insect would appear to be a male and unfortunately
is not in mint condition—R. M. CRAsKE, 29 Salisbury Road,
Hove, Sussex, BN3 3AE.
YPSOLOPHUS HORRIDELLUS TREITSCHKE IN KENT.—On the 7th
of August in my garden, I saw a sooty black moth fly past me
and settle on some brickwork. I had no pillbox in my pocket
CURRENT LITERATURE 289
and had to run indoors for one. Fortunately the insect had
not moved and I was able able to secure it. Meyrick gives a
narrow belt in the south of the country for Y. horridellus, and
Kent is to the north of that area, so perhaps it is of interest to
publish a Kentish record. I have taken the insect once before,
a larva at Dunsfold, and have in my collection a series bred by
W. Fassnidge from New Forest, Southampton and Eastleigh
larvae.—S. N. A. Jacosps, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent, BR2
SEE. Mev 1971.
PSEUDOPANTHERA MACULARIA L. (LEP. GEOMETRIDAE).—On 6th
June 1969, I received a female moth which had been captured
in London, together with about twenty ova which she had laid
before expiring. The ova duly hatched and the larvae fed up
well on Teucrium, with few losses, eventually pupating
amongst soil and dead leaves of the food-plant.
During the winter of 1969-70 the pupae were kept in my
garage where they remained cold, but were nevertheless pro-
tected against extremes of temperature. In mid-May of 1970,
only one moth emerged, a male. I examined the rest of the
pupae, and after throwing out some which were obviously
dead, I kept the others in a warm room indoors for a few weeks
before returning them to my garage, where they spent a
second winter . In May of 1971 the remaining nine living pupae
produced moths. I would be much interested to hear of any
records of this moth passing two winters in the pupal state.
The species seems to have been exceptionally abundant
this year in many parts of Cornwall, including a fair number
with a whitish ground colour instead of the usual yellow. It
would be interesting to know to what extent the populations of
imagines are controlled by the number of individuals passing a
one-year or a two-year life cycle.
Thanks are due to Mr Brian Wurzell for supplying the live-
stock in 1969.—JoHn L. GREGORY, 17 Grove Road, St Austell,
Cornwall. 19.vii.1971.
Current Literature
From Dr Eugene Munroe I have received a fine collection of
separates of his more recent papers. These include “Revision
of North American Species of Udea Guenee (Lep. Pyralidae),
Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada No. 49, 1966.
This describes as new six species and 18 subspecies. There are
48 half tone photographs of adults and 44 drawings of genitalia
details. “Taxonomy and Distribution of the Genus Ostrinia
(Lep. Pyralidae)”; Memoirs of the Entomological Society of
Canada No. 71, 1970. This paper describes as new 5 species
and 19 subspecies and gives a key to species and subspecies.
There are 315 half tone photographs of adults and a large
number of genitalia and other anatomical details; there are
also distribution maps from which phylogenic diagrams are
290 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 85 Lo/TXS/ TA
extracted. ‘Revision of the subfamily Midilinae (Lep.
Pyralidae)” describes one genus, 27 species and 5 subspecies as
new. There is a key to the genera, and after the text there
are 62 half tone illustrations of adults and 56 genitalia draw-
ings. Throughout these three papers, the drawings have been
executed by Mrs Marie Spencer.
There are also several separates from The Canadian Entom-
ologist, all interesting and all bearing testimony to the bound-
less industry of the author.
By Dr Munroe and Dr Akira Mutuura, also from The
Canadian Entomologist, are several papers of a series headed
“Contributions to a Study of the Pyraustinae (Lep. Pyralidae)
of Temperate East Asia”, set out in the manner of the three
previously mentioned papers.
From The Proceedings of the Entomological Society of
Oregon, Vol. 99, 1968, there is a paper on Insects of Ontario:
Geographical Distribution and postglacial origin’”.—S.N.A.J.
Two papers by Axel M. Hemmingsen are from the Bonn
Zoological Society and from Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra
Dansk Naturhistorik Forening, the first “on Copulation in
Phyllolabis hemmingseni Peder Neilsen and Phyllolabis mann-
heimsiana Peder Neilsen (Limoniidae, Tipulidae, Diptera)” and
the other “Copulatory Adaptions of the Male Hypopygium to
the Female Tergal Ovipository valves (cerci) in some South
American Crane-Flies (Tipulidae)”. Both these papers are in
the English language and are illustrated by line drawings and
photographs.—S.N.A.J.
From Josef Moucha I have “Zur Kenntis der Schmetter-
lingsfauna der Grusinischen SSR (Lepidoptera)” from Acta
Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, Vol. 38, 1968, which
gives an account of a collecting trip to the Caucassus in June
1957, with a list of the species taken.—S.N.A.J.
Some Observations on Sepedon sauteri Hendel (Diptera
Sciomyzidae) during the Winter Months in Fukuoka, Japan by
G. P. Channa Basavanna and Koji Yano, from Mushi. Vol. 42,
Pt. 15, 31.iii.1969, deals with the winter habits of this fly, which
is linked up with a snail which is a vector of a liver fluke, and
whose eggs provide an alternative host for a hymenopterous
egg parasite of certain Chilo species inimical to rice crops.
The paper is in the English language.—S.N.A.J.
Separates received from Hermann Zoerner include two
parts of a paper by him entitled Zurkenntis der Blattminen der
Naturschutzgebiete des Mittelelbegebietes (Entomologische
Berichte 1969: 17-24 and 69-74) in which leaf mining species
taken and reared are listed under their host plants, which are
listed under scientific names in alphabetical order.
Blattminenstudien in der Umgebung von Prerow/Darsz
(Ent. Berichte 1970: 19-30) lists in a similar manner species
collected in the surroundings of Prerow and Darsz.—S.N.A.J.
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viminalis, Aporophyla australis, Apatele aceris, Apamea wunanimis,
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THE PROFESSOR HERING MEMORIAL RESEARCH FUND
The British Entomological and Natural History Society
announces that, as a result of applications received by 30th
September 1971, awards have been made to Miss J. M. Ruse,
Department of Zoology, University of Manchester, to help her
research into the biology of leaf miners and their parasites on
Sorbus aucuparia and related host plants; and to Mr P. R. Cobb,
Editor of the Proceedings of the Heacham and West Norfolk
Natural History Society, for continuation of his work on the life-
cycle and distribution in Britain of the gall-wasp Andricus
quercuscalicis (Burgsdorff).
Further applications are invited for awards to be made after
Slst March 1972, for the promotion of entomological research
with particular emphasis on:—
(a) Leaf miners
(b) Diptera, particularly Trypetidae and Agromyzidae
(c) Lepidoptera, particularly Micro-Lepidoptera
(d) General Entomology
in the above order of preference, having regard to the suitability
of the candidates and of the plan of work proposed.
It is envisaged that awards would be made to assist travelling
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Applicants need not be resident in the United Kingdom, and
Research in any part of the world may qualify.
Applicants should send a statement of their qualifications, of
their plan of research, and of the precise objects for which an
award is sought, to R. F. BRETHERTON, C.B., M.A., F.R.E.S., Hon.
Treasurer, Folly Hill, Birtley Green, Bramley, Guildford, Surrey,
early in 1972 and in any case not later than 3lst March.
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THE BUTTERFLY CENTRE
PLUMMER
TENTERDEN
KENT
CONTENTS
A New Race of Myrina silenus (F.) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)
from the North Western Cape. C. G. C. DICKSON and
R. D. STEPHEN ts #7 A ie
Observations on British Butterflies in 1970. Dr C. J. LUCKENS ..
Why just “Schiff.’"? CHARLES F. COWAN ..
A Holiday in the East Pyrenees, June-July 1970, with notes on the
Lepidoptera observed. E. P. WILTSHIRE as
Notes on some of the British Nepticulidae. Lieut. Col. A. M.
EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., M.A., F.R.E.S. an af
Biston betularia L. ab. grisea Smith in Kent. J. M. CHALMERS-
HUNT ee Re Ae oe
The Systematics of the Charaxidae (Lepidoptera idaho fk
A. H. B. RYDON, F.R.E.S. ae a
Nepticula speciosa Frey: a Univoltine or a Bivoltine species?
A. M. EMMET
A Rare Aberration of Vanessa atalanta L. in Sussex. R. M.
CRASKE
Ypsolophus horridellus Treitschke in Kent. S. N. A. JACOBS ..
Pseudopanthera macularia L. (Lep. Geometridae) JOHN L.
GREGORY stb ee ote an
CURRENT LITERATURE
SUPPLEMENT: Lepidoptera of Kent. J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT .
255
259
266
268
278
282
283
288
288
288
289
289
(71)
SS I ET I OE TT SE TB SS
T. BUNCLE AND CO. LTD., ARBROATH, ANGUS, SCOTLAND
o. 10 October 1971
3 NESE ESD ETE ESE ETE MED ESE EEE MEER CI CED C
595; 1059
Bt THE
ENTOMOLOGIST’S
RECORD
AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION
Edited by S. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.E.S.
with the assistance of
A. A. ALLEN, B.S.C., A.R.C.S. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B.SC., F.R.E.S.
NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. H. C. HuGGINS, F.R.E.S.
J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.E.S. S. WAKELY
Major A. E. COLLIER, M.C., F.R.E.S.
Commander G. W. Harper, R.N. (Retd.), F.R.E.s.
Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S.
ANT AS.
a iid
UeC 29 197}
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This book, the only modern comprehensive survey in English
of the British Diptera, includes full accounts of structure and
the more interesting life histories and habits. More than 280 —
representative species are illustrated in 53 plates, many in
colour, and in numerous text figures drawn from specimens —
collected by the authors. There is a section each on the
Nematocera, the Brachycera, the Cyclorrhapha Aschiza, the
Acalypterates, the Calypterates and the Pupipara. In addition
a long introductory section provides a detailed analysis of the
structure of the fly.. The book contains a glossary, a bibliog-
raphy, and is fully indexed. 384 pp; cased binding, colour
jacket.
‘The authors have aimed to provide a general survey of the flies
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scope, they have been remarkably successful.’—Times Literary
Supplement.
1-4 Bedford Court
Wale tondon weer op
First REcorD, 1831: Stephens, loc. cit.
(H. ruberata Freyer: Ruddy Highflyer.
| Se Cee eee ny Doubtfully Kentish.
j i , ath
Beaty
is
iret
ain}
291
Caloptilia rufipenella Hubner (Lep. Gracillariidae),
a Species new to Britain.
by Lieut. Col. A. M. Emmet, M.B.E., T.D., M.A., F.R.ELS.
My story starts on the 12th of July 1970, when I was at
Chippenham Fen, Cambridgeshire; working the alders (Ent.
Rec. 82: 253). By chance a sycamore leaf with one of its
lobes spun into a cone caught my eye. Clearly the work of a
Caloptilia, it looked like the feeding of one of our rarest moths,
C. hemidactylella Fab. The cone and others nearby were all
vacated and there was no trace of cocoons spun in adjacent
leaves. On subsequent visits to the fen I pointed out the old
cones to Mr J. M. Chalmers-Hunt on the 3list of July and to
Mr R. W. J. Uffen on the 11th of October; both these entomo-
logists agreed that they were likely to have been made by
hemidactylella.
Remembering how I used to find Caloptilia betulicola
- Hering flying freely at dusk in a Lincolnshire birch wood in
late September, I wondered whether the sycamore-feeding
Caloptilia would behave in the same way. Accordingly I paid
an evening visit to Chippenham on the 22nd of September.
Only one Caloptilia fell to my net. This was not hemidac-
_ tylella, but appeared to be a dwarf specimen of elongella L.,
a species which occurs, though rather sparingly, in the fen.
It is a long time to have to wait a whole year before seeking
a solution to an entomological enigma, and as most Calopitilia
overwinter as imagines, I decided to have a shot at locating
my quarry in its winter quarters. So the 10th of February,
1971 saw me back at Chippenham, beating the lower branches
of some yew trees which grow in the wooded part of the fen.
I had a lot of healthy exercise, but the reward for my labours,
at any rate in terms of numbers, was meagre: only four moths
fell into my tray. Two of these were Zelleria hepariella Stt.
and the other two apparently elongella. There is a marked’
similarity in the colour of these two well separated species:
except that one cocks its head and the other its tail in the air
when at rest, they might be mistaken for each other. Pre-
sumably the liver colour of the forewings gives them excellent
concealment in the situations they select for hibérnation.
But to return to my two “elongella.” There was a striking
disparity of size between the two specimens. One was of nor-
mal dimensions, but the other was a dwarf resembling the |
moth I had netted in September. My suspicions were aroused. ©
There matters had to rest until the summer. My next visit to ©
the fen was on the 4th of June, when I was accompanied by
Mr E. C. Pelham-Clinton. No cones were to be seen on the
sycamores, but this was not unexpected so early in the season.
I was there again, this time with Mr Uffen, on the 4th of July,
when the sycamore-feeding Caloptilia was one of our principal
objectives. We started to find cones at once, but at first it
seemed we were too late as the spinnings were already vacated. -
292 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/ 7a
However, in due course we took three which still contained
larvae.
I exhibited these larvae, two of which had already spun up,
at a meeting of the British Entomological and Natural History
Society on the 8th of July, describing them as possible
examples of hemidactylella, but adding the opinion that they
could well turn out to be a new species, for which caloptilia
rufipennella Hiibn. was the most likely candidate.
On the next day I returned to Chippenham Fen and worked
the sycamores thoroughly. The cones were not scarce, but
most of them were empty; however, I came home with eleven
more larvae to add to the three I had found on the 4th.
In all, ten imagines emerged between the 16th of July and
the Sth of August, the average date of eclosion being the 28th
of July. These moths all resembled the two small Caloptilia
taken the previous September and February. Inspection of the
continental material at the British Museum (Natural History)
confirmed my suspicion that the Chippenham species was
Caloptilia rufipennella Hiibn.
It may be helpful to others who seek to breed rufipennella
if I give the reasons for the four casualties. Two perished as
larvae. One was in the leaf I gave to Mr Jacobs as model for
the drawing he has so kindly made to accompany this paper.
In order to keep the leaf fresh for him, I put in water. This
was a mistake, for the leaf withered far more quickly than
those placed in a plastic box, and this mismanagement
proved fatal to the larvae. The second larvae “committed
suicide.”’ When I found it, it was still in its mine (see below for
this phase). On quitting the mine, instead of making a cone,
it insisted on feeding externally on the original leaf. Thus it
lived for about a week, in spite of daily offerings of fresh
leaves placed under its nose. This increasingly withered diet
in the end proved fatal. No doubt I should have forcibly
transferred it and confiscated the old leaf. Another of my
larvae failed to make its final cone and fed exposed, stripping
off about a square inch of the lower surface of a leaf; but this
individual survived and eventually became an imago.
The other two casualties occurred in the pupal stage. Three
larvae spun up in the lid of their plastic home, and it was two
of these which perished. Jn each case the moth developed
fully in the pupal case, but then failed to emerge. The re-
mainder, including all those which made their cocoons on
leaves, came out successfully. The casualty rate is notoriously
high in the pupal stage of this family, and to prevent de-
siccation, I placed a pinch of damp sphagnum moss in the box
containing the pupae. Perhaps the leaves absorbed sufficient
moisture but the plastic surface could not do so. There were
no parasites.
The following is an account of the biology of rufipennella: —
Ovum: I failed to find the egg, even with the help of a micro-
scope. Possibly the shell is completely consumed, or the
larva may travel some distance before starting to mine.
CALOPTILIA RUFIPENNELLA HUBNER (LEP. GRACILLARIIDAE) 293
Larva: This is of a green colour, matching the lower surface
of a sycamore leaf. Hering (1957) describes the head as
yellowish, but to me it looks green and only slightly paler
than the body. When the larva is feeding, the dorsal vessel
shows distinctly darker, but when it is purged before pupation
the caterpillar is unicolorous.
Method of feeding: At first the larva makes a tiny
mine at the angle of two veins. The frass is packed to
the sides leaving the centre tolerably transparent. On
leaving the mine, the larva makes three cones successively.
The first is a minute affair, consisting of the folding over of
the extreme tip of a lobe. The second and third are more
elaborate and are much of the same size. While making the
cone, the larva leaves a small open “doorway” through which
it emerges to do a deal of external spinning. ‘The lobe is
curled downwards so that the larva within can feed on the
lower surface of the leaf. The first cone is commonly on the
same leaf as the mine, but thereafter the larva almost always
changes leaves before constructing a fresh cone. The leaf which
I supplied to Mr Jacobs, which contains the mine and all three
cones, is exceptional. The cones are generally five to ten
feet from the ground, the higher ones being easier to see as
they show up as dark blobs against the light. Most of those
found were on saplings, perhaps only because the branches of
the larger trees were out of reach. The larva feeds in June,
sometimes continuing till early July.
Cocoon: I searched hard but failed to find the cocoon in the
wild. In captivity the upper or lower surface of a leaf is
generally selected; in two instances the chosen site was the
angle made by the wall of the cone. The cocoon is small and
compact, consisting of a shining yellowish membrane of silk.
Pupa: At first the pupa is green like the larva, but it darkens
as the imago develops. For emergence, the pupal skin is ex-
truded from the cocoon, and is transparent and colourless
after its occupant has left. The pupal stage lasts from ten
to fifteen days.
Imago:Span 11-12 mm. Antennae light golden brown, ob-
scurely ringed darker. Head, palpae and thorax concolorous
with the forewings. Abdomen, dark grey above, white
beneath. Legs white, spotted above with dark brown; the
tibiae of the forelegs and middle legs are clothed in dark
chocolate brown scales, with a few whitish scales forming a
narrow, ill-defined central pale band, more easily seen in fresh
specimens. Forewings glossy mahogany or chestnut brown,
with violet reflections when seen at an angle; terminal cilia
concolorous with the wings, dorsal cilia dark grey. Hindwings
and their cilia dark grey. Benander (1944) figures the male
genitalia. The imago emerges during the second half of July
or in early August and lives until the spring.
Variation: —In one specimen the colour of the forewings
is golden brown. In two or three individuals there are suffused
dark spots tending to form longitudinal lines. None shows
294 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/X/71
CALOPTILIA RUFIPENNELLA HUBNER (LEP. GRACILLARIIDAE) 295
any trace of the triangular costal blotch found in most other
members of the genus.
Distribution: According to Hering, rufipennella is a com-
mon species on the continent, feeding on imported species of
maple as well as sycamore. In England, I have observed the
larval cones at Chippenham Fen, Cambridgseshire, and at
Barton Mills, Suffolk, about six miles from Chippenham. It
would not surprise me if it turned out to be fairly widespread
in East Anglia. The apparent absence of parasites suggests
that it is newly established, and it may be extending its range.
The larval cones remain in evidence until the leaves fall and
as they are quite conspicuous, they will facilitate the quest for
new localities; entomologists should, however, be careful not
to confuse a rolled leaf with a cone. Dwarf specimens in
collections which were taken as imagines and determined as
elongella or betulicola should be checked in case they are
rufipennella.
The three species are very similar, but the following
points of difference may be noted: —
(1) Size. Rufipennella is much smaller, with a wing-span
averaging 11-12 mm as against 16-17 mm in betulicola and
elongella. Brown (1946) gives the dimensions of betulicola
as 7-9 mm; this is evidently a misprint.
(2) Colour. Rufipennella is generally chestnut brown, and
the other two more yellow brown, but the species are variable,
and some of the colour forms overlap.
(3) Forelegs. In elongella and betulicola the tibiae are
usually concolorous with the forewings and lack the obscure
pale band. In rufipennella the tibiae are distinctly darker
than the forewings and possess the band.
(4) Abdomen: The underside of the abdomen is silvery
white in rufipennella while in the other species it is yellowish
white.
In conclusion I wish to thank Mr S. N. A. Jacobs for his
drawing to show the larval feeding, and Mr D. S. Carter of
the British Museum (Natural History) for his advice over the
wording of the description of the imago and its variation.
Specimens will be placed in the British Museum after the
autumn exhibitions.
REFERENCES
Benander, P. 1944. Sveriges Lithocolletiden (Gracilaridae) Opuscula
Entomologica.
Brown, S. C. S. 1946. Caloptilia Hiibn., a Genus of Tineina. Read
25th September 1946. Proceedings and Transactions of the
South London Entomological and Natural History Society,
1946-1947.
Hering, M. 1957. Bestimmungstabellen der Blattminen von Europe,
1: 24,
296 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/X/71
The History and recorded Distribution of Coleo-
phora wockeella Zeller, 1849 (Lep. : Tineidae)
with Notes on its Rearing from the
Pre-hibernation Larva
By J. M. CHALMERS-Hunt and Lt. Col. A. M. EMMET
The recorded distribution of this species extends from
Essex and Kent westwards through Surrey, Sussex, Isle of
Wight, Dorset, Devon and Gloucestershire to Herefordshire.
Though it is still not scarce locally in Surrey, its status else-
where is uncertain, and it may now be extinct in a number of
its former localities.
The sole foodplant of wockeella in Britain appears to be
Betonica officinalis L. (Stachys betonica Benth.): Wood Betony,
although Morris (1872) also gives “Stachys hirta” (now called
Stachys arvensis L.): Field Woundwort and Ranunculus ficaria
L.: Pilewort or Lesser Celandine. On the continent the fore-
going are given, as well as Genista tinctoria L.: Dyer’s Green-
weed, Ranunculus acris L.: Common Meadow Buttercup and
Marrubium vulgare L. White Horehound (Sorhagen, 1886 and
Lhomme, 1951). Hering (1957) states that the feeding of
wockeella on Ranunculus is an example of xenophagy.
Kent
The earliest reference to the occurrence of wockella in
Britain that we have been able to trace in the literature is that
of Stainton (1854), who states: ‘Two specimens were taken by
Mr Weir, at Pembury a few years back. Last summer he bred
a third from a dark brown slightly curved case he found
attached to a leaf of Genista tinctoria, although there were no
symptons that the larva had fed upon that plant’. The con-
tinental record of this foodplant (see above) suggests that it
might, after all, have been feeding upon it. In a later reference
Stainton (1859) gave Pembury and “‘near Canterbury” but with-
out particulars. These appear to be the only two Kentish
localities known, and though the species does not seem to have
been noted at either since, there is no reason to doubt that it
once occurred at both, and might in fact still do so.
Isle of Wight
Stainton (1860) records wockeella from the Isle of Wight,
but without particulars.
E. R. Bankes (Diary) writing in the 1880’s says that C. R.
Digby found on May 16 and June 20 [cir. 1880] many larvae
and a few pupae respectively, on Freshwater Down. Bankes
and Digby then visited the locality on May 18, 1885, and
between them got 62 larvae, mostly full-fed. Bankes went
again on May 24-25, 1886, and at the same place, “on the down
at Freshwater Gate, Isle of Wight’, took a further 120 larvae,
of which he says “some are very late and quite small still’.
COLEOPHORA WOCKEELLA ZELLER, 1849 (LEP.: TINEIDAE) 297
Both men bred the moth abundantly from these collectings.
So far as we are aware, wockeella has not been seen since
in the Island, and, in the hopes of rediscovering it there, in
late May 1969, R. W. Uffen and J. M. C.-H. visited Tennyson
Down, Freshwater, where one suspects Bankes and Digby got
theirs, but failed to see any sign of it, though the foodplant was
there in abundance.
Gloucestershire and Devon
There are old records of wockeella from these two counties.
T. B. Fletcher and C. G. Clutterbuck (1941) have “The Gully,
Durdham Down” by Grigg (an old Bristol collector) on the
authority of V. R. Perkins.
Meyrick (1895) gives Devon without partculars, but on
whose authority is not known, and the record is not confirmed
from any other source to our knowledge.
Essex, Dorset and Herefordshire
Likewise there seem to be only old records for these coun-
ties. Thus C. W. Dale (1886) states that O. Pickard-Cambridge
took it at Lulworth, apparently the sole record for Dorset.
There is also only one record for Essex; W. Harwood (1903)
writes: ‘‘C. wockeella is rare and has only been found at St
Osyth’’.
For Herefordshire, T. Hutchinson (1887) lists the species
without details, though J. H. Wood (1908) is more informative
with ‘Haugh Wood, Herefordshire, scarce’’.
Sussex
There are two old localities for Sussex. W. H. B. Fletcher
(1905) has: “Abbots Wood; abundant amongst Stachys betonica
in a rough meadow; Guestling, very rare’. To these a recent
record can be added: at Heyshott, near Midhurst, the Rev. D.
J. L. Agassiz took a single imago at an atinic fluorescent lamp
on July 20, 1969 (D. J. L. Agassiz in litt. to A.M.E., 8.1.71).
Surrey
H. Goss and C. G. Barrett (1902) give: “Haslemere, very
local, among wood betony”’.
L. T. Ford took a number of cases at Durfold in October
1933, from which he bred 32 imagines in 1934. He labelled
these ‘‘Chiddingfold” (L. T. Ford pers. comm. to J.M.C.-H.; L.
fF. Ford coll. per’ D. J: Carter): R. M. Mere used to find
wockeella occasionally in the light-trap he operated in his
garden at Chiddingfold, cir. 1960 (R.M. Mere pers. comm. to
A.M.E.).
R. Fairclough took a specimen in his light-trap at Leigh,
near Reigate on July 14, 1964, though the foodplant is scarce
in that neighbourhood (R. Fairclough in litt. to A.M.E.,
27 ii C1):
Since the most plentiful recent records for wockeella came
from the south-west corner of Surrey, we decided to search
that area to see if it still occurred. Our first visit was rather
a hurried one on November 2, 1969. We worked Durfold Wood
298 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/X/71
and Fisher Lane Wood, and J.M.C.-H. found two cases. He re-
turned there on November 4, when he found 15 more. A.M.E.
was unable to pay a second visit till November 13, when he
found 17 cases in Fisher Lane Wood. The larvae were ex-
tremely local, occuring in small colonies (all A.M.E.’s cases
were taken from only two plants). The larval feeding-places
are conspicuous, and readily betray the whereabouts of the
insect.
f° i
!
SNAG
12-4 1971
The larvae were kept on potted plants covered with nylon
stocking supported by sticks. A few of the larvae retired to the
base of the plant on the approach of winter, but the majority
remained on the leaves or fixed themselves to stems for hiber-
nation. The first post-hibernation feeding was noticed by
COLEOPHORA WOCKEELLA ZELLER, 1849 (LEP.: TINEIDAE) 299
J.M.C.-H. on February 20, 1970, and by A.M.E. on February
22, although the pots containing his larvae had been under
snow from the 12th to the 19th of that month. The larvae fed
on the old leaves as well as the new growth. Whereas most
seemed to prefer to feed from the underside of the leaf, a
larva would sometimes feed from the upperside. A.M.E. placed
one of his pots in a situation predominantly in sunshine, and
the other predominantly in the shade; it made no difference to
the survival or rate of growth of the larvae.
To fix for pupation, nearly all the larvae climbed to the tops
of the sticks supporting the nylon covering, with the result
that they tended to pupate gregariously. J.M.C.-H.’s moths (12
in number) emerged from 25. vi. to 20. vii. 70 and A.M.E.’s (14)
from 2 to 8.vii.70. There were no parasites. The Surrey insects
are mostly remarkably large, the majority having an alar ex-
panse of 21-23 mm. On the other hand, J.M.C.-H. bred a very
small one, with an expanse of only 17 mm. Two of Bankes’ old
Isle of Wight specimens in his possession measure only 18 mm.
and 19 mm.
A field meeting of the British Entomological and Natural
History Society was held at Durfold on November 8, 1970 to
look for wockeella. The area where the cases had been found
in 1969 proved unproductive, for only a single larva was taken,
but Botany Bay Wood, a mile or so away, provided about 50
distributed amongst the party.
Our thanks are due to Mr S. N. A. Jacobs for the drawing
of the larval cases made from the material collected on the
field meeting just mentioned. The pre-hibernation case he
reproduced from a drawing which he made from a case given
to him by L. T. Ford.
REFERENCES
Dale, C. W. (1886). Lepidoptera of Dorset, 61.
Fletcher, T. B. and Clutterbuck, C. G. (1941). The Microlepidoptera of
Gloucestershire. Proc. Cotteswold Fld. Cl., 27 (3): 140.
Fletcher, W. H. B. (1905). Lepidoptera of Sussex (in Victoria County
History of Sussex), 206.
Goss, H. and Barrett, C. G. (1902). Lepidoptera of Surrey (in Victoria
County History of Surrey), 148.
Harwood, W. (1903). Lepidoptera of Essex (in Victoria County History
of Essex), 175.
Hering, E. M. (1957). Bestimmungstabellen de Blattminen von Europa,
2: 874.
Hutchinson, T. (1887). Lepidoptera of the Leominster and Tarrington
Districts. Trans. Woolhope Nat. Fld. Cl., 118.
Lhomme, L. (1951). Catalogue de Lepidopteres de France et de
Belgique, 2: 896.
Meyrick, E. (1895). A handbook of British Lepidoptera, 650.
Morris, F. O. (1872). A Natural History of British Moths, 4: 169.
Sorhagen, L. (1886). Die Kleinschmetterlinge der Mark Brandenberg,
339.
300 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD Lb/X/ TL
Stainton, H. T. (1854). Insecta Britannica: Lep. Tineina, 212.
Stainton, H. T. (1859). A Manual of British Butterflies and Moths, 2:
390.
Stainton, H. T. (1860). The Natural History of the Tineina, 5: 124.
Wood, J. H. (1908). Lepidoptera of Herefordshire (in Victoria County
History of Herefordshire), 98.
Notes on Some of the British Nepticulidae
By Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.£., T.D., M.A., F.R.E.S.
(Continued from p. 287)
SPIRAEA ULMARIA L. (Meadowsweet)
Nepticula ulmariae Hein. (Emmet, 1970) is a_ bivoltine
species. My only opportunity to search for the first generation
at Wicken Fen in 1970 was on a fleeting visit on the 28th of
June, when the two or three mines which I found were already
vacated. However, on three visits there between the 5th and
25th of September my companions and I found larvae in
small numbers, and I have several cocoons overwintering. The
larva is bright yellow with the dorsal vessel slightly darker;
the head is light brown. The cocoons, which in captivity were
spun between leaves, are brown.
Mr S. C. S. Brown (in litt.) writes: “You will be interested
to hear that on the 20th of October I found the mines of
Stigmella ulmariae Wocke in plenty in Spiraea just outside
Basingstoke in a marsh beside the road. I should say I was a
month late, as I gathered some thirty mines in a few yards
and there was not one larva present. I could not find any
mines that might have been of the July brood, so this species
may have a very scarce first brood and a much commoner
autumn one”. Mr Brown’s record is the first for the county
of Hampshire.
ULMUS spp. (Elm)
Traditionally we have in Britain three Nepticulids on this
foodplant, Stigmella viscerella Stt., S. ulmivora Fol. and
Nepticula marginicolella Stt. To these the editor of the
Entomologist’s Record added a fourth, S. ulmifoliae Hering
(Jacobs 1962) and later on Mr R. H. Richens recorded ulmi-
foliae again and introduced three further species, viz., S. fulvo-
macula Skala, S. ulmicola Hering and S. ulmiphaga Preisseker
(now known as ulmi Skala) (Richens, 1963). The new species
were identified from mines alone with the help of continental
entomologists. The question arises whether we have as many
as seven elm-feeding Nepticulids in this country. Let us con-
sider their several claims.
(a) Stigmella fulvomacula Skala. This species is charac-
terised by the mine, or part of it, being situated in a yellow
fleck; the larva is yellowish. Borkowski (1969) states that he
can detect no difference between the imagines of fulvomacula
NOTES ON SOME OF THE BRITISH NEPTICULIDAE 301
and marginicolella, and that he therefore regards them as
conspecific. This agrees with my own observations. Fulvo-
macula occurs commonly among colonies of marginicolella,
but only in the autumn generation. There is considerable
variation in the development of the yellow fleck, ranging from
almost nothing to a major discoloration of the leaf. Some-
times the mines of both “species” occur in the same leaf. The
fleck is indubitably occasioned by the mine and its causes would
form an interesting subject for research, being antithetical
to the formation of green islands by other leaf-miners. Our
old writers were evidently familiar with marginicolella’s in-
fluence on elm-leaves in late summer. Stainton (1855, Vol. I,
plate 3) figured a mined leaf with the character of fulvomacula
to depict marginicolella; the artist, however, made the dis-
coloration more brown than yellow. In Waters’s herbarium
some of his examples of the mine of marginicolella are of the
fulvomacula type. The name fulvomacula Skala is now de-
graded and becomes a synonym of marginicolella Stt.
(b) Stigmella ulmifoliae Hering and S. ulmi Skala. I shall
consider these species in conjunction with S. ulmivora Fol., all
three having similar green or blue-green larvae feeding venter
upwards in long sinuous galleries. In all three the egg is laid
on the underside of the leaf, generally close to a rib. In all
three the mine starts as a narrow gallery with a thin, but
sometimes discontinuous line of frass. In the later stages,
however, there are differences. Ulmivora has the frass in a
broad line of separated grains; ulmifoliae has it concentrated
in a thin central line; while ulmi has a thin frass line widening
irregularly into blobs of frass or short stretches of dispersed
grains. I have found these three species together in colonies.
My natural inclination is to treat the mines as being all the
work of one species with a variable frass-line, like Nepticula
speciosa Frey (=pseudoplatanella Skala), N. trimaculella Haw.
(=populicola Sorh. = subtrimaculella Dufr.) and N. aucupariae
Frey. However, continental writers regard them as distinct
and I must bow to their greater experience. The imagines,
other than ulmivora, have never been described in English
entomological literature. I have kept my cocoons of the three
types separate, and if I am successful in breeding the moths
I may be able to fill this gap at a later date. Waters’s herbar-
ium includes mines of all three types under the name ulmivora.
(c) Stigmella ulmicola Hering. From an egg laid on the
underside of the leaf, the larva makes for the nearest vein
(if the egg was not there already). It then hugs the veins,
generally proceeding first to the midrib, then along to the next
branch nervure where it again turns outwards towards the
edge of the leaf. Finally it turns away from the vein, often
towards the spot where the egg was laid. Thus the mine
forms an angular ‘“U” or even a parallelogram. At first it
consists of a narrow gallery like that of ulmivora, but then it
widens abruptly and is almost completely filled with arcs of
closely packed, reddish frass. There is, of course, some varia-
302 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/X/ es
tion, but basically the mine is very constant in its character.
It is a shorter mine than that of wlmivora and sometimes looks
more like that of marginicolella. It can, however, at once be
separated from that species because, if it is tenanted, the larva
is bluish green, and if it is vacated the larva has left through
a slit in the underside of the leaf, whereas marginicolella
(and fulvomacula) have the slit on the upper side. I have
taken the mines in the same localities as those of the ulmivora
group, but the larvae seem to feed earlier, at any rate in the
autumn. Thus on the 16th of September 1970, in north Essex,
when the mines of the ulmivora group nearly all still contained
larvae, the ulmicola mines were empty save one. This single-
ton provided me with the only cocoon I have, and if I rear the
moth it may be the first recognised British specimen. Though
the larva resembles that of ulmivora, I am sure that it is a
separate species, since the mine is so different in all particu-
lars. We need a description of this species, too, in our litera-
ture.
Mr Richens (loc. cit.) writes, . since mines also occur
intermediate in one or more characters between those de-
scribed, it is most desirable that breeding and hybridisation
experiments be made to ascertain the extent of variation of
the species and their degree of differentiation from one an-
other. With the exception of S. preissecker (Klimesch), which
is not known to occur in the British Isles, all the European
elm-mining Stigmella species are very similar to one another
in the morphology of the larvae and imagines.”
Mr Richens cannot mean exactly what he says because
there is plenty of difference in the mines, larvae and imagines
of what I have called the traditional British species. What he
writes may apply well enough to the ‘‘new” species, but if
hybridisation is possible, I doubt whether their claims to
specific status could still stand.
Tutt was uncertain whether ulmivora had one or two
generations. Meyrick, Ford, Hering and Borkowski regard it
as bivoltine, though Hering gives ulmi (ulmiphaga) only a
single autumn brood. Waters (1924, p. 95), however, main-
tained that the emergence of the imagines of ulmivora was
spread out throughout the summer, with the result that there
was an equally prolonged larval season; from larvae he took
in September 1922 the moths emerged at intervals between
early April and the end of August the next year. Perhaps he
had more than one species, if there is more than one species
in the group! So far I have only found their mines in Sep-
tember.
Both Hering and Borkowski give ulmicola as bivoltine. I
could find no example of its mine in Waters’s herbarium.
VACCINIUM MYRTILLUS L. (Bilberry)
Mr J. M. Chalmers-Hunt having shown me a single larva
of Nepticula myrtillella Stt. which he had found near Wester-
ham in Kent, I duly searched the area in 1968 and 1969,
ce
.
NOTES ON SOME OF THE BRITISH NEPTICULIDAE 303
but had to be content each year with one or two vacated
mines. I tried again in 1970 and after an hour or two of
frustration I came across the larvae in some numbers. They
seem to favour, not the big, exposed clumps, but the smaller
specimens of their foodplant growing amongst heather and
under bushes. The main aid to the discovery of the mines is
the discoloration they cause to the leaves, which turn a reddish
purple. The same colour is also induced by the onset of
autumn, but with a little practice one can generally tell which
of the leaves houses a mine. There is another instance, like
the fulvomacula form of N. marginicolella Stt., where the
effect of the mine is to accelerate the development of autumn
colours, not to retard it, as happens when green islands are
formed. MHering’s explanation leaves plenty of scope for
further investigation: ‘‘Presumably some substance is pro-
duced by the mining larva, probably in its excrement, which
results in a ‘poisoning’ of the cells in the vicinity” (Hering,
1951 p22 )t
Tutt’s localities for myrtillella all lie north and west of a
line through Hereford, Staffordshire and Yorkshire: Meyrick
adds Devon on the authority of Waters. I imagine that Mr
Chalmers-Hunt’s discovery constitutes a new record for Kent.
I was glad to be able to take him this year to his own locality
and show him where the larvae were to be found.
REFERENCES
Adkin, R. 1933. Nepticula decentella H.-S. (Lep.): A species new to
Britain. Entomologist, 66: 35.
Beirne, B. P. 1945. The Male Genitalia of the British Stigmellidae.
Proc. Roy. Irish Acad., 50B, No. 9, pp. 191-218.
Borkowski, A. 1969. Studien an Stigmelliden. Bulletin Entom-
ologique de Pologne, 30/1, 95-122.
Brown, S. C. S. 1964. Stigmella aéneella (Hein.) A Species New to
Britain. Ents Ree. 6r2 23.
Brown, 8. C. S. 1970. Stigmella betulicola nanivora (Pet., 1927) (Lep.
Stigmellidae) in Britain. Ent. Rec., 82: 81.
Carolsfeld-Krausé, A. G. 1961. Notes on Neps and Notes on Neps II.
Ent. Record, 73: 131-1382 and 152-153.
Ellerton, J. 1970. Microlepidoptera added to the British List since
L. T. Ford’s Review. Proc. Brit. ent. nat. Hist Soc., 3: 33-41.
Emmet, A. M. 1970. Stigmella (Nepticula) paradoxa Frey (nitidella
Heinemann) (Lep. Nepticulidae): A Species New to Britain. Ent.
Rece 82h 3c
Emmet, A. M. 1970. Dechtiria turbidella Herrich-Schaffer (marionella
Ford) at Wicken Fen (Lep. Nepticulidae). Ent. Rec., 82: 37.
Emmet, A. M. 1970. Stigmella (Nepticula) ulmariae Wocke (Lep.
Nepticulidae) re-established as a British Species. Ent. Rec., 82:
161.
Emmet,.A. M. 1970. Stigmella spinosella Joannis (Lep. Nepticulidae) :
A Species New to Britain. Ent. Rec., 82: 121.
Fologne, E. 1862. Observations sur quelques Lépidopteres observes
en Belgique. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique,
504 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD LS, XG
6: 164.
Ford, L. T. 1949. A Guide to the Smaller British Lepidoptera, Lon-
don.
Ford, L. T. 1958. Supplement to the above.
Hering, E. M. 1951. Biology of the Leaf Miners. Uitgeverij Dr. W.
Junk, ’S-Gravenhage.
Hering, E. M. 1957. Bestimmungstabellen de Blattminen von Europa.
Uitgeverij Dr. W. Junk, ’S-Gravenhage.
Heslop, I. R. P. 1964. Revised indexed Check-List of the British
Lepidoptera, London.
Jacobs, S. N. A. 1962. Stigmella ulmifoliae Hering: a Species new
to Britain. Ent. Rec., 74: 122.
Meyrick, E. 1895. A Handbook of British Lepidoptera, London.
Meyrick, E. 1928. A Revised Handbook of British Lepidoptera,
London.
Petersen, W. 1927/30. Die Blattminierer-Gattungen Lithocolletis und
Nepticula. Stettin. Ent. Zeit., 88: 113-174; 91: 1-82.
Richens, R. H. 1963. Four New Stigmellid Elm-Leaf Mines. Ent.
Gaz., 14: 36.
Stainton, H: 2: 1855. The Natural History of the Tineina, Vol. I.
London.
Stainton, H. T. 1859. A Manual of British Butterflies and Moths, Vol.
II. London.
Tutt, J. W. 1899. A Natural History of the British Lepidoptera, Vol.
I. London.
Wakely, S. 1962. Occurrence of Stigmella pseudoplatanella Skala in
Britain. Ent. Rec., 74: 11.
Warren, W. 1884. Some Further Remarks on Nepticulae. Ent. mon.
Mag., 20: 187.
Waters, E. G. R. 1924. Tineina in the Oxford District (1912-1923).
V. Nepticulidae, Ent. mon. Mag., 60: 93-108.
Waters, E. G. R. 1928. Nepticula suberivora Stainton in the Isle of
Wight. Ent. mon. Mag., 64: 1.
Waters, E. G. R. 1928. Nepticula albifasciella Hein., its early stages
and its occurrence in Britain. Ent. mon. Mag., 64: 248.
Waters, E.G. R. 1929. A List of the Micro-Lepidoptera of the Oxford
District. Ashmolean Natural History Society, Oxford.
Wood, J. H. 1893-1894. Notes on the earlier stages of the Nepticulidae.
Ent. mon. Mag., 29: 197-201, 268-274; 30: 1-4, 43-50, 150-154.
Wood, J. H. 1894. Nepticula confusella: a new Birch-mining Species.
Ent. mon. Mag., 30: 272-273.
AN Unusua Form or CATocaLa Nupta L. — On 21st August
1971, at Orpington, Kent, I caught in my light trap a female
Catocala nupta L. in which the red on the hindwings was en-
tirely replaced by a chocolate brown colouration. The moth
was normal in all other respects, although slightly larger than
usual, having a wingspan of 84mm. Other nupta in my posses-
sion range from 72 to 76 mm. in wingspan.—P. A. SOKOLOFF, 26
Pinchbeck Road, Green Street Green, Orpington, Kent.
28.vili.1971.
STATUS OF POLYGONIA C-ALBUM L. IN NORTH WALES 305
The Status of Polygonia c-album L. in
North Wales
By R. L. H. DENNIS
I was interested to see in a recent issue of the Record
(antea: 135) a note on the sighting of P. c-album on Moel
Famma, Denbighshire, amongst the usual N. io L. and A.
urticae L. which are always commonly seen in N. Wales from
the beginning of April. My attention was particularly drawn
to this note, since in the past a great deal of misunderstanding
has surrounded the status of P.c-album in N. Wales.
It was of no surprise to me that it should have been seen
on Moel Famma. The species is extremely common in the
vicinity of Colwyn Bay, Llandulas, Gloddaeth (Creuddyn
Peninsula), and down the Conway Valley, where both Mr H.
N. Michaelis and myself are well acquainted with its presence.
Mrs M. J. Morgan of Bangor University, mentioned to me that
it has spread well into the Bangor district in recent years. It
may well have been in the West Caernarvonshire region for
some time however, and the records of D. Wright for
Abersoch (2), August 1947, and E.J.T. for Llanbedrog, 1952,
may be indicators of its continual presence there, and the lack
of recorders rather than the lack of possible records.
However, Denbighshire and Flintshire are well covered
with records, and I do not intend a comprehensive survey
here. Nevertheless, as a stop gap until the distribution can
be carefully dealt with in such a manner, a few records could
place Mr M. Pons sighting in perspective.
As for Denbighshire, it was frequently found along the
coast at Colwyn Bay, through Abergele to the Flints border
at Rhyl in the 1930’s and 1940’s; into the interior in the upper
Clwyd valley (e.g. Ruthin, 1945-1946 R.E.V.R.). al (1943 RB.E.
V.R.), at Moel Famma’s doorstep Llanferres, where several
were seen in 1936 (H.D.). To the south of the region border-
ing its well known distribution as indicated in E. B. Ford’s
map II (text and material referred to below), it was occasion-
ally seen at Glyn Ceiriog. In Flintshire, it was recorded from
numerous localities surrounding Moel Famma, and from there
to the east of the county at Sealand (1947), Caergwrle (1948),
Ewloe (1948), Broughton and Bretton (1946-48), where several
were seen. However, this easterly extension must have been
thinning out, for the records from Cheshire are nowhere near
as numerous. It was seen for example at Burton on the
Wirral (1950), Mickle Trafford (1947), and at Delamere (1950).
As will be indicated later, the writer believes this to have
been a ‘peak’ period, as records from southern Yorkshire
corroborate : —
J. Hardcastle Seago, 1959, for the area from Barnsley to
Doncaster (areas B, C and D). ‘This species was one well
established in areas B, C and D, but it was probably quite
306 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15 / XPT
extinct by the end of the last century. It re-appeared in the
district around 1945 and every year after that date the writer
(H.S.) saw one or more specimens in area B, until 1950. It
seems almost certain that the species has failed to re-establish
itself’. More will be said of this later.
However, these records are now dated, and Mr M. Pons’s
record is as it were a resurrection of older records to the east
of the Clwyd valley. Important changes in the environment
could and obviously have taken place since then, and the
range of the insect has been affected. For instance, it is well
known in geographical circles that there has been a deteriora-
tion in climate in the last 20 years or so (Lamb, H. H., Chorley,
J. and Barry, R. J.).
I wish now to refer to a subject that has long plagued E.
B. Ford’s valuable text. The 1957 third Edition, second Re-
print 1967 is the current up to date volume, and still contains
remarkable anomalies. These should have been corrected on
information carefully gathered together in an excellent article
by J. A. Downes (1948), and on information noted down by J.
A. Thompson (1952). The former, whose work is not totally
relevant to the matter at hand here, however, makes my
point clear. Mr Downes compiled the historical records of
Pararge aegeria L. ssp. egerides, indicating that its distribu-
tion in Great Britain was continuous until very recently; and
denoted the distribution of other Rhopalocera in the past. I
mention one for the sake of example.
E. B. Ford (p. 128) N. polychloros L.—It has always been
restricted to the Midlands and Southern England, ...’ Yet,
Mr Downes noted down a whole number of localities where
the insect was found in Scotland until 1910, and the writer is
acquainted with a number of localities where it has been seen
over the past century in N. Wales, the last record being the
15.vi.70 (J. Richens).
Now to the main subject of this paper. Professor E. B.
Ford’s references to P. c-album can be seen on pages 133 and
138 of the aforementioned volume: —
‘Up to the middle of the last century, the Comma was
widespread in the south of England and could be taken as
far east as Kent and Surrey. But its true home has always
been the counties of Gloucester, Hereford, and Monmouth,
and to this area it had for many years been virtually con-
fined’.
It is however his map II that really points out the grave
error. The map includes a notation for distribution prior to
1915, which indicates the most northerly extension in N.W.
Shropshire; and the extension of the species’ range post that
date. As I mentioned beforehand, Mr J. A. Thompson made a
passing reference to the error in 1952. The insect has been in
N. Wales for at least a century.
G. O. Day (1903) has the following records : —
Flints—Holywell (W.L.); Overton, moderately common (Pe.,
W.G.); Rhyl, July 22, 1897 (A. H. Thompson).
STATUS OF POLYGONIA C-ALBUM L. IN NORTH WALES 307
Denbs.—Ruabon (W.L.); Colwyn Bay (W.L., N., W.G.); Llan-
dulas, one (P.C.); ditto, occasionally (Sh); Ruthin (Ta);
Glyn Ceiriog, occasionally (Pe); the Loggerheads, Sept.
1877 (J.H.F.); near Chirk (W.G.).
Caerns.—Bettws-y-coed, occasionally (Pe., A.); Vale of Con-
way, plentiful (Bl.); near Deganwy and Trefriw, ie.,
Conway Valley (W.G.).
This number of records should be sufficient to make my
point. They are substantially backed by records given in
Gresley-Jones’s compilation of species for the Creuddyn
Peninsula in 1910:—(e.g. T. H. Court, 1903, 5 specimens on
Gloddaeth Hill).
What is more, the species was occasionally found in
Cheshire, as Day’s records certify. The records since then
have been more numerous if sporadic, but definitely con-
tinuous. As the records given earlier indicate (from Gordon
Smith, 1948, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53), the species was common in
the 1930’s and 1940’s, and this is seconded in the Gordon Ellis
Report of 1949 to the Llandudno Field Club, and again in J.
A. Thompson’s more sweeping generalizations 1952.
Gordon Ellis, 1949, P. c-album L. ‘Fairly common through-
out the district, especially around Llangwstennin and Bodys-
gallen Woods (Creuddyn Peninsula). Occasionally, fair num-
bers throughout the Conway Valley and in the Aber valley.
This species has become much more common in recent years’.
The species has also been very common on the Creuddyn
Peninsula these last two years, and I have frequently seen it
in the Conway Valley, in Colwyn Bay suburb gardens and
woods, and at Rhyd y foel Llandulas. My records are, how-
ever, too numerous to include them all here, but one will
suffice as an example of the species’ abundance : —
Llanrhos, Creuddyn Peninsula SH 23. 797800. I.i1x.69, in two
fields absolutely full of the yellow flower, Pulicaria
dysenterica L. 10 P. c-album seen, and two of these
with V. cardui L., V. atalanta L., N. io L., and A. urticae
L., and A. urticae L., were photographed on this flower.
Interesting as these numbers are by themselves, I have
also found a number of forms of the species during this sudden
increase (from 1968). It seems to be a recurring phenomena,
that variation increases with a sudden population rise (cf. E.
B. Ford 1964). To illustrate this the following might be of
interest : —
In 1952, J. A. Thompson stated of P. c-album that, ‘The var.
hutchinsoni (Robson) is extremely rare (in N. Wales), although
the nominotypical form is now one of the commonest butter-
flies in the district... . This tallies with Gordon Ellis’s
aforementioned remarks—I mean the abundance of the insect
in the 1940-1950 period. Yet, though var. hutchinsoni R. was
indeed rare, it was found, and this is important, for there is
no indication of earlier discoveries nor for that matter later
ones until recently. I include the records known to me here:
308 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/X/71
(1) Rhuddlan, Flints. (1950) E.S.L.
(2) Ial, Denbs. (1950) R.E.V.R.
(3) Mickle Trafford, Cheshire (1947) C.H.
In 1969/70, the insect suddenly became very abundant on
the Creuddyn Peninsula compared with 1968. It was in 1970,
(8.vii.70) that I recorded (R. L. H. Dennis collection) 2 var.
Hutchinsoni R. from Dolgarrog in the Conway Valley.
Also, in the early 1940’s (1943), Mr G. Ellis took the very
rare form, f. nigrocaria (authority?) at Bryn Pydew (Creuddyn
P.). I am not acquainted with the nomens of P. c-album
forms, but one of two that I obtained at Gloddaeth (Cr. P.)
last year (9.viii.70) fitted his description perfectly (large black
blotches on the wings—in this specimen especially on the
hindwings). So, in many ways we have a parallelism obtain-
ing of similar occurrences in different periods, and I strongly
believe this is not due to chance—except the captures, of
course, which are ‘random’. It seems as if these forms are
rare in N. Wales, but when the environmental conditions
favour the insect, they appear occasionally in the population.
This exemplifies the case of variation, that with a sudden
increase in numbers, more genetic variability is provided by
the random recombination of more numerous genetic loci. In
terms of genetic theory, ‘if conditions favour an organism it
may become commoner; it will do so because some aspects of
selection are then relaxed. This will result in greater varia-
bility, since genetic variation is in equilibrium between muta-
tion and recombination on the one hand and selection on the
other’? (EB. -Ford* 1964, a):
So in brief, there have been two recent known ‘peak’
periods for P. c-album in N. Wales—1940 to 1950, and 1969-70
(+?). However, the earlier of these may have been more
extensive, and there are indications from the 1920’s that
there was a ‘peak’ period about then (plentiful at Portmadoc
and Abergele). The earlier 1930’s do not appear to have been
particularly rewarding for P. c-album, but a record of Gordon
Smith’s very own, 1938 Newmarket, Flints. indicates that the
‘peak’ period may have begun then or earlier. However, we
are totally ignorant of the conditions that have led to these
‘periods of abundance’, but the first one seems to have been
climatic, and this is substantiated by the S. Yorkshire records.
(J. H.-Seago, 1959). The recent period may be highly localized,
but at least including the Creuddyn Peninsula and the Lower
Conway valley region to Colwyn Bay. In 1952, Mr J. A. Thomp-
son mentions that the second brood of P. c-album is very sel-
dom seen in N. Wales, and that this is the result of the rare
occurrence only of var. hutchinsoni R. Yet, in 1969 and 1970,
there was a definite emergence in early and mid-September
on the Creudyn Peninsula, and I could have easily overlooked
var. hutchinsoni R. since most of my attention was drawn
towards E. semele Hiibn. and P. argus L., at just the time when
var. hutchinsoni would have been on the wing.
As a final comment, this again points to the remarkable
PLATE X
STATUS OF POLYGONIA C-ALBUM L. IN NORTH WALES 309
environmental conditions on the Creuddyn Peninsula and in
the Dulas valley (on Carboniferous limestone); a facet of N.
Wales that I have now been able to accumulate an abundance
of evidence to substantiate. A localized peak there and in the
near vicinity for P. c-album would then give me no great sur-
prise.
References
Day, G. O. 1903. Proc. of Chester Soc. Nat. Sci.
Downes, J. A. 1948. Vol. 17, J. Animal Ecology.
Ellis, G. 1949. Vol. XXII, Llandudno; Colwyn Bay and District Field
Club Report.
Ford, E. B. 1959. Ed. 1967 Reprint. ‘Butterflies’.
Ford, E. B. 1964. ‘Ecological Genetics’.
Jones-Gresley. 1910. Llandudno; C.B. and Dist. F.C. Report.
Seago-H.J. 1959. Ent. Rec., Vol. 71.
Smith, G. 1948, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53. Proc. Chester Soc. Nat. Sci.
Thompson, J. A. 1952. Ent. Rec., Vol. 64.
Lamb, H. H. in C. Johnston and G. Smith ‘Biological significance of
climatic changes in Britain’.
Barry, R. G. and Chorley, R. J. 1968. ‘Atmosphere, Weather and
Climate’.
Note.—All abbreviated initials are extracted from the above refer-
ences, where they can be found.
93 Abbey Road, Rhos-on-sea, Colwyn Bay, N. Wales.
APATURA IRIS L. IN SURREY.—After having visited Alice Holt
Wood over four years without result, I found my first iris on 8th
August, in fact, I very nearly trod on it. One more step and I
would have done so. I stood and stared, hardly believing my
luck. After some time without movement on either side. I de-
cided to nudge it gently with my newspaper, beyond opening
its wings, allowing me to see that it was a female and a fine
specimen, she refused to budge. After more nudging, I got her
on to my paper and continued my walk carrying Madame iris
contentedly settled on my paper. After some time I decided
to transfer her to a sallow bush: she was loth to move, but
eventually clung to a leaf. For several more minutes I was able
to admire her in porition, occasionally opening and shutting her
wings. Finally, a gust of wind swayed her too much, and she
lazily flew a few yards and settled on a birch tree. For a further
half hour she remained in this position before departing, when
my back was turned. In all we kept company for a good 45
minutes; is this behaviour characteristic of the species? If so,
they must be easy to catch. — G. Garton, 37 Waldegrave
Gardens, Strawberry Hill, Middlesex. 15.vili.1971.
STAG BEETLES AT LIGHT.—On the morning of July Sth 1971,
I was surprised to find two huge male Lucanus cervus L. (Stag
Beetle) in my trap here. I have only once before had them at
light in my twenty years here. — C. G. M. de Worms, Three
Oaks,, Woking. 20.viii.1971.
310 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/X/ 711
The Systematics of the Charaxidae (Lepidoptera:
Nymphaloidea)
By A. H. B. Rypon, F.R.E.S.
(Continued from p 287)
(5) Subfamily PREPONINAE subfam. n.
(Type-genus: Prepona Boisduval, 1836, Hist. nat. Ins.,
Spec. gén. Lépid. vol. 1, pl. 7 (=pl. 3b); type-species:
Nymphalis demodice Godart, 1824.)
This subfamily consists of Prepona, Agrias, Archaeopre-
pona and Anaeomorpha, as well as a new genus that I am
erecting here for Nymphalis (Prepona) chromus Gueérin-
Meéneville. The wing-venation of the Preponinae is quite close
to that of the Charaxinae, the subcostal veins in the forewing
running free, with veins 7 and 8 being longer than the com-
mon stalk, and with vein 8 curving downwards near its ter-
mination at the outer margin of the forewing below the apex.
The palps are also somewhat Charazes-like, but are erect, not
S-shaped, and are densely squamose, with a dorsal tuft of hair-
like scales at the end of the middle segment, and are light-
coloured below. The middle segment of the palp in Archae-
oprepona is about the same length as in Charazes (i.e. about
four times the length of the basal segment), but in Prepona
and Agrias the middle segment of the palp is shorter, approxi-
mating more to that of Euxanthe, being about three times the
length of the basal segment. The basal sensory patch of the
palps (Reuter’s “Basalfleck”’), as already noted, is somewhat
similar to that of Charazes (i.e. somewhat elongate, conical in
shape, and extending distad from the base of the basal seg-
ment). The tarsus of the forelegs of the males of Prepona
is almost as long as the tibia, whereas in Charaxes the tarsus
is always noticeably shorter than the tibia. In Agrias and
Prepona the femur, tibia and tarsus of the hindlegs are about
the same length, while in Archaeoprepona these structures
EXPLANATION OF PLATES
Fig. 7. Prepona demophon (L.); 7, larva; 7a, pupa. (British Guiana,
1931).
Fig. 8. Zaretis itylus (West.); 8, larva; 8a, pupa. (British Guiana,
1931).
Fig. 9. Siderone marthesia (Cr.); 9, larva; 9a, pupa. (Trinidad, 1937).
Fig. 10. Siderone nemesis (Illiger); 10, larva; 10a, pupa. (Cuba, 1931).
Fig. 11. Anaea phidile Geyeer; 11, larva; 1la, pupa. (Rio de Janeiro,
1929).
Fig. 12. Cymatogramma verticordia (Hbn.); 12, larva; 12a, pupa. (St.
Lucia, 1928).
Fig. 13. Memphis porphyrio (Bates); 13, larva (Belem, Brazil, 1929).
Fig. 14. Memphis morvus (F.); 14, larva; 14a, pupa. (Rio de Janeiro,
1928).
Copied from original drawings by Miss M. E. Fountaine. Reproduced
by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History).
PLATE X1
Larvae and pupae of Neotropical Charaxidae
THE SYSTEMATICS OF THE CHARAXIDAE 311
are unequal in size. The forewing of Agrias is relatively short
and broad, and is triangular in shape, being right-angled at
the tornus; while in Prepona and Archaeoprepona the fore-
wing is more elongate and falcate in appearance; so that, if
one divides the length of the antenna of the latter two genera
by the length of the forewing, one finds that the antenna-
wing ratio (A/W ratio) in the males of Agrias is greater than
that of the two last-mentioned genera. For example, the A/W
ratio in Agria claudina Godart is 0-585, compared with that of
0-5 in Prepona omphale Hiibner. In Agrias narcissus Staud-
inger the A/W ratio is a much as 0:635. As already noted
Agrias and Prepona have, in the males, a prominent light-
coloured (yellowish) hair-tuft near the base of the anal fold on
the upperside of the hindwing, while in Archaeoprepona the
hair-tuft is dark in colour. In Agrias and Prepona the antenna
have light red tips; in Archaeoprepona the tips are black. If
one were to go solely by the wing pattern of Prepona and
Agrias, one would not hesitate to separate Agrias (with its re-
splendent rainbow colours and its distinctive upperside and
underside patterns) from Prepona (with its relatively austere
greenish-blue median band on a deep purple or black back-
ground), but as the early stages of the two genera (cf. figs.
25, 26, 19, 24) and the maie genitalia (cf. figs. 33, 34) are
closely similar, one must conclude that these two genera are,
in fact, closely related, the blue-banded Prepona species being
but mimics of the similarly coloured Archaeoprepona species,
and Agrias mimicking some species of the Eunicid genera,
Catagramma and Callithea. These are examples of “‘simple’”’
or “primitive” mimicry, a subject that has been dealt with by
van Somersen and Jackson (1960). With regard to Agrias,
Fruhstorfer (1916) stated that ‘‘as to their exterior the Agrias
(species) are to be divided into two groups; the species with
a red upper surface, and those with a variegated upper surface
being beneath spotted predonderantly with yellow or green.
Both the groups are united by A. amydon with partly reddish,
partly yellowish, coloured females”. Two species of Fruh-
storfer’s genus Archaeoprepona, namely Nymphalis (prepona)
chromus and Prepona priene Hewitson, however, differ from
nominate demophon in certain morphological respects; hence
they should, in my opinion, be placed in a separate genus of
their own, namely
NOREPPA genus n.
(Type-species : Nymphalis (Prepona) chromus Guérin-Méne-
ville, 1844, Icon. Régne. Cuvier, 7 Ins. p. 478).
Noreppa differs from Archaeoprepona (and Prepona) in
having the eyes hairy; the palps not uniformly smooth but
with some long brown hairs projecting from the latero-
ventral surface, thus giving them a darker appearance
below than in Archaeopprepona); the mid and hind tibiae
and tarsi spined above and below; the male genitalia with
the valves more elongate, and with a shorter aedeagus, and
a pair of longer subuncal projections ending in heavily
312 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 1IS/ X97.
sclerotized unciform structures that converge medially be-
low the uncus (cf. figs. 31, 32). N. chromus also differs from
Archaeoprepona (as typified by Papilio demophon) in having
the uppersides of the forewing unicolorous black, without
a blue median band, and the hindwing with a quadrate
greenish-blue patch in the discal area, not extending above
vein seven, and with a submarginal row of black subpupil-
lated spots, partially outlined with light brown, in cellules
lc-6 and the underside of the wings crossed by an almost
straight transverse submedial dark line composed partly of
discontinuous black lines and outlined proximally with some
lighter coloration.
To the above genus also belongs Prepona priene in which
there is a blue median band in the forewing, which, how-
ever, is discontinuous with the blue discal patch of the hind-
wing.
The egg of N. chromus is ‘globular and smooth, being
about 1.8 mm in diameter. The newly hatched larva has a head
which is much wider than the body, being without horns on
the head, or long caudal appendages. (There is an egg-shell
of chormus, with its newly hatched larva, in the Rothschild
collection of the British Museum (Natural History)).
The last member of this subfamily still needing to be dis-
cussed here is Anaemorpha which Rothschild (1894) considered
stood midway between Anaea and Prepona. The genus, how-
ever, was placed with the Preponinae by Fruhstorfer (1916),
which I think is the correct place for it, since unlike the
Anaeinae, Anaeomorpha splendida Rothschild (type-species of
the genus) is a powerfully built butterfly, with a large deep
thorax and a short conical abdomen, and has long stout ant-
ennae, although the pattern of the underside of the wings,
with the median dark line crossing both wings, and the outer
third of both wings being speckled with light, silvery scales,
is somewhat reminiscent of certain members of the Anaeinae.
However, it differs in a number of respects from the other
members of the Preponinae too. The eyes are naked, as in
Archaeoprepona and Prepona, but the mid and hind tibiae
and tarsi are spined above and below as in Noreppa. The
hindwing cell is open, whereas it is closed in all the other
Neotropical Charaxids. The antennae are dark red, a
character that was used by Fruhstorfer (1916) in his sub-
division of the Prepona group of species. The palps are some-
what Charaxes-like, being S-shaped and porrect. The basal
sensory patch of the palps is broad and elongated, which
places Anaeomorpha somewhat between Prepona and Poly-
grapha (the latter being treated here as a member of the
Anaeinae); but the specialized scales, near the base of the
underside of the dorsum of the forewing, do not extend into
space lb as they do in most of the Anaeinae, so that Anaeo-
morpha, in this respect, should be placed among the Pre-
poninae rather than the Anaeinae. Anaeomorpha has a
strongly falcate forewing, and the hindwing is produced at the
THE SYSTEMATICS OF THE CHARAXIDAE ola
anal angle. It also differs from the other members of the
Preponinae in having a light metallic greenish basal patch in
the discal area of the forewing above. The male genitalia of
Anaeomorpha are quite distinctive. The short stout uncus is
terminally hooked, and is slightly shorter than the broad and
strong tegumen; the thick valves are short and somewhat
triangular in shape (like those of A. demophon), being broad
at the base and narrow at the denticulated apex. The gnathos
consists of a pair of small, thin, discrete plates below the uncus
there being no subuncal projections as are found in Prepona,
Agrias and Archaeoprepona; the aedeagus is relatively short,
strong, rod-like and pointed distally; the juxta is quite long
and solid, somewhat Charaxes-like in appearance, but without
a terminal ventral hook.
On the preceding characters the Preponinae can be
divided into the following tribes :—
(1) Shaft of antenna black; hindwing not produced at anal
angle: cell of. hindwing” closed) wocsc.. cakwecesmeakee eel i ieee 2
— Shaft of antenna dark red; hindwing produced at anal
angleeellhofshindwingicopeni yy). Ys) dei. bint adene. egdec eke.
tribe ANAEOMORPHINI tribus n
(type-genus: Anaeomorpha Rothschild, 1894, Novit zool.,
vol. 1, p. 687; type-species: A. splendida Rothschild, 1894).
This is a monotypic tribe
(2) Eyes hairy; palps with long brown hairs on the latero-
ventral surface; mid and hind tibiae and tarsi spined
above and below; male genitalia distinctive (see fig. 32 ...
tribe NOREPPINI tribus n.
(Type-genus: Noreppa Rydon; type-species: Nymphalis
(Prepona) chromus Guérin-Méneville, 1844). This small
tribe contains also N. priene.
— Eyes naked; palps light-coloured below, without dark
hairs; mid and hind tibiae and tarsi spined below only ... 3
(3) Antennae black at the tip; hair-tufts in hindwings of males
dark; male genitalia distinctive (see fig. 31) ..................
tribe ARCHAEOPREPONINI tribus_ n.
(Type-genus Archaeoprepona Fruhstorfer, 1916, in Seitz,
Macrolepidoptera of the World, vol. 5, p. 553, type-species :
Papilio demophon L., 1758). This tribe contains some 7-odd
species which can be subdivided into several groups on
differences in the underside pattern of the wings and the
male genitalia. More knowledge of the early stages of this
tribe is needed to elucidate the true relationships of the
species comprising it.
— Antennae red at the tip; hair-tufts on hindwings of males
light-coloured (yellowish); male genitalia distinctive (see
MSs OO. OA) nckaacieeaaeeeurass tribe PREPONINI tribus n.
(Type-genus: Prepona Boisduval; type-species: P. demo-
dice (Godart). This tribe, which includes Agrias, can be
subdivided into two subtribes, using the key below:
(1) Forewings elongate, somewhat falcate; upperside pattern
of wings normally with a blue median band on a darker
314 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/X/71
blue, or black, background in the males; antenna about
half the length of the forewing in the males ...............
subtribe PREPONINA subtribus n.
(Type-genus: Prepona Boisduval). This subtribe consists
of some 23 species, according to Stichel and Bryk (1939),
which, on the pattern of the upperside and underside of
the wings, can be subdivided into a number of distinct
groups; hence this group is not particularly homogeneous.
(2) Forewing broad and triangular, right-angled at the tor-
nus, with the outer margin straight; upperside pattern of
wings variegated; antenna normally more than half the
lensth of the forewing, im the males °......:....+.cs: eee neere
subtribe AGRIASINA subtribus n.
(Type-genus: Agrias Doubleday, 1844, List. Spec. lep. Ins.
Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 106; type-species: A. claudina Godart,
1824 (not Papilio claudia Schulze; vide Cowan, 1970, p.
40)). Stichel and Bryk (1939) list eight species of Agrias
with numerous subspecies. As noted above, Agrias can
also be subdivided on the pattern of the upperside and
the underside of the wings into several distinct groups.
(6) Subfamily ZARETIDINAE subfam. n.
(Type-genus: Zaretis Hiibner, 1819, Verz. bekannt.
Schmett., vol. 4, p. 49; type-species: Papilio isidora
Cramer, 1779.)
This subfamily consists of the brown Zaretis, the red and
black Siderone, and possibly also the large fulvous Coeno-
phlebia, with its markedly acuminate forewings. The
Zaretidinae appear to be intermediate between the Preponinae
and the Anaeinae (q.v.) They differ from the former in the
shape and pattern of the wings, the wing venation, and also
in the male genitalia which are closer to the Anaeinae (see
Comstock, 1961, for figures of the genitalia); but the palps of
Zaretis, Siderone and Coenophlebia are strong, porrect,
whitish in colour below, and in these respects are more like
those of the Preponinae. The specialized scales near the base
of the underside of the forewing, in the members of this sub-
family, do not extend beyond vein 1 into space 1b as they
do in most of the Anaeinae. Reuter (1896), on an examination
of the basal sensory patch of the palps, concluded that Zaretis
and Siderone were more closely related to the Preponinae
than to the Anaeinae. In Zaretis and Siderone the sensory
basal patch is elongate and conical in shape, but in Coeno-
phlebia it is relatively small and triangular in structure, being
pulled out in its full length as in Anaea, although the palp
itself is strong and somewhat S-shaped terminally, and is thus
nearer in appearance to Zaretis and Siderone than to Anaea.
Coenophlebia also differs from Zaretis and Siderone in having
veins 5 and 6 of the forewing arising from a common stalk,
some distance from the apex of the cell—an arrangement of
the veins that is approximated to a lesser degree in Polygrapha
THE SYSTEMATICS OF THE CHARAXIDAE 315
cyanea Salvin and Godman which is treated here as a member
of the Anaeinae (q.v.). It is thus possible that Coenophlebia
really belong to the Anaeinae rather than to the Zaretidinae,
but this matter will only be resolved when the early stages
become known. The members of the Zaretidinae, as already
noted, were placed by Comstock (1961) in his omnibus genus
“Anaea’, but Zaretis and Siderone do not, in my opinion,
belong with the Anaeinae, since, apart from morphological
differences in the adults, they also differ in the early stages—
the larvae, for example, (figs 8,9, 10) being closer in appearance
to those of the Preponiae (figs. 7, 25, 26), than to those of the
Anaeinae (figs. 11-14, 29, 29a), although the pupae (figs. 8a,
9a, 10a) are more like those of the Anaeinae (figs. lla, 12a,
14a, 29b), thus indicating (as Schatz and Rober (1892), and
others have suggested) that the Zaretidinae are intermediate
between the Preponinae and Anaeinae. Schatz and Rober
(1892, p. 169), in fact, separated Zaretis, Siderone and Coeno-
phlebia from the Anaea group on the basis of the early stages,
placing them with Charazes and Prepona in their “Nymphalis”’
group. As previously noted, Comstock (1961) drew attention
to a peculiarity found in the Anaeinae, namely the tubular,
vein-like structure which arises from the third axillary sclerite
and extends distad for a short distance along the inner margin
of the hindwing, which he considered might be an ambient
vein. This “ambient vein” is only vestigially present in the
Zaretidinae, but is absent in the Preponinae. The Zaretidinae
can be subdivided into three tribes, using the following key:
(1) Imagos large in size; apex of forewing strongly produced;
hindwing rounded, not produced at the anal angle; veins
5 and 6 of the forewing arising from a long common
Slit eves. Oo were toes tribe COENOPHLEBIINI tribus n.
(Type-genus: Coenophlebia Felder and Felder, 1862,
Wien. ent. Monats., vol. 6, p. 422 nota.; type-species
Siderone archidona Hewitson, 1860.)
This tribe contains only the one genus of which there
are two recognized geographical races.
— Imagos medium-sized; apex of forewing not so strongly
produced; hindwing produced at the anal angle; veins
5 and 6 of the forewing arising separately from the apex
(2 gM 1) Sap GLO na che ee prsratr ac ated iri A aa Scare ele Bread 2
(2) Forewing somewhat falcate, with the inner margin emar-
ginate at the tornus; the fourth subcostal vein (V. 8) of the
forewing ending in the costa, basad of the apex; forewing
often with a hyaline macule at the base of cellules 2 and
5 respectively; colouring of upperside of both wings
EypiGally. TAWUY —. son5-7 era cotta: tribe ZARETIDINI tribus n.
(Type-genus: Zaretis Hubner, 1819)
In the genus Zaretis, Comstock (1961) included Siderone
syene Hewitson and Nymphalis callidryas Felder. It is
doubtful, however, whether these last two taxa are in
fact congeneric with the type-species Z. isidora (Cramer),
316 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/X/71
although syene is closer to isidora than to callidryas, the
latter differing from the previous two species in having
the first three subcostal veins of the forewing anastomos-
ing with the costal vein, and also in the female having a
tail at vein 4 of the hindwing.
— Forewing with the outer margin broadly convex before
a slight emargination at the apex; the fourth subcostal
vein of the forewing ending in the apex; colouring of
wings upperside velvety black with red markings .........
tribe SIDERONINI tribus n.
(Type-genus: Siderone Hiibner, 1823, Samml. exot.
Schmett. vol. 2, pl. 56; type-species: S. ide Hiibner, 1823).
This tribe consists of only one genus which contains
several good species, although Comstock (1961, p. 27),
contrary to Rober (1916), said Siderone ‘only includes
one highly variable species’.
(To be continued)
A Review of the Butterflies in the Bristol Area
(Continued from p 240)
By A. D. R. Brown
Callophrys rubi Linn. (Green Hairstreak)
We have records from thirteen localities, but no doubt
many more exist owing to the fact that this species is easily
overlooked. Where it does occur it is rarely plentiful, and in
some places it is on the decline. One of these is Priddy in
the Mendip Hills where it was quite common at one time, but
the effects of the Forestry Commission are beginning to be
felt. At Wetmoor in West Gloucestershire it is protected
along with many other species, and small numbers are seen
there each year. The Green Hairstreak is often observed at
Goblin Combe but only in ones and twos. Many fresh dis-
coveries of colonies in the Cotswolds have recently been made,
as well as others in the Mendip Hills.
Strymon w-album Knoch (White Letter Hairstreak)
This butterfly has recently been discovered in several
places within Bristol itself, which is a very good sign. On
either side of the Avon Gorge, this species has been seen
from time to time, but mostly high up in the Wych Elm trees.
In 1966, a larva was beaten from a low branch of one of these
trees, and later on a butterfly was seen on some nearby
bramble blossom. To the north of Bristol not far from Hen-
bury, specimens have been noted much more frequently, and
various evidence points to the fact that it may be on the
increase. At Whorlebury Hill near Weston-super-Mare, single
specimens have been found occasionally, not only as adults
but also as larvae, and once a pupa. However, it often appears
to be absent from this locality.
A REVIEW OF THE BUTTERFLIES IN THE BRISTOL AREA 317
@ Strymon w-album Knoch. @ Thecla quercus L.
(White letter hairstreak) (Purple hairstreak)
x Callophrys rubi L. xX Thecla betulae L.
(Green hairstreak) (Brown hairstreak)
Hamearis lucina L. Anthocharis cardamines L.
(Duke of Bergundy fritillary) (Orange tip)
318 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD Lieve. GA7(al
In West Gloucestershire, the White Letter Hairstreak has
recently been found in many new localities in the Cotswold
Hills as well as in some of the unspoilt areas between there
and the Severn Estuary. Further north near Gloucester City,
larvae have sometimes been collected from small Wych Elm
trees on the side of a railway bank. It undoubtedly flourishes
at many places in the Forest of Dean, but these have yet to
be discovered. From all the material we have gathered it is
quite clear that this species is well established in the Bristol
area, and is at present in no kind of danger.
Thecla quercus Linn. (Purple Hairstreak)
The Purple Hairstreak is quite scarce in the Bristol district
as opposed to the previous species, not only in its distribution
but also in its numbers. Perhaps the best locality for it is in
the Polden Hills, situated south of the Somerset moors. On the
southern sides of these hills are extensive oak woodlands,
which merge with open grassland towards the top, and it is in
this region that the Purple Hairstreak has been found. We
have no records of adult butterflies on the wing, only of larvae
which have been beaten from the smaller oak trees. From
time to time this species has turned up in considerable numbers
near Goblin Combe, but none have been noted in recent years.
In 1964, a single specimen was seen in some woods near
Weston-super-Mare, but none have appeared since that time.
Up to 1965, larvae and adults were occasionally found in Leigh
Woods on the Somerset side of the Avon Gorge, and it is likely
that this species still occurs there. The opening of a nature
reserve was recently announced for this area.
As far as West Gloucestershire is concerned, we have very
little information to work on. In 1965, the author dislodged a
solitary larva in an oak wood near Lydney in the Forest of
Dean, but despite that being the only record that we have, it is
highly probable that it occurs elsewhere in that region, perhaps
quite commonly. Observations from two places near the
Bristol boundary have been received, but its prospects of
survival look pretty grim. The chief problem with this attrac-
tive little butterfly, in the Bristol district at any rate, is the
availability of suitable habitats, which are rapidly being re-
duced in number.
Thecla betulae Linn. (Brown Hairstreak)
The only locality that we know of where this butterfly
occurs, is also in the Polden Hills in North Somerset. Here,
from time to time, the larvae have been beaten from the small
Blackthorn bushes, sometimes in considerable numbers, but
no adults have ever been recorded.
There are many likely looking haunts all over the two vice-
counties, but despite regular searches no discoveries have been
made.
A REVIEW OF THE BUTTERFLIES IN THE BRISTOL AREA 519
PIERIDAE
Pieris brassicae Linn. (Large White)
This butterfly is usually common in both broods, and
remains on the wing until late in October. The peak emergence
of the first generation occurs in early June, but in 1964, this
took place in mid-May. Likewise, the second generation
reaches its peak in September, but during that year it occurred
in late July. On Srd June of this year (1970) no fewer than
fifty specimens were observed moving east for Sand Point on
the North Somerset coast.
Pieris rapae Linn. (Small White)
The Small White is much more common than the previous
species, and generally stays on the wing longer during the
second brood. The butterflies are on the wing in nearly every
month between April and October, and the various generations
are difficult to distinguish owing to this fact.
Pieris napi Linn. (Green-Veined White)
Unlike the two species just described the Green-veined
White is more limited in its distribution, since it usually re-
quires damp conditions in which to breed. Up until 1964, this
butterfly was very common in most suitable areas, but numbers
were down the following year. In 1966, it had regained strength
and during the second generation, hundreds of specimens were
noted around the marshy areas near Priddy in the Mendip
Hills. A similar situation occurred again in 1969.
In central West Gloucestershire, the first brood exhibits
some superb female examples, in which the typical black mark-
ings on the tips of the forewings merge into a soft grey hue on
the inside, and the veins on the upperside are also grey in
colour.
Anthocharis cardamines Linn. (Orange Tip)
This species is widely distributed all over the two vice-
counties, and can even be found within Bristol itself. Our
records point to the fact that the Orange Tip is on the increase,
particularly since 1968, and the reason for this may be the
restraint in using weedkillers along roadside verges where its
foodplant abounds. In 1968, the emerging period was cut in
half by a prolonged cold spell, and it was thought that this
would have adverse effects on the resulting generation, but this
proved not to be the case. Earlier, in 1967, a superb gynan-
drous specimen (mostly female) was captured near Wickwar in
West Gloucestershire by the late D. G. Gibb.
The prospects for the Orange Tip in the Bristol district look
quite good at the present time, and we hope that the situation
will improve even further.
Leptidea sinapis Linn. (Wood White)
Although no actual recordings have been sent in to us, we
know for certain that this rare and local butterfly exists in
320 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/X/71
reasonable numbers at a remote locality in the Forest of Dean.
The chances are that it occurs in many other places too, but as
yet we have no knowledge of these.
Colias croceus Fourc. (Clouded Yellow)
The West of England does not appear to get its fair share of
the Clouded Yellow, as do the South and East. The majority
of our records are from North Somerset only, and even then
just isolated specimens have been noted on the wing. Of these,
most are of the second generation. In 1964, this species was
far more numerous in the Bristol area, particularly during
August and September, when up to three butterflies would be
seen in any one day. In June of 1967, the author caught a
very battered female specimen at Wetmoor in Gloucestershire,
from which over one hundred ova were obtained. The larvae
were successfully reared and the adult butterflies started
emerging in August, with a substantial number of ab. helice.
Single specimens were observed at regular intervals during
October 1969 at Sand Bay near Weston-super-Mare in Somerset,
the last of which was noted on 17th October. So far, we only
have one record for 1970, and that is from the same locality.
Gonepteryx rhamni Linn. (Brimstone)
The Brimstone is widely distributed all over the Bristol
area, but is rarely common. Only on very seldom occasions
do we hear of more than about eight butterflies having been
seen on a particular day. Its foodplant, the Buckthorn, is
quite scarce and to this may be attributed the small numbers
of butterflies in the district. Nevertheless, we receive sufficient
reports each year, showing that this species is not yet in a
critical situation. The earliest observation over the past nine
years is of a male butterfly seen on the Bristol side of the
Avon Gorge on the 11th March 1965, while the latest was one
observed on the 17th October 1969 at Sand Point in Somerset.
HESPERIIDAE
Erynnis tages Linn. (Dingy Skipper)
There is little to say about this somewhat drab and ‘over-
looked’ butterfly. It appears to be holding its own in both
vice-counties, being quite abundant in some places; we have
records of eight localities in W. Glos. and sixteen in N.
Somerset. In May 1965, the author captured an unusual variety
of this species, with broad radiations across the forewings—
(Entomologist’s Record, 82: 253.).
Pyrgus malvae Linn. (Grizzled Skipper)
The Grizzled Skipper is much more sparsely distributed in
the Bristol area than the previous species. It has only been
observed in ones and twos, with the exception of a few special
haunts; in 1965 it was quite common in Michael Wood, West
Gloucestershire, but as mentioned earlier this locality has been
A REVIEW OF THE BUTTERFLIES IN THE BRISTOL AREA 921
largely destroyed by motorway development. At nearby Wet-
moor, where the habitat is being protected, it can still be seen
in reasonable numbers every year. At Priddy in Somerset,
which is one of the old lead mining villages, the butterfly was
seen flying in strength along the semi-overgrown tracks
through the Forestry Commission’s pine plantations, although
this strength has depreciated in more recent times. Once again,
Goblin Combe appears to be the metropolis for this species in
North Somerset, where it is common every year. A few years
ago, a systematic search was made here for exampls of ab.
taras Meigen, but none were forthcoming.
Thymelicus sylvestris Poda (Small Skipper)
This species occurs in almost any suitable habitat through-
out West Gloucestershire and North Somerset, including
several localities within Bristol City itself. It is nearly always
common wherever it is found, and is frequently quite abundant.
Ochlodes venata Br. & Grey (Large Skipper)
The Large Skipper is widely distributed like its cousin the
Small Skipper (Thymelicus sylvestris Poda), but is not usually
so common. During 1968, butterflies stayed on the wing later
than is normally the case, and were still abundant at a locality
in Bristol on 23rd August.
Conclusions
From the foregoing report it is clear that we have a fair
selection of butterfly species in the Bristol area, but that many
of the strongest colonies are severely threatened, not by col-
lectors, but by various types of commercial and agricultural
development. In a few instances tourism could be the cause
of population reductions, but by and large it is the destruction
of natural habitats. Fortunately, some of the areas mentioned
now form nature reserves, where the rarer species are pro-
tected.
Looking from a more optimistic point of view, much work
has yet to be done in relatively unexplored regions, such as
the Forest of Dean, where there is great potential for the keen
entomologist and conservationist. Without doubt, many local
colonies remain undiscovered, and it is our duty to guard and
protect any newly-found ‘gems’ from the ravaging hunger and
greed of industrial enterprises. Let us wake up to this critical
situation and do something about it before it is too late.
REFERENCES
Burton, J. F., 1964. Lepidoptera notes, Bristol District, 1964. Proceed-
ings, Bristol Nat. Soc. Vol. 31.
Cooper, J. E., 1965. Lepidoptera notes, Bristol District, 1965. Proceed-
ings, Bristol Nat. Soc. Vol. 31.
Foxwell, D. J., 1966. Lepidoptera notes, Bristol District, 1966. Proceed-
ings, Bristol Nat. Soc. Vol. 31.
322 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/X/71
Brown, A. D. R., 1967. Lepidoptera notes, Bristol District, 1967.
Proceedings, Bristol Nat. Soc. Vol. 31.
Brown, A. D. R., 1968. Lepidoptera notes, Bristol District, 1968.
Proceedings, Bristol Nat. Soe. Vol. 31.
Brown, A. D. R., 1969. Lepidoptera notes, Bristol District, 1969.
Proceedings, Bristol Nat. Soc. Vol. 31.
A Note on the existence of Temporal Isolation
in Satyrid Butterflies
By JoHN H. MASTERS
George Thomson’s article (Ent. Record, 83: 87-90, 1971) con-
cerning the possibility of temporal sub-speciation in Maniola
jurtina (Linnaeus) brings to mind one known example of
temporal isolation of two subspecies in the same locality and
is related in kind with some studies that I have had underway
for a number of years with populations of certain North
American satyrid butterflies.
At Churchill, Manitoba, two subspecies of Oeneis jutta
(Hiibner) ostensibly occur together wth temporal isolation.
Oeneis jutta is one of several species of the genera Oeneis and
Erebia which have biennial life-cycles and fly only in alternate
years. Churchill is located right at the northern limit of the
tree line and I have observed that Oeneis jutta ridingiana
Chermock & Chermock is found here, principally in the taiga
zone in even-numbered years, and that Oeneis jutta alaskensis
(Holland) is also found here, principally on the open tundra
(Eriophorum associations) in odd-numbered years. This cannot
be construed as a case of temporal isolation having led to sub-
speciation but instead is a case of temporal isolation maintain-
ing two subspecies in otherwise geographic sympatric situa-
tions. It should be further noted that the temporal isolation
of these two subspecies at Churchill is not complete for a
certain degree of intergradation is noticeable in specimens
from there.
Thomson’s observations deal with a univoltine species (M.
jurtina) which has a very long emergence and flight period of
up to seven months in some areas. It is his contention that
butterflies emerging at the opposite ends of this long flight
period are temporarily isolated from each other and in the
case of M. jurtina we are possibly seeing the very early stages
in the formation of temporal subspecies. These observations
with M. jurtina may be more closely related to studies that
have been underway by Charles Remington, Arthur Shapiro,
Harry Clench and other workers with another North American
satyrid, Euptychia cymela (Cramer), which is univoltine, but in
some localities exhibits a distinct 2nd brood. The 2nd brood
emerges after the earlier brood has waned, but altogether tuo
TEMPORAL ISOLATION IN SATYRID BUTTERFLIES o20
soon to allow for the development of a second generation.
Those persons working with this situation are studying it on
the premise that two sibling species are involved, but have
been unable to find any morphological characteristics that
would serve to separate the two.
My personal work has dealt with those species having
biennial life-cycles such as Oeneis macounii (Edwards), which
flies only in odd-numbered years west of the Lake Winnipeg-
Red River Valley area of Manitoba and only in even numbered
years to the east of it. In 1966 and 1967 John Sorensen and I
were so impressed with the possibility of these two temporally
(and geographically) isolated blocks of populations having
developed distinct subspeciation that we spent a great deal of
time collecting long series of the species in eastern Manitoba
(1966) and western Manitoba (1967). We were unable to dis-
tinguish morphological characters suitable for separating the
two populations, but we did gain considerable knowledge of
the habits and habitats of the species that became the basis of
several papers (e.g. Blue Jay, 26: 38-40, 1968; Jour. Lepid. Soc.,
21: 258-260, 1968 and 23: 129-132, 1970).
While Oeneis macounii is remarkably uniform over a wide
range in North America, Oeneis jutta displays a great deal of
geographic variation and those subspecies presently defined
correspond quite well to the regions of temporal alternation.
In Manitoba for instance, subspecies alaskensis appears pre-
dominately in odd-numbered years in the tundra regions near
Hudson’s Bay; subspecies ridingiana appears in even-numbered
years in the northern and western parts of the province; and
subspecies ascerta Masters & Sorensen appears in odd-
numbered years to the east of Lake Winnipeg and the Red
River. Interestingly in areas where the ranges of Oeneis
macouni and O. jutta overlap they fly in alternative years; in
Minnesota, for instance, O. jutta flies in odd-numbered years
and O. macounii in even-numbered ones with the opposite
situation being true west of Manitoba. It would be interesting
to speculate that interspecific competition is involved here
except for the fact that the butterflies have distinctly different
habitats. Oeneis jutta is restricted to wet black spruce/
sphagnum moss bogs while O. macounii occurs in dry, sandy
jack pine areas.
In Wisconsin and areas to the east, Oeneis macounii is no
longer found and an off-season flight of O. jutta ascerta some-
times occurs, although never in as great numbers as in odd-
numbered years. It must be assumed that Wisconsin jutta, like
Manitoba and Minnesota jutta, has a biennial life-cycle. There-
fore those adults emerging in odd-numbered years are tempor-
ally isolated from adults emerging in even-numbered years,
allowing an excellent potential for the eventual evolution of
temporal subspecies.
P.O. Box 7511, Eastern Heights, St Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A.
324 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/X/71
Notes and Observations
SOME EARLY AND LATE RECORDS OF THE FIRST LEPIDOPTERA IN
1971.—I have thought it of interest to record some unusually
early and also late appearances during the first four and a
half months of 1971, caused, no doubt, by the vagaries of the
British climate, though the remarkably fine spells at the end
of April and in the first half of May may have been responsible
for some of the precocious emergences. Some early dates
are :—
March 14 Eupithecia abbreviata Stephens Virginia Water.
April 5 Cycnia mendica Clerck Horsell.
April 15 Chaonia ruficornis Hufn. Kendal.
April 20 Rheumaptera cervinalis Scop. Horsell.
May 9 Plusia gamma L. Horsell.
May 10 Harpyia furcula Clerck Horsell.
May 11 Semiothisa liturata Clerck Horsell.
while later dates include : —
March 15 Erannis leucophaearia Schiff. Horsell.
March 24 _ Phigalia pedaria Fabr. Chobham.
May 11 Conistra vaccinii L. Chobham.
May 12 Xylocampa areola Esp. Horsell.
—C. G. M. de Worms, Three Oaks, Woking. 16.v.1971.
TETHEA FLUCTUOSA HUBN: A MELANIC EXAMPLE IN KENT.—I
was in the well-known Hamstreet Woods on June 21, 1971 when,
among a not very prolific number of visitors to light, I took a
remarkable form of the Satin Lutestring with the forewings
very dark with no pale band showing, while the hindwings were
dark grey and the body was also melanic. Mr Chalmers-Hunt
in his Lepidoptera of Kent mentions a similar form taken in
the same locality by Mr George Youden in 1955. I am not
aware of another of this rare form being taken in the interval.
Another unexpected visitor there was Spilosoma urticae Esp.
(Water Ermine). — C. G. M. de Worms, Three Oaks, Woking.
20.vili.1971.
A BuTTERFLY Day In AuGustT.—On an ideal day for warmth
and sunshine I paid a visit on 17th August 1971, to the Chid-
dingfold and Petworth areas with the Rev. Anthony Harbottle
and his two young sons. In our walks through several woods,
we saw in all twenty species of butterflies which included the
following: Pieris brassicae L., P. rapae L., P. napi L., Leptidea
sinapis L., Gonepteryx rhammi L., Vanessa io L., Polygonia c-
album L., Apatura iris L., Limenitis camilla L., Argynnis paphia
L., Coenonympha pamphilus L., Maniola jurtina L. M. tithonus
L., Pararge aegeria L., Polyommatus icarus Rott., Heodes phlaeas
L., Celastrina argiolus L., Thecla quercus L., and Thymelicus
sylvestric Poda; altogether a remarkable total——C. G. M. de
Worms, Three Oaks, Woking. 20.viii.1971.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS O20
TOADFLAX BROCADE IN SURREY. — Whilst belatedly examining
some moths caught in a mercury vapour trap at Bookham in
Surrey on 13th July 1970, I came across a single specimen of
the Toadflax Brocade, Calophasia lunula Hufn. — P. A.
SoKOLOFF, 26 Pinchbeck Road, Green Street Green, Orpington,
Kent. 28.viii.1971.
RECENT Captures. — A single male Enargia paleacea Esp.
came to our mercury vapour light in Tilgate Forest on 16th
July 1971, an unusually early date and an unsual locality for
this species. The specimen was taken by Miss J. E. Marshall.
A male Sterrha vulpinaria H.-S. came to Miss Marshall’s light
in her garden at Waddon (South Croydon). This is not far from
the old course of the River Wandle, and may indicate spread
westwards, or it could indicate an old isolated colony. Among
the more interesting visitors to my light trap in my garden at
Selsdon have been Harpyia bicuspis Borkh. 1¢ June 1970;
Hadena compta Schiff. 13 1.vivii.1971, 1d 8.vii.1971; and Polia
nitans Haw., 4 in July, the first I have seen in this area in forty
years. I took a specimen of Nola albula Schiff. at Winspit in
Dorset on 1.viii.1971.—E. H. WiLp, 112 Foxearth Road, Selsdon,
Surrey CR2 8EF. 28.viii.1971.
CLOSSIANA SELENE (SCHIFF.): A SECOND BROOD SPECIMEN. —
As second brood examples of this species are unusual in
Britain, it is worth recording the capture of a very fresh female
in a wood near Plaistow, north west Sussex, on 27th August
1971. It differs greatly from females of the first brood, which
were abundant in the same area in June: much smaller (40
mms against 45/50 mms), the ground colour darker brown, the
black markings stronger and more extended, the row of mar-
ginal spots pale cream and very prominent by contrast.
“South”, plate 66, fig. 6, shows a male of the second brood;
but this, though small, is paler, not darker, than males of the
first brood.—R. F. BRETHERTON, Folly Hill, Birtley Green, Bram-
ley, Surrey. 28.viii.71.
HAPALOTIS VENUSTULA HusBn. (LEP. NOCTUIDAE) IN N. W.
Kent.—The attraction of five specimens of this local insect to
lights at Dartford in 1970 was reported in Ent. Rec. 82: 332.
This year over two dozen have appeared in the trap in my gar-
den on 7th and 8th June, and from 22nd June to 10th July, with
a maximum of five on 26th June, indicating a flourishing breed-
ing colony in the adjacent Joyden’s Wood, Bexley.
In the 1930s this was largely dense deciduous woodland and
would not have afforded a suitable habitat for H. venustula. At
present much of it is in a transition stage between this and
coniferous plantation, with young conifers already planted by
the Forestry Commission.
The colony should flourish for a number of years, but sub-
sequent decline must be inevitable. — B. K. West, 36 Briar
Road, Bexley, Kent. 11.viii.1971.
326 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/ XT
LAMPIDES BOETICUS L. AND THECLA BETULAE L. IN SURREY.—On
the very warm afternoon of 4th September 1971, I saw in the
gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society at Wisley a female
Lampides boeticus (Long-tailed Blue). It was settled on a
flower in the Long Border, and its characteristic underside
caught my eye. It then took off with the swift, jerky flight
with which I am familiar on the Continent and, after a brief
circuit, disappeared over the hedge. It was probably an immi-
grant, having perhaps the same origin as the Rhodometra
sacraria L., of which I understand several have been seen in
Devon, and one in Surrey, during the past week. Other butter-
flies were much in evidence at Wisley: the buddleias were
smothered by well over a hundred Aglais-urticae L., with a few
Inachis io L., and a single Vanessa atalanta L., and a Celastrina
argiolus L. was also seen. When I returned at about 5.30 p.m.
to my own garden in Bramley, I found a very battered female
Thecla betulae (Brown Hairstreak) feeding on the buddleia.
Though I have found eggs of this species in the Durfold
Woods a few miles away, and have several times bred the
butterfly from larvae collected elsewhere, I had never before
seen it in the wild in Britain. After more than forty years of
collecting, it was quite an experience to see two kinds of butter-
flies for the first time in Britain in a single afternoon!—R. F.
BRETHERTON, Folly Hill, Birtley Green, Bramley Surrey. 6.ix.71.
Current Literature
West African Snakes by G. S. Cansdale, illustrated by John
Norris Wood. vit74+15 Coloured plates, Longmans
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The author opens this interesting little book with a chapter
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good idea of the structure and habits of snakes in general and
explains their classification into families. Chapter 11 is
headed “Snakes in West Africa: Frequency, Social and Eco-
nomic Importance” in which he explains the snake position
in West Africa with interesting, and sometimes amusing ex-
amples to illustrate his points. Chapters 111 to V11 deal with
the species of snake from West Africa, a chapter to a family
or group of families in which over 40 species are listed. The
excellent illustrations coupled with these descriptions should
make indentification reasonably easy once one has “got one’s
eye in.”
Chapter V111 is headed “Snake-bite — its Prevention and
Treatment” in which the author gives practical advice from
all angles, and very wisely does his best to allay the fear ex-
perienced by most patients, which often has more adverse
effect on the victim than the snake’s venom has.—S.N.A.J.
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CONTENTS
Caloptilla rufipennella Hiibner (Lep. Gracillariidae) a Species new
to Britain. A. M. EMMET .. a Be af as a 291
The History and recorded Distribution of Coleophora wockeella
Zeller, 1849 (Lep. Tineidae) with Notes on its Rearing from the
Pre-hibernation Larva. J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT and A. M.
EMMET is Be Ae ae a Bs Be ds Jal 2296
Notes on some of the British Nepticulidae (concluded from p. 282).
A. M. EMMET ... vr oe ae 50 2 ay >. e00
An unusual Form of Catocala nupta L. P. A. SOKOLOFF .. oa OE
The Status of Polygonia c-album L. in North Wales. RR: ee ses
DENNIS #2: iF ve Ae Bi 38 a oe sun yD
Apatura iris L. in Surrey. G. GARTON .. A Bie nae ie 3303
Stage Beetles at Light. C.G.M.de WORMS .. ...._..._—..._~—-:809
The Systematics of the Charaxidae (Lepidoptera Nymphaloidea).
AS ro Bry ONG as zt ss Ne ay Re fi so nolo
A Review of the Butterflies in the Bristol Area (continued from p.
240). A. D. R. BROWN .. iM oe i ai ae 5: vtal6
A Note on the Existence of Temporal Isolation in Satyrid Butterflies.
JOHN H. MASTERS .. ie: oe a ws ee Ors eee
Some early and late Records of the first Lepidoptera. C. G. M. de
WORMS ... 2o a ve a oe 6 oh os Gees
Tethea fluctuosa Hiibn.: a melanic Example in Kent. C. G. M. de
WORMS ... ap a = aP fe a ar oe eee
A Butterfly Day in August. C. G. M. de WORMS .. vi Ha food
Toadflax Brocade in Surrey. P. A. SOKOLOFF ar mS ors
Recent Captures. E. H. WILD va Pes A 2, ie ae 325
Clossiana selene (Schiff.): A Second Brood Specimen. R. F.
BRETHERTON .. Se yh oi se ah a sa) eo
Hapalotis venustula Htibn. (Lep. Noctuidae) in N. W. Kent. B. K.
WEST oe a cs Bx ae Be of Lid en Po
Lampides boeticus L. and Thecla betulae L. in Surrey. Re Be
BRETHERTON .. Wis a en 0 Ae a 4) 3826
Current Literature ots ate ae ok ey Ws ay i. Ave2b
SR SY OT TE SIN SE AS EP I IE EE EE
T. BUNCLE AND CO. LTD., ARBROATH, ANGUS, SCOTLAND
i| O heer are ee wy
/2
83 No. 11 Siw November 1971 Gy
BYES DEP EE CDE Bese 52
B
THE 5
ENTOMOLOGIST’S
RECORD
AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION
Edited by S. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.E.s.
with the assistance of
A. A. ALLEN, B.S.C., A.R.C.S. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B.SC., F.R.E.S.
NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. H. C. HuGGINS, F.R.E.S.
J. M. CHALMERS-HUungr, F.R.E.S. S. WAKELY
Major A. E. COLLIER, M.C., F.R.E.S.
Commander G. W. Harper, R.N. (Retd.), F.R.E.S.
Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S
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This book, the only modern comprehensive survey in English
of the British Diptera, includes full accounts of structure and
the more interesting life histories and habits. More than 280
representative species are illustrated in 53 plates, many in
colour, and in numerous text figures drawn from specimens
collected by the authors. There is a section each on the
Nematocera, the Brachycera, the Cyclorrhapha Aschiza, the
Acalypterates, the Calypterates and the Pupipara. In addition
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327
Butterflies in the Island of Rhodes, May 1971
By R. F. BRETHERTON, C.B., M.A., F.R.E.S.
My wife and I began our fifth visit to Greek territory with
six days on the island of Rhodes, from 16th to early on 22nd
May. For the first three days we were accompanied by Mr
John Coutsis and his mother, who joined us from Athens. We
wished to see some of the endemic sub-species of Rhopalocera
which had been described from Rhodes, and perhaps to add to
the rather short list of species known to occur there. We had
only limited success, probably because we were between
seasons; owing to a forward spring followed by a prolonged
check in April, the early butterflies had quite disappeared,
while most of the later species which we had hoped to see were
not yet out, although the weather during our stay was fine and
warm except for cloud and showers on the mountains on the
second day. Nevertheless, as little has been published in
English on the subject, a record of our experience may be of
interest.
The islands of Rhodes is 48 miles long by 22 miles broad,
with an area of 540 sq. miles. In shape, and in its north east
to south west orientation, it is rather like the Isle of Man; but
it is about half as big again. At its northern tip only seven
miles of sea separate it from the Turkish mainland of Asia. A
mountain chain which reaches 1,215 m. at its highest point runs
down the western side and is quite well wooded; the more level
ground on the eastern side is hotter and drier, but irrigation
nourishes large groves of orange, lemon and other fruit trees.
In May the vegetation, except very near the coast, showed little
sign of dessication and there was an abundance of wild flowers,
though unfortunately singularly few butterflies. Nearly half
the resident population, and almost all the innumerable
visitors, are concentrated in Rhodes city on the extreme
northern tip; the rest of the beautiful island has nothing bigger
than villages. linked by roads which are good round the coast
but indifferent or impassable where they cross the mountain
spine.
Several descriptions and lists of the lepidoptera of Rhodes
have been published, notably by Rebel (1916, 1924, 1936),
Turati and Fiori (1929, 1930), and Hartig (1940); and in 1963
Bender incorporated these with the results on his own visits in
1939 and 1958, listing 45 species of Rhopalocera and 104 of
other macro-lepidoptera. Eight of these are sub-species which
are supposed to be endemic, either in Rhodes alone, or in the
Dodecanese. But there seems to have been no collecting by
residents, and it is unlikely that Bender’s list is complete even
for the Rhopalocera. There have also been pictures and dis-
cussions in various journals of the extraordinary swarming of
the Tiger moth, Callimorpha quadripunctaria Poda, in the
“Valley of the Butterflies” (Petaloudes), which has become one
of the regular tourist attractions. This swarming we did not
see, being at least a month too early.
328 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 1o/ X72
On our first day, 16th May, we made a late start because of
the need to sleep off our night flight from London and to pick
up our hired car. But about 11 a.m. we started with Mr and
Mrs Coutsis along the west coast and then turned inland to
spend the middle of the day on the mountain Profitis Ilias (798
m.), which is largely covered by a forest of Aleppo Pine (Pinus
halepensis Miller). Just below the forest we found a bank
where Maniola telmessia ornata Turati & Fiori and Aporia
crataegi fert Turati were common and in good condition, with
two or three [phiclides podalirius L. But the forest and bare
places on the ridge of the mountain yielded very little except
a couple of Nymphalis polychloros L., which we failed to catch,
a few Lycaena phloeas L. and some of the Geometrid moth
Rhodometra calabra Petagna. When in the afternoon we
turned down to the coast and visited the ancient Greek site at
Kamiros the same absence of butterflies was apparent, except
for the ubiquitous M. telmessia.
On the second day we started again along the west coast
road, but crossed by a high pass to the village of Aghia Isidoros,
which nestles under the bare eastern slopes of Mt. Ataviros
(1,215 m.), where the Blue Plebejus loewii robusta Turati has
been recorded in early June. But cloud on the mountain
prevented proper exploration of this locality, which anyhow
did not seem promising; so we descended some way on the road
to Lindos to a flowery meadow where we were able to eat our
sandwiches in a sunny interval but could still find very few
butterflies. Continuing towards Lindos, we caught a fine
Nymphalis polychloros but were again beset by cloud and
showers as we drove through a fine forest of Arbutus unedo,
which might have given us a sight of Charaxes jasius L. if
conditions had been better. After spending a couple of hours
viewing the charming white-washed villages of Lindos and the
combined classical temple and mediaeval castle on the rock
above it, we drove back to Rhodes in the late afternoon, catch-
ing on the way a single Hipparchia syriaca ghigii Turati. The
method of its capture was curious. Mrs Coutsis saw a large
Satyrid fly into a fir tree below the road, presumably to settle
down for the night. After some random stone-throwing had
failed to dislodge it, it was spotted at rest on the trunk about
twenty feet away and quite out of reach. John Coutsis threw
another stone. This hit it fair and square and brought it to the
ground. This was a fairly heavy day, with much sight-seeing
though little successful collecting.
On the third day we drove first to the hill of Filerimos
(400 m.), about 15 kms. out of Rhodes, where there are the
remains of another classical temple and a Byzantine church
now used as a monastery. The lower slopes yielded no butter-
flies of interest, but on the rough ground in front of the monas-
tery we saw more species and greater numbers than anywhere
else in Rhodes. They included several Kirinia roxelana Cramer
and Lampides boeticus L. and a single Vanessa atalanta L.,
though only M. telmessia, Thymelicus actaeon Rott., and Colias
BUTTERFLIES IN THE ISLAND OF RHODES, MAY 1971 329
croceus Fourc. were common. Later we went on hopefully to
the “Valley of the Butterflies”; a well-watered glen in a fine
deciduous forest. But we found literally no lepidoptera there
except a few M. telmessia, so we could only console ourselves
by eating the special dish of macaroni offered by the little
restaurant. A case on its wall contained a score of faded
Callimorpha quadripunctaria and a battered Charaxes jasius.
Beside a stream lower down we caught a very large Euchloe
ausonia Hiibn. and singles of K. roxelana and L. boeticus, and
a water-course by the sea on the coast road gave us a couple of
worn female Thersamonia thersamon Esp., a Carcharodus
alceae Esp., and more T. actaeon, as well as a view of a number
of interesting birds, including Hoopoe (Upupa epops), Glossy
Ibis (Plegadis falcinellus) and some waders which we could not
identify with certainty. Mr and Mrs Coutsis unfortunately had
to fly back to Athens that evening.
After a day given to sight-seeing in Rhodes city, on 20th
May my wife and I paid another visit to the east coast. After
exploring the attractive little spa at Kalithea, beside the sea 10
kms out of Rhodes, we turned to the main road to Lindos and
then diverged to the Epta Pighes (Seven Springs), where there
is a small lake in a wooded valley rather like that of the
Petaloudes. Later, with several stops on the way, we spent an
hour in a promising looking river bed some miles short of
Lindos, before returning to Rhodes in the early afternoon. But
in all these places there was a dearth of lepidoptera. The only
interesting things seen were a few fresh and very active
Gonepteryx; but all those which I could get near enough
to identify were G. farinosa Zell. and not the endemic race of
G. cleopatra L. which I was looking for. A disappointing day,
despite good weather and good looking country. (
On our last day we made another tour on the west coast
and in mountains, driving first to Embona, high on the north
western side of Mt. Ataviros, below which there is a fine fir
forest, and then descending to the coast via Kritinia for lunch
and a refreshing bath at Kamiros. We saw nothing new in the
mountains except some fresh Polyommatus icarus Rott., but
near Kamiros an uncut corner of a crop of vetch had attracted
an abundance of T. actaeon of both sexes, and also yielded S.
orbifer and a fine female Lampides boeticus L. We left Rhodes
by an early ’plane to Athens on 22nd May.
Rhodes is a beautiful island, and its history and archaeology
are fascinating; but at this season at least its butterflies were
disappointing. We had expected a limited island fauna, but
not the general scarcity of every species except M. telmessia
and, in a very few places, A. crataegi, T. actaeon and C.
croceus. This was in striking contrast to my experience in
Cyprus at the same time in 1954 and in Crete in early June
1969: in both, though the number of species was also small,
most of them were widespread and abundant. To judge from
the negligible attendance at lights round Rhodes City, Hetero-
cera were equally scarce. Probably our timing was wrong. We
330 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/0/71
did see altogether just half of the 46 species of Rhopalocera
listed by Bender, but added none. Some, however, deserve
comment.
Maniola telmessia ornata Turati entirely replaces M. jurtina
in Rhodes, but is a very different-looking species. Bender gives
an excellent black and white photograph of nine examples.
The males are little bigger than those of Pyronia tithonus L.,
and, with large orange patches on their forewings, look rather
like them. The females, however, are as big as those of
British M. jurtina. With their pale mauve undersides they
resemble M. cypricola Graves, which is peculiar to Cyprus; but
in that the males are much larger and have little or no orange
on the upperside. The well-developed spots are another
feature of ornata. In my series of 19 males and 9 females, on
the upper side of the forewings the apical spot is more or less
extended, and in five males and seven females it has two white
pupils. On the underside of the forewings this feature is even
more marked in both sexes, but on the hindwings the males
alone are heavily spotted: all of mine have two large black
rings with white centres, and all but four have up to three more
small ones, mostly with white points in them. In the females
the spots are few and hardly discerible. The spots on the
undersides of the male hindwings are very prominent when the
insects are at rest. It has been suggested that they are repellent
to lizards and other predators, or, alternatively, that they are
repellent to lizards and other predators, or, alternatively, that
they attract attention to parts of the buiterfly’s anatomy where
a bite will do least harm. As we saw several with bite marks
on the hindwings, the latter seems more plausible. But if these
spots really have protective value, it is curious that they should
be more developed in the males than in the females, for whom
protection is more important for the survival of the species.
However this may be, M. telmessia ornata, is clearly a success-
ful species in Rhodes. Heavy spotting on the male hindwings,
though without white centres, is characteristic also of M.
jurtina on the Greek mainland and in Crete; but it appears to
be quite absent in M. cypricola in Cyprus.
M. telmessia has also been recorded from Karpathos (Rebel
1938), which is half way from Rhodes to Crete; and further
north Mr Coutsis has found it on Lesbos, but in a form in
which the males have little orange on the forewing upperside
and slightly different genitalia. But in other Aegean islands
all the records of which I am aware refer only to M. jurtina,
from Lemnos in the north through the Sporades and Cyclades
to Crete in the south; and in Cyprus only M. cypricola occurs.
In Asia Minor Higgins (1966) and Thomson (1969) give a wide
distribution to both M. telmessia and M. jurtina: the latter
seems to occur more in north east Turkey, the former in the
south west, but both have been reported from the provinces of
Ankara and Adana. There seems, however, to be no reliable
evidence that they are anywhere sympatric. They are so
different, both structurally and in appearance, that it seems
BUTTERFLIES IN THE ISLAND OF RHODES, MAY 1971 Sol
right to regard them as good species which, perhaps because
they fill the same ecological niche, manage somehow to exclude
each other from their respective territories. There are some
fascinating possibilities for research here.
Hipparchia syriaca ghigii was described by Turati (1929)
from Rhodes and other islands of the Dodecanese as a new
sub-species of Satyrus hermione L., and his description was
followed, except for the substitution of the prior name fagi
Scop. for hermione, in the Supplement to Seitz (1929-32). But
in their list Turati & Fiori (1930) mentioned only one specimen
from Rhodes, a male taken at Aghia Isidoros on 6th May 1928;
and Hartig (1940) and Bender did not refer to further speci-
mens or localities. As described above, John Coutsis secured
another male beside the road from Lindos to Rhodes on 18th
May. His dissection of the mangled wreck shows with cer-
tainty, from the form of the Jullien organ, that it belongs to
H. syriaca Stdgr. The previous lists therefore need to be cor-
rected accordingly. Though the two species are sympatric in
the Peloponnese and possibly elsewhere in mainland Greece,
H. fagi is not known from any of the islands. We had expected
that, if we saw a specimen of this group on Rhodes, it would
be H. syriaca. It was good to have this confirmed, albeit by a
specimen which can hardly stand in the cabinet!
Thymelicus actaeon Rott. This species is recorded from
Rhodes by Bender and earlier authors without special com-
ment. But the Rhodian specimens in fact differ very consider-
ably from those found on the Greek mainland and further west
in Europe. On the uppersides the colour is a much brighter
fulvous, though in the males the androconial brand is in most
examples surrounded by a suffusion of dark scaling. On the
undersides also the colour is brighter, partly owing to the
absence of the wedges of grey scales on the hindwings which
are usual in the type form. The fine black marginal line is
more sharply defined, and the venation also stands out more
clearly. The brighter colour and absence of grey scaling is
also characteristic of the series I have from Crete and Cyprus,
but these specimens are on average rather larger than those
from Rhodes.
The difference between the Rhodian form and that of the
mainland are such that we thought that it might belong to a
different species, possibly to T. hamza Oberthur, which Higgins
(1970) records from Asia Minor and Cyprus. Dissection has,
however, not confirmed this. But it is probable that the island
forms should, because of their superficial differences from
those of the European mainland, be regarded as one or more
good sub-species of T. actaeon. Whether the island forms of
this and other species also occur on the coast of Asia Minor is
uncertain, as there is almost no information about the Rhopa-
locera of the part of the Turkish coast which faces Rhodes and
Cyprus.
302 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/ XI TA
RHOPALOCERA NOTED IN RHODES, 22nd-26th May 1971
PAPILIONIDAE. Iphiclides podalirius L. Profitis Ilias, several;
widespread elsewhere, mostly singly.
PIERIDAE. Pieris brassicae L. Widespread but few; large, gen.
Il. Pieris rapae L. Widespread, very few; gen. II.
Pontia daplidice L. Filerimos, several. Aporia crataegi
fert Turati & Fiori. Profitis Ilias, Embona, locally com-
mon; some elsewhere in the mountains; very large, with
heavy black scaling on the venation and undersides,
females almost translucent, brownish tinged. Euchloe
ausonia Hiibn. below Petaloudes, one very large female
of the summer form. Colias croceus Fourc. Filerimos,
common, with many f. helice females; casually else-
where. Gonepteryx farinosa Zell. Filerimos, Epta
Pighes, near Lindos, fresh males, singly.
NYMPHALIDAE. Limenitis reducta Stdgr. Above Salakos, one
seen. Nymphalis polychloros L. Profitis Ilias, two,
below Ag. Isidoros, one; in fair condition, but apparently
hibernated examples. Vanessa atalanta L. Profitis Ilias,
Filerimos, singly. V.cardui L. Singly in many places,
worn.
SATYRIDAE. Hipparchia syriaca ghigii Turati. Near Afandou,
one male, identified by Jullien Organ. Maniola telmessia
ornata Turati & Fiori. Profitis Ilias and elsewhere;
common in many places in the mountains and near the
coast. Pararge roxelana Cramer. Rhodes City in
gardens, Filerimos, below Petaloudes, a few fresh males.
P. megera L. Profitis Ilias, few, worn.
LycEAIDAE. Lycaena phloeas L. Profitis Ilias, two, of the spring
form. Thersamonia thersamon Esp. Near Paradhissi,
in a stream-bed, two worn females of the spring form.
Lampides boeticus L. Filerimos, below Petaloudes,
Kamiros, fresh specimens, singly. Polyommatus icarus
Rott. near Paradhissi, one very worn, Embona, several
fresh males.
HESPERIDAE. Spialia orbifer Hiibn. Ag. Isidoros, Kamiros,
singly, worn. Thymelicus actaeon Rott. Filerimos,
Kamiros, locally common, and a few elsewhere: prob-
ably an undescribed sub-species. Carcharodus alceae
Esp., near Paradhissi, one worn.
23 species.
Folly Hill, Birtley Green, Bramley, Surrey. ix.7].
PLATE XII
From the original watercolour drawing by A. D. A. RUSSWURM
Erebia aethiops Esper
Figs. 1 and 2. ab. infasciata Warren
Figs. 3 and 4. ab. infasciata + ab. ochrea Moseley
From the original watercolour drawing by A. D. A. RUSSWURM
Erebia aethiops Esper
Figs. 1 and 2. ab. infasciata Warren
Figs. 3 and 4. ab. infasciata + ab. ochracea Moseley
1
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‘tie syne .a. eran ye
MANIOLA JURTINA LINN: A BREEDING EXPERIMENT 335
Erebia aethiops Esp. ab. infasciata Warren
(Lep. Satyridae)
By A. D. A. Russwurm
On 8th August 1967, while collecting in Westmorland with
my friend and co-collector Mr H. G. M. Middleton I had the
good fortune to capture the rare and striking aberration of
Erebia aethiops Esp. known as ab. infasciata Warren. In this
aberration all markings on the underside of the hind wings are
obsolete, on the fore wings the orange area is greatly extended.
The female of this species appears in two colour forms on
the underside, in the typical form the hind wings are banded
in shades of blue-grey, in the other, known as ab. ochracea
Mosley, these bands are of buff or ochreous. It is to this form
that the above mentioned aberration belongs. It immediately
became my desire to have it in the beautiful blue-grey form.
We did not visit the area during the next two years, but in
August 1970 the search for this aberration was resumed. We
were not successful this year except that I captured the halved
gynandromorph, this specimen is figured in ““The Entomologist’s
Record” for October 1970. Then on the last day of our third
visit, 3rd August 1971, a beautiful freshly emerged specimen
of this much desired aberration was captured by Mr Middleton.
We now have the aberration in both colour forms and the two
specimens, showing both upper and underside, are figured on
Plate XII.
One is not likely to forget the view from our collecting
ground with the soft colouring of the estuary in the foreground
and the mountains of the Lake District laid out in panorama
beyond, nor the perfect hotel accommodation we have enjoyed
during our three visits.
Coridon, Ober Road, Brockenhurst, Hants
Maniola jurtina Linn : A Breeding Experiment
By Major General C. G. Lipscoms
In early August 1969 I captured a 2 M. Jurtina Linn ab
atrescens. This fine variety has coal black undersides to the
hind wings in both sexes and in the ° often with broad black
margins to the undersides of the forewings. It is a striking
and rare variety about which little is known and, as in this
case the butterfly was in poor condition and not fit for the
Cabinet, I determined to breed from it.
I assumed, not unreasonably, that it was very probably a
recessive form and so should reapear in the F2 generation. I
would add that in this case the butterfly had ab excessa
characteristics with additional spotting on the underside of
the forewings.
I knew nothing about breeding this butterfly and so con-
sulted Alan Collier who remarked that he had had little
334 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/XI/71
success with it and that it was quite the most difficult butter-
fly he had ever bred and that he couldn’t think why it was so
common.
This was hardly an encouraging start but at least it was
a challenge and I determined to continue with my efforts. I
placed the 2 in a 15” x 12” cage the sides of which were of
black nylon netting. She was supplied daily with fresh tufts
of grass and flowers and fed on sugar and water on alterna-
tive days.
For several days nothing happened and then she suddenly
made up her mind to lay and continued to do so for the next
fortnight.
In all about 100 eggs were deposited and with the exception
of a few laid on the actual woodwork of the cage all the rest
were on the nylon netting; not one was laid on the grass so
carefully provided.
This, of course, meant that the cage had virtually to be
destroyed so that the eggs still attached to the netting and
bits of wood could be placed on potted growing grass.
Because of the minute size of the young larvae the grass
was enclosed in very fine muslin netting supported on a wire
frame.
In mid October the pots were examined by holding them
upside down supporting the contents with the fingers of one
hand and gently agitating the grass with the fingers of the
other. In this way the larvae, still very minute, readily dropped
out and some 30 were collected and all placed in one pot. They
passed the winter in a cold greenhouse with the door per-
manently open. Whether they continued to feed during the
winter months I was unable to determine but I couldn’t detect
any evidence of either feeding or growth on the part of the
larvae.
Mould on the grass was the great worry during this time
and I constantly found myself having to remove affected stems
with scissors and forceps. With the advantage of hindsight I
think the better course would have been to change the food
plant as soon as mould appeared because one can never eradi-
cate it.
On Ist April the pot with its larvae was brought indoors
into a cold room when the survivors at once started to feed
and produced 17 pupae in late May and early June.
Some three weeks were spent in the pupal state and the
first six butterflies to emerge were all dd followed by a mix-
ture of both sexes.
The do were placed under old fashioned wire gauze food
covers in full sunlight on the lawn where a plentiful supply of
white clover was growing. As the 22 emerged they were
slipped under the covers and mating invariably took place
within 24 hours; on one occasion a pair was found in cop at
8.30 B.S.T. in the morning. All the butterflies to emerge were
quite normal in appearance.
The °°, once mated, were placed in three separate con-
MANIOLA JURTINA LINN: A BREEDING EXPERIMENT 339
tainers, the first a repaired edition of the previous year’s cage,
the second a 12” pot of grass enclosed in a butterfly net sup-
ported on a wire frame and lastly a cylindrical celluloid cage
containing growing grass and with two large windows cut in
its sides and covered with nylon netting for additional ventila-
tion. No eggs were laid by any of the °° till they were at
least a week old but in the end a large number were produced
and again the vast majority were laid on the netting so that
my bill at the end of this period was two breeding cages and a
butterfly net destroyed and the netting on the cylinder requir-
ing replacement. I began to see the point of A.C.’s remarks
quoted earlier in this account. All the eggs coloured up,
proving they were fertile but it was noticed later on, after
they had been distributed amongst a number of pots of grass,
that a high proportion had failed to hatch.
However, in spite of this I started the 1970/71 winter with
some 70 larvae. They were kept under the same conditions
as previously and the battle against mould was rejoined. By
the end of May this year I had 33 pupae and two larvae still
feeding up.
All these pupae hatched towards the end of June and all
produced 2 butterflies, about a quarter of which were Excessa
forms in varying degrees. There were no 22 and no sign of
ab. atrescens. The two larvae that failed to pupate at the
same time as the rest of the brood eventually died. In despera-
tion I tried to get a mating with the last two dod to emerge,
using wild 3¢ but I was unsuccessful as no observed pairing
took place although the conditions were exactly the same
as for the previous summer..
Although the result of this breeding experiment was not
what I had hoped for at least it has shown that, whatever else
it may be, the aberation atrescens is not a recessive and that
it produces a gene in the F, generation that is 100% lethal to
the ¢3 probably in the egg stage. As a by-product it has
shown that the aberation excessa is a recessive. It has been
suggested to me that as ab. atrescens occurs in both sexes,
and in fact is more frequent in the ¢ than the °, it may prove
to be environmental. This may well be so but why then should
it produce the lethal gene? I just don’t know, and would wel-
come suggestions.
SECOND Broop STERRHA TRIGEMINATA Haw.—It is not difficult
to obtain a second brood of this species in captivity, but I have
not seen it in the wild until this morning, when I found two
very fresh males in my m.v. trap. No doubt the fine warm
weather which we have experienced during the past month
has induced a few larvae to forego hibernation, and it will be
interesting to see whether any other species of this family
follow suit—D. O’Krerre, 51 Parkhill Road, Bexley, Kent.
24.1x.1971.
336 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/XI/71
The Systematics of the Charaxidae (Lepidoptera:
Nymphaloidea)
By A. H. B. Rypon, F.R.E.S.
(Continued from p. 316)
(7) Subfamily ANAEINAE
Anaeidi (Reuter, 1896).
(Type-genus: Anaea Hiibner 1819, Verz. bekannt.
Schmett., pt. 3, p. 48; type-species: Papilio troglodyta
Fabricius, 1775).
The Anaeinae to date comprise the following genera:
Anaea, Hypna, Polygrapha, Consul, Memphis, Cymatogramma,
and a new genus to be described later, all of which Comstock
(1961), as we have seen, lumped together as subgenera of his
omnibus genus “Anaea’”, together with Siderone, Zaretis, and
Coenophlebia; but the last three genera I have placed in a
subfamily of their own (the Zaretidinae) for reasons already
stated. As pointed out by Comstock (1961, p. 5), the genera
comprising the Anaeinae can be subdivided into two main
sections on the basis of the wing-venation, i.e. in Anaea and
Hypna the third subcostal vein (V.9) of the forewing arises
from the common stalk basad of the fifth subcostal vein (V.7),
whereas in Polygrapha, Memphis, Cymatogramma and Consul
the third subcostal vein arises distad of the fifth. In Anaea,
moreover, the fourth and fifth subcostal veins (Vs. 8, 7) of the
forewing are much shorter than their common stalk; while
in Hypna and the others these two veins are as long as, or
much longer than, their common stalk, and the fourth sub-
costal vein (V. 8) tends to end in a downward curve in the
costa, or in the apex of the forewing. As in the Ethiopian
Euxanthinae, there is a marked tendency among the Anaeinae
for some of the subcostal veins of the forewing to anastomose
with the costal vein, or the first subcostal vein to be atrophied
or absent. In Anaea troglodyta, for example, the first sub-
costal vein is usually absent, while in A. aidea it is vestigial.
In Cymatogramma echemus the first subcostal vein is usually
absent too, but in’ several species of the latter genus, i.e.
C. morena (Hall) and C. artacaena (Hewitson), the first sub-
costal vein arises from the second subcostal vein near its base,
joining the costal vein as a very short cross-veinlet. In nearly
all the Anaeinae the first three subcostal veins anastomose
with, and reinforce, the costal vein (V.12) which thus gives the
appearance of continuing in its course almost as far as the
apex of the wing, sending off several short veinlets to the costa
on its way. In the atypical Polygrapha cyanea, however, the
subcostal veins do not anastomose with the costal but run free,
the third subcostal vein terminating at the apex of the wing,
and the fourth ending with a downward curve in the outer
margin below the apex as in Charaxes and Prepona. In addi-
tion, in P. cyanea, veins 5 and 6 of the forewing arise from a
SYSTEMATICS OF THE CHARAXIDAE 307
common stalk beyond the apex of the cell, and in this respect
resemble to a certain degree the aberrant venation of Coeno-
phlebia. The wing-venation and the male genitalia of almost
all the species of the Anaeinae have been figured by Comstock
(1961), from an examination of which one can see that the
Anaeinae are not a particularly homogeneous subfamily.
The genera comprising the Anaeinae will now be dealt with
one by one, beginning with Hypna. The latter genus has been
grouped with Anaea and its allies by various authors since the
days of Westwood (1850-2). Comstock (1961) considered it to
be but one seasonally dimorphic, polytypic species; but Rober
(1916) divided the genus into three distinct species, i.e.,
clytemnestra Cramer, rufescens Butler, and iphigenia Herrich-
Schaffer. The male genitalia of clytemnestra have been
figured by Comstock (1961, fig. 122); the genital armature is
distinctive, the tegumen being relatively short, the uncus
heavily sclerotized and broad at its base (as in Cymato-
gramma), with the gnathos produced ventrad and medially
bridged by a lightly sclerotized lobe. The valve is short and
rounded at its apex, and the aedeagus is somewhat stout and
irregularly toothed terminally. The saccus is relatively long
and slender. If one compares the male genitalia of, say,
corumbaensis Talbot with that of iphigenia or clytemnestra
one can see some marked differences in them, the aedeagus
in corumbaensis being shorter and stouter than in zphigenia
or clytemnestra, the gnathos being broader and longer than in
the latter two species, and the valve more slender and less
broad at the apex. From the foregoing, it would seem that
Hypna consists of a number of good species, not just one
polytypic species. The early stages (already described above)
and the imagos of this genus are sufficiently distinct from the
other members of the Anaeinae to warrant my giving the
group a tribe of its own, i.e. Hypnini tribus n.
Next, the genus Consul. Comstock (1961) placed in this
genus (which is based on Papilio fabius) Anaea pandrosa Nie-
pelt, ‘“Paphia’ panariste Hewitson, “P” jansoni Salvin, “P”
electra Westwood, and “P” excellens Bates, mainly on the
distinctive bifurcate gnathos that is present in the males of
these species. The butterflies of this genus are relatively
large in size, with the outer and inner margins of the fore-
wing straight, and with the apex of the wing produced (except
in the type-species fabius in which the wing is produced at
vein 4), the hindwing being somewhat angular and strongly
tailed at vein 4 in both sexes. In pandrosa, panariste, jansoni,
electra, and in excellens (but not markedly so in fabius), the
hindwing is also produced into a lobe at the anal angle. In
fabius, and in excellens, the mid and hind tibiae and tarsi are
heavily spined above and below; the tarsus of the foreleg of
the females of some species of this genus (e.g. fabius) has a
single claw; the palps typically are markedly porrect; and in
addition, the special triangular scales near the base of the
underside of the forewing are delimited by vein 1, not extend-
358 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/XI/71
ing into space lb as they do in Anaea, Cymatogramma,
Memphis and Polygrapha. (In Hypna these specialized scales
are also limited mainly to space la, but a few scales are found
in space 1b, so that Hypna in this respect is closer to Consul
than to the other genera.)
Of the genera comprising the Anaeinae, Comstock (1961)
considered Anaea itself to be the most specialized one. He
stated, on p. 38, that the genus, which is not a dominant one,
was possibly of very ancient origin, and “the highly specialized
gnathos somewhat suggests a relationship to the genus Pre-
pona’. As already stated above, Comstock resurrected the
genus Memphis (which included Cymatogramma) for a large
section of the Anaeinae, dividing the former into eight main
groups, with a number of subgroups, on differences chiefly in
the shape, colour and venation of the wings. He stated on
page 56 that, “Judged by the facies only of the considerable
number of species included in the subgenus Memphis, it could
be suggested that there are a number of diverse elements
lumped in an omnibus subgenus”; but he was of the opinion
that the diversity of appearance of this genus was not sup-
ported by important structural differences. However, I my-
self think there are, in fact, sufficient anatomical differences
by which it is possible to split Memphis into several genera.
For example, in Cymatogramma echemus Doubleday the male
genitalia (see Comstock, 1961, fig. 167) are more specialized
than in Memphis, in that the aedeagus is relatively short and
spindle-shaped, the uncus having its base expanded on either
side into a pair of alae, and the gnathos with heavily sclero-
tized terminalia, and the valves relatively long and narrow.
The venation of the forewing of Cymatogramma differs from
Memphis too, in having the first subcostal vein of the fore-
wing absent or vestigial; and the shape of the wing of Cymato-
gramma also differs from Memphis in having the inner margin
more or less straight, not so markedly emarginate or hooked
at the tornus as it is in M. odilia. In addition, C. echemus
differs from M. odilia in having the the mid and hind tibiae
and tarsi spined above and below, whereas in Memphis these
structures are only spined below. There is also a difference
in the forelegs of the males of Cymatogramma and Memphis,
as well as in Anaea. The tarsus of the foreleg of Anaea
troglodyta, for example, is small, stubby, densely hairy, less
than half the length of the tibia, and is bluntly conical in
shape; while in C. echemus the tarsus is longer than in Anaea,
being less hairy and more slender, and tapers to a point, and is
only slightly shorter than the tibia; and in M. odilia, although
the tarsus is also slightly shorter than the tibia, it is obtusely
rounded at the end, the foreleg as a whole being a larger,
stronger structure than in the last two genera. There is also
a marked difference in the larvae of these three genera, as
has already been noted. So, with one eye to the butterfly
and the other to the larva, it seems expedient here to separ-
ate the latter genera from one another, and also the red
SYSTEMATICS OF THE CHARAXIDAE 339
species of Comstock’s “Memphis” (centred around Anaea
phidile Geyer) from the blue ones (centred around M. odilia).
(It should be mentioned, in passing, that the genus
Euschatzia, which Grote (1898, p. 39) invented as a replace-
ment name for Schatz’s (1892) invalid genus ‘‘Anaea’, is being
treated here as a synonym of Memphis.)
For the red Anaea phidile I propose to erect the following
genus, namely :—
FOUNTAINEA genus n.
(Type-species: Anaea phidile Geyer, 1834-7, Zutraége Samm.
exot. Schmett., vol. 5, p. 27, No. 453, figs. 905, 906). This
genus is named in memory of Miss M. E. Fountaine, some of
whose drawings of the early stages of Neotropical Charaxids
are reproduced in this paper.
Fountainea differs from Memphis (based on Papilio odilia
Stoll) in having the inner margin of the forewing straight,
not emarginate at the tornus; the third subcostal vein
(V.9) arising relatively more basad than in Memphis; the
palpus not unicolorous below, but with alternate dark and
light longitudinal stripes, with the basal sensory patch
triangular in shape, not somewhat quadrate as in M.
odilia; the foreleg of the males shorter and more slender
than in Memphis, with the tarsus tapering to a point, not
obtusely rounded at the end as it is in Memphis; the
male genitalia with a shorter tegumen and uncus, and
the valves relatively longer and narrower than in M.
odilia, and the sacculus with an apical hook; the larva
(see fig. 11) being naked and papillated, not hairy or
bristly as in Memphis porphyrio (fig. 13) or M. morvus
(fig. 14).
The Anaeinae can be subdivided into a number of tribes
as follows :—
(1) The third subcostal vein (V.9) of the forewing arising
basad of the fifth subcostal vein (V.7) .................006:
— The third subcostal vein (V.9) of the forewing arising
distad of the fifth subcostal vein (V.7) ................0000: 3
(2) All subcostal veins of the forewing present; the first and
second subcostal veins anastomosing with the costal; the
third, fourth, and fifth subcostal veins long and running
free; palps somewhat porrect; basal triangular scales on
underside of forewing mainly below vein 1; the butterflies
being large in size, with a broad pale yellow transverse
discal band on a dark brown, or rufous, background on
the upperside of the forewing; underside of wings with
SULVier SPOLS: .aiecsesn uaserasaaaaeenas tribe HYPNINI tribus n.
(Type-genus: Hypna Hubner, 1819, Verz. bekannt.
Schmett., pt. 4, p. 56; type-species: Papilio clytemnestra
Cramer, 1777).
— First subcostal vein (V.11) absent or vestigial; second and
third subcostal veins (Vs. 10, 9) anastomosing with the
costal vein; fourth and fifth subcostal veins (Vs. 8, 7)
shorter than the common stalk; the palps relatively short,
540
(3
—
ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/XI/71
erect; basal triangular scales on underside of forewing
extending into space 1b; the butterflies being smaller
than in the previous tribe, coloured mainly red or brown
on the upperside, without a transverse yellow band in the
forewing nor silver spots on the underside ..................
tribe ANAEINI
(ANAEIDI Reuter, 1896, type-genus: Anaea Hiibner,
1819).
Subcostal veins of forewing typically not anastomosing
but running free, with veins 5 and 6 typically arising from
a short common stalk ...... tribe POLYGRAPHINI tribus n.
(Type-genus: Polygrapha Siaudinger, 1887, in Staudinger
& Schatz, Exot. Schmett., vol. 1, p. 182; type-species:
Paphia cyanea Salvin and Godman, 1868).
Comstock (1961) included in his subgenus “‘Polygrapha”
the following taxa: Anaea suprema Schaus, “Paphia”’
tyrianthina Salvin and Godman, and “P.”’ xenocrates
Westwood; but if one examines the wing-venation, the
basal sensory patch of the palps, and the male genitalia
of these species (as figured in Comstock, 1961), it will be
seen that they are not congeneric with Polygrapha
cyanea; hence, if these taxa are to be lumped together,
they must represent at least a tribe of the Anaeinae and
not just a single genus.
Some of the subcostal veins of the forewing always
anastomosing with the costal vein (V. 12), with veins 5
and:6 notchaving)a.common stalk... 2:5. .cesee..aee ten 4
(4) Palps typically somewhat porrect, with a light longitudinal
stripe below; the basal triangular scales on underside of
forewing delimited by vein 1, not extending into
space Ubi. 8. Rs. ees tribe CONSULINI tribus n.
(Type-genus: Consul Hiibner, 1807, Samml. exot. Schmeit.,
vol. 1, pl. 148; type-species: Papilio fabius Cramer, 1776.)
Palps short, erect (hardly extending above the head), dark
below, or with dark and light alternating longitudinal
stripes below; the basal triangular scales on the underside
of the forewing extending into space Ib ...................4. 3
(5) First subcostal vein (V. 11) in forewing typically absent;
the palps typically with some long setae on the latero-
ventral surface; mid and hind tibiae and tarsi typically
spined “above: and below. t-vesses: oo cce ocean oe cee aetna es eae
tribe CYMATOGRAMMINI tribus n.
(Type-genus: Cymatogramma Doubleday, 1849, Gen.
diurn. Lep., vol. 2, pl. 49, fig. 4; type-species: C. echemus
Doubleday, 1849.)
This group has been incorporated by many authors
in the genus Anaea (or “Paphia’) since the days of
Doubleday, but it can be distinguished from Anaea on the
characters already mentioned elsewhere in this paper,
such as the differences in the foreleg of the males, in
the palps, and in the male genitalia, as well as in the
larva (see fig. 12) which is nearer to that of Consul fabius
SYSTEMATICS OF THE CHARAXIDAE 341
(as figured by Stoll, 1791, pl. 2) than to Anaea (see fig.
29, 29a). In addition, the deformed pupa (fig. 12a), which
is humped dorsally, is somewhat reminiscent of that of
Hypna. Westwood (1850) was of the opinion that
Cymatogramma served as a link between Consul and
Hypna on the one hand, and his “Paphia” on the other
(the latter genus including species of Anaea as well as
Memphis). ‘The Cymatogrammini appear to comprise the
“vyerticordia’” group of Comstock’s (1961) subgenus
Memphis”, and possibly some members of his ‘“halice”
and “arginussa” groups too; but this will only be known
for sure when the early stages of these last two groups
become known.
__ The first subcostal vein (V. 11) present in the forewing,
arising basad of, and free of, the second subcostal vein
(V. 10); the palps without long setae on the latero-ventral
surface; the mid and hind tibiae and tarsi spined below
GUL yaw 1. Alot nw elemote Cass ee temae see cmads sep eeeae RU aeae toe 6
(6) The third subcostal vein (V. 9) arising relatively more
basad than in the tribe below; the palps typically with
alternate dark and light longitudinal stripes below; fore-
leg of males short, slender, and tapering to a point; the
colour of the wings on the upperside red; the inner margin
of the forewing straight; the mature larva being naked,
without hairs or bristles (see fig. 11) .........s:esseesereetere es
tribe FOUNTAINEINI tribus n.
(Type-genus: Fountainea Rydon; type-species: Anaea
phidile Geyer, 1834-7.)
This tribe, judging by the external anatomy of the
adults alone, appears to consist of the “ryphea”’ and
“glycerium” groups of Comstock’s (1961) subgenus
“Memphis”.
__ The third subcostal vein arising more distad than in the
preceding tribe; the palps typically uniformly dark below,
with a scattering of light-coloured scales; foreleg of the
males longer and stronger, with the tarsus obtusely
rounded at the end; upperside colouring of both wings
black with blue basal areas, with the inner margin of
the forewing emarginate and hooked at the tornus;
mature larva covered with hairs or bristles (see figs. 15,
AND RAE PRR CE Maee on Se aceee ee tribe MEMPHIDINI tribus n.
(Type-genus: Memphis Hubner, 1819, Verz. bekannt.
Schmett., pt. 3, p. 48; type-species: Papilio odilia Stoll,
1780.)
In this tribe I am, for the present, placing the rest
of Comstock’s (1961) subgenus “Memphis”; but when
the early stages of the members of this tribe become
better known, it may turn out that some of them do not
really belong to it.
(to be concluded)
342 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/XI/71
Infurcitinea argentimaculella Staint.
(Lep. Tineidae) in Herts.
By E. S. BRADFORD
On Sunday the 18th of July I paid a visit to a private lake
and grounds in the Elstree area of Herts with Mr P. A.
Goddard. This is managed by a local angling society, and last
year I was granted permission to visit and study the entom-
ology of the area whenever I wished. I had visited the grounds
several times before, but on this particular day, after a walk
round the boundary of the main lake, and proving our Bona
fide to a water bailiff, I suggested we have a look round a
smaller side-water I had not previously inspected. About half
way round we came to a place where rocks covered a raised
structure, opening on to the lake, and which forms a boat-
house. Around this we found patches of lichen. I was struck
by the similarity between this area and the one in Folkestone,
Kent, where I had found and bred I argentimaculella Staint., in
1964. A closer inspection of the lichen showed that the surface
had been nibbled away leaving whitish patches and I remarked
that it was the type of place where one would be likely to find
the moth, never thinking at that moment, that it was there,
right under our noses. I looked at the lichen again and saw the
thin meandering tubes the larvae make on the surface, and
then found a moth, and a little later one more specimen.
I paid another brief visit to the lake several days later and
found six moths resting on the lichen and on the moss growing
around and with it, the same as it does in Folkestone. The
moths are much more difficult to see when resting on the moss.
The question occured as to the origin of the rocks and I sub-
sequently made enquiries about them. It appears that they
were transported from Devon about eighty years ago and that
the lake was dug and constructed during the 1914-18 war by
P.O.W.’s_ The rocks were incorporated in the structure of the
boat-house, at the edges of the lake, and as stepping stones at
various places. Whether the lichen and the moths were in situ
when brought from Devon will have to remain speculative.
The lichen which forms the pabulum of I. argentimaculella
Staint. is Lepraria incana (L.) Ach. (Lepraria (Crocynia) aeru-
ginosa auct.)
At the time of writing I know of no other record of its occur-
ance in Hertfordshire so presume this to be new to the county.
I would be pleased to hear if anyone has any notes on its being
taken in any other localities.
References
Bradford, E. S. Ent. Record, 75: 245.
Brightman, F. H. The Lichenologist. 3: 154 Nov. 1965.
38 Oakwood Avenue, Boreham Wood, Herts.
DINGLE, 1971 343
Pimete Pe Toy t
By H. C. Hueeins, F.R.E.S.
I first visited Dingle in 1961, in the company of my wife
and Mr E. S. A. Baynes, and I have been there every year
since, except for 1965, when I met with a severe accident and
went to hospital instead.
The idea of these visits originated with Mr Baynes. In 1953
a party of bird-ringers visited Inishvickilaun, the farthest of
the Blaskets, and Mr J. E. Flynn, the well-known Irish sports-
man and naturalist was one of them. Mr Baynes had the in-
spiration that Euphyia bilineata s.sp. isolata Kane might be
on Inishvickilaun and as its only hitherto known habitat, the
Tearaght, is now unworkable, gave Mr Flynn a description of
the moth, and on the return of the party, which spent eight
days there, was rewarded with three specimens.
We therefore decided to stay at Dingle and visit Inishvick-
ilaun by motor-boat, and to cut matters short, in a number of
visits I have seen 20 isolata and captured nine, a very good
percentage if the dangerous places it inhabits are considered
In the ten years I have visited Dingle, a fair number of
changes have taken place, mostly beneficial to the tourist and
visitor, but not so pleasing to the lepidopterist. A good many
of the buildings have had a face-lift; the old lichenous cement
has been cleaned off and clean paint substituted, with a bad
effect on the unique local race of Cryphia muralis Forst.
The high hedge round which the two very late specimens of
Celastrina argiolus L. were flying on August 24th 1970 has
been cut to ground level to make more light for a bungalow
built in the field behind it, giving a fine view at times of the
family washing.
A more serious loss, however, is the bohireen on the right
hand side of the road leading to the Connor. It was only a
couple of hundred yards long, but it was here my wife found
the first authenticated Irish specimen of Platyptilia calodactyla
Hubn. I have since turned up the moth in several other places,
but usually rarely, but in this one, on a warm afternoon, a
dozen or so might be seen. I refrained from netting any in
the past three years as this was so obviously its best locality,
but when I went there this year, a farm building had been
erected at the end, the hedges cut down, and the banks
levelled and the road roughly paved. At one corner a bit of
hedge and bank had been left, and here I disturbed 3
calodactyla, which of course I left.
Finally Coomenoole, a delightful sandy beach near Slea
Head, surrounded by high cliffs, has become an ideal bathing
and surfing station. When Mr Baynes, my wife and myself
visited this place in 1961 it was difficult of access, as the only
way down was by a track for horses and cattle which, as water
was scarce on the high ground, came down to a spring at the
foot. At the foot of the cliffs was one of the two best places
I know for bilineata s.sp. hibernica Prout; it had in the past
344 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/XI1/71
been worked by both Donovan and Dr Kettlewell. Our party
in 1961 visited it five days running. On three we saw no one
else, and on the other two, the same girls who had come over
from Dunquin for a bathe.
In 1964 the authorities made a motor road to the shore so
that today in fine weather at least fifty cars may be expected
on the road. The bilineata localities accessible were two; one
was a fissure in the cliff, well covered with grass, kidney vetch
and other plants, the other a series of hollows and shallow
caves at ground level. I used to climb up the fissure and Mr
Baynes to rattle in the hollows and chase the moths as they
flew out over the sand.
Today the hollows are in almost universal occupation by
girls undressing to bathe, so any investigation of their recesses
for bilineata might provoke unworthy suspicions, and my fis-
sure has been entirely cleared of all vegetation by the film
company producing “‘Ryan’s Daughter” who wished to make
the place more dramatic. No doubt there are still plenty of
bilineata high up on the cliffs, but these cannot be reached
from above because of the overhang, and the choughs that
formerly nested in the holes below this have gone elsewhere.
I went to Dingle a little later than usual in 1971; the
weather on the whole was good, but I am now beginning to
find that the more distant localities are getting beyond me, and
have to rely to a large extent on the Robinson trap.
Immigrants were the scarcest I have ever known in Dingle;
Plusia gamma L. appeared most nights, but except for 23 on
August 9th, I never saw more than half a dozen on any
occasion, and all other migrants were confined to two
Nomophila noctuella Schiff. It was most disappointing as two
days after I got home (September 12th) my garden was full of
gamma, so I set the trap and and caught about 40, and also a
worn female Margaronia unionalis Hiibn. As I have twice bred
this lovely creature I did not wish to bother again, and re-
leased her in the jasmine. I have since heard from Mr Baynes
that gamma and atalanta were common at the end of Sep-
tember at Glandore Co. Cork, so undoubtedly I came home too
soon.
I made a few observations on other insects that may be of
interest.
Pieris napi L. It was a very good year for the second
brood. I kept two, one by far the largest female I have ever
seen. It was the ab. vidua Donovan, in which the black spots
are enlarged and the veins outlined in black. This is a com-
mon form in the second brood in Ireland; oddly enough, the
underside is usually less heavily marked than more typical
ones. The other insect I kept had the forewings white and
the hindwings yellowish cream.
Argynnis aglaia L. On August 10th, a very hot sunny day,
I saw a male aglaia on the old road at the back of the
creameries. I have not seen aglaia at Dingle before except on
the higher Tralee road about four miles from the town. In
DINGLE, 1971 345
very hot weather Irish aglaia seem to wander a good deal; I
saw four at Glengarriff in the heatwave of 1952, the only ones
I have ever seen there. These Glengarriff ones were all males.
Nymphalis io L. was commoner again after last year’s
scarcity. I took one in the trap on August 12th.
Eumenia semele L. s.sp. hibernica Howarth. In all the
years I have worked Dingle, I have never met with this butter-
fly, but Mr C. Edwards of the Marine Biological Station at
Oban, who was also staying there, found it on the high ground
above the road at both Slea Head and Clogher. He kindly
called to tell me so and gave me four from Slea Head. Two
days later, friends kindly gave me a lift to both places; I could
only afford half an hour at each, but saw over a dozen in each
place, and caught half a dozen. The insects were all of the
Irish type defined by Mr Howarth, the Clogher ones seem a
bit redder than the Slea Head ones, but I have not enough of
either to be certain. One female at Clogher had an extra
spot on the forewings; this seems commoner amongst Irish
than chalk down specimens, as I have troubled to catch very
few in Ireland, and took one with two extra spots in the Bur-
ren. These two Dingle localities are both barren stony slopes,
which accounts for my missing the butterfly in the past, as
there is nothing else on them except Maniola jurtina L., and at
Glengarriff semele occurs everywhere. In the Coomerkane
valley there it is common on the peat swamps, and when
catching it there in 1950, I had often to run round a pool in
pursuit.
Cryphia muralis Forst. becomes more and more localised
and uncommon. I was not lucky enough to get a nigra Hug-
gins this year, but caught one of the deep greenish-black form
that is so near to it.
Polia nebulosa Hufn. was commoner than usualy; I saw half
a dozen in the trap, and needless to say they were all ab.
pallida Tutt.
Mamestra brassicae L. The curious little Dingle form
continues to turn up with the type. I have never seen this
elsewhere in Ireland.
Hadena cucubali Fuessl. I took one of the blackish form of
which Kane took one in the Blaskets (Donovan 49). This is
only a rare aberration as I have bred the moth from the
Blaskets and also from an islet off Adrigole, Co. Cork, and
all were typical. My specimen was in the trap in Dingle
town.
Cerapteryx graminis L. I found one in the trap in which
the antler mark covers more than half the forewing. Irish
graminis seem to vary more than our Essex ones. It is com-
mon in my garden trap, but I have never had an extreme
aberration, whereas four years ago at Inch I took one with
the forewings uniform pale drab without markings.
Luperina nickerlii Frey s.sp. knilli Boursin. I took 3 in
the trap in 1971; the first was on the night of July 3lst-1st
346 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/XI/71
August, and even then not quite fresh, so its early emergence
as suggested by the one on August 9th, 1969 is confirmed. Now
that it has been taken on Inishmore in the Aran Islands I have
no doubt it will be found in all suitable places in the south-
west of Ireland, i.e. at the foot of sea cliffs where there is a
quantity of detritus and vegetation. I have now taken 9 in all
at Dingle; every year that I have stayed after the second
week in August except 1970. Dingle ones, with one exception
have been as black as Aporophila nigra Haw., but they begin
to turn browner in a year or so.
Plusia festucae L. Very common in the trap almost every
night, still no gracilis Lempke.
Schrankia costaestrigalis Steph. One, not fresh, in the
trap on July 20th. Apart from the Killarney area, this seems
to be the first Kerry record. I have no doubt that it would be
found not uncommonly by working the damp lanes at early
dusk, as I did at Glengarriff.
Sterrha subsericeata Haw. There were three in the trap
on August 20/21st. I have not noticed the second brood
mentioned in Irish papers; these were the usual small type
like the English second brood specimens.
Xanthorrhoe montanata Schiff. On July 8th I got a lift to
the Connor and managed to climb to about 2,800 feet in the
Brandon range. I took half a dozen of the mountain
montanata. Two of these were exactly like my ab. shetlandica
Weir from Unst, with the central band reduced to two smeary
lines, except that they were slightly larger. These agree with
Kane, and not with Donovan (76).
One other, a female, was exactly like a sea-level specimen
except that the band was a little darker. I have never found
a typical one at this height before.
Crambus selasellus Hiibn. I am glad to say that on July
10th I captured another specimen of ab. brunnea Huggins.
This aberration seems decidedly rare; I must have seen at
least 50 of the typical form since I took the first in 1966.
The Collared dove has now become very common. I
counted eleven feeding together at a stable, and one uttered
its monotonous note on the araucaria in the garden at Ben-
ners every morning I went to look at the trap. I also saw a
turtle dove near Ballyferiter. This bird seems to be coming
more frequently to western Ireland. The Irish Dipper at the
water-splash on the road to Slea Head was in good form iv
1971; he posed for several minutes on two occasions for
friends to whom I had given him an introduction.
BUTTERFLIES IN THE City or Lonpon.—During a single week
in August this year I saw specimens of Pieris brassicae L., P.
rapae L., Aglais urticae L., Nymphalis io L., within one hundred
yards of the Mansion House, while a beautifully fresh Lycaena
phlaeas L. sunned itself on Mappin & Webb’s window in Cheap-
side, as oblivious to the crowds as they were to it.—J. A. C.
GREENWOOD. 8.x.1971.
A HOLIDAY IN THE EAST PYRENEES 347
A Holiday in the East Pyrenees, June-July 1970,
with Notes on the Lepidoptera observed
By E. P. WILTSHIRE
(Concluded from p. 277)
Observations and Explanations of List of Species
In the following list, I follow Higgins & Riley for the
nomenclature of the Rhopalocera, but in a few cases have
followed Dufay for the name of the local race. For the moths
I have followed Boursin, Dufay and Herbalot. Pyralidae and
Micro-Lepidoptera are not listed, though a few were taken.
Identifications were in nearly every case based on specimens
taken and studied during the following months, genitalia
examinations being made where appropriate; a few exceptions,
well-known species seen, but of which no specimen was re-
tained, are listed in [ J] brackets.
Localities are abbreviated as follows: the name is followed
by the altitude in metres and the date on which visited :—
Ang.=Les Angles, 1600, 3.vii.
Bou.=Lac des Bouillouses, 1900-2100, 1-13.vii.
Can.=Canigou, Les Cortalets, 1800-2200, 26.vi.
Car.=Pic Carlit, lower eastern slopes, 2200, 5.vii.
Cas.=Casteil, nr. Vernet-les-Bains, 700, 17-30.vi.
Cat.=Cattlar, near Prades, 500, 18 and 28.vi.
Est.=Estagel, Corbiéres, 200, 17.vi, 15.vii.
Eyn.=Val d’Eyne, Cerdagne, 1500, 10 and 13.vii.
Jou.=Col de Jou above Casteil, 900-1200, 21, 23 and 29.vi.
Lag.=La Llagone, between Mont Louis and Col de la Quillane,
1700, 3.vi.
Lou.=Mont Louis: Forét de Barrés, 1650, 1.vii., or slopes
below town, 1400, 22.vi., or near Planes, 1570, 7.vii.
Mat.=Matamale Barrage, 1500, or M. village, 1450, 3.vii.
Mil.= Millas, 150, 17.vi.
Rom.=Font Romeu, forest above town, 1800, 2.vii.
Ver.=Vernet-les Bains, Crétes de Fuilly, 600, 19.vi.
Vil.=Villefranche de Conflent, Cady valley, 450, 17.vi.
Other abbreviations used which need explaining are:—
det. B=determined by C. Boursin.
det. H.=determined by C. Herbulot.
d.g.Pr.=determination by self after genitalia study, serial
number of Preparation given.
1.b.=larva bred, imago otherwise not seen.
l.s.—= larva seen but not bred, imago not seen.
List
PAPILIONIDAE
Iphiclides podalirius (L.) ssp. feisthameli Dup. Ver.
Parnassius apollo (L.) ssp. chrysophorus Fruhst. Cas.; ssp. (?)
portensis Ruet. Eyn.
Parnassius mnemosyne (L.) subsp. vernetanus Fruhst. Bou.
348 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/X1/71
PIERIDAE
Aporia crataegi (L.) ssp. hyalina Roeb. Cas. Jou.
Pieris brassicae (L.) Bou.
Pieris napi (L.) Can.
Pieris rapae (L.) Jou. Bou. Car.
Pieris mannii Mayer ssp. hemiandegava Verity Cat.
Euchloe ausonia Hiibn. Rom. [Bou. ]
Anthocharis cardamines (L.) Cas. [Lou. ]
Anthocharis belia (L.) ssp. euphenoides Stgr. Jou.
Colias crocea Geoff. Ver.
Colias australis Verity Est. Eyn.
[Gonepteryx rhamni (L.) Can. ]
Leptidea sinapis (L.) Est. Cat. Mil. Ver. Cas. Jou. Lou.
NYMPHALIDAE
Limenitis reducta Stgr. Vil. Cas. Eyn.
Limenitis camilla (L.) Cas.
Nymphalis polychloros (L.) Can.
[Vanessa cardui (L.) Can. Jou. not before 23.vi. ]
[Aglais urticae (L.) Jou. from 21.vi. Can. ]
Polygonia c-album (L.) Cas. Jou.
[Argynnis paphia (L.) Ver. Cas.]
Mesoacidalia aglaja (L.) ssp. locupleta Verity Cas. Jou.
Fabriciana adippe D. & S. Jou.
Issoria lathonia (L.) ssp. attenuata Sag. Jou. Can. Eyn.
Brenthis daphne D. & S. Cas.
Brenthis ino Rott. Eyn. Lou.
Clossiana selene D. & S. Cas. d.g.Pr. 1631, Jou. Eyn. d.g.Pr.
1634, Lou. Lag.
Clossiana euphrosyne (L.) Jou. Bou. Lou.
Melitaea cinxia (L.) Jou. Eyn.
Melitaea phoebe D. & S. Cas. Jou.
Mellicta athalia ssp. celadussa Fruhst. Cas. Jou. Eyn.
Mellicta parthenoides Kef. Cas. Jou. Rom. Lou. Bou.
Euphydryas aurinia ssp. debilis Ob. Ang. Mat. Bou. Car.
SATYRIDAE
Melanargia galathea (L.) ssp. lachesis Hiibn. Esp. Ver. Cat. Mil.
Eyn.
Hipparchia alcyone D. & S. Est.
Satyrus ferula F. ssp. cordula Scop. Eyn.
Erebia epiphron Knoch. ssp. fauveaui de Lesse Bou.
Erebia triaria de Prun. ssp. granjana Ob. Bou. Ang. Car. d.g.Pr.
1640, Rom.
Erebia oeme Hiibn. ssp. pacula Fruhst. Rom. Eyn. d.g.Pr. 1632,
Lou. Ang. Bou.
Erebia meolans de Prun. ssp. almanda Fruh. Jou. d.g.Pr. 1633.
Maniola jurtina (L.) Vil. Cas.
Aphantopus hyperanthus (L.) Cas.
Pyronia bathseba F. ssp. pardilloi Sag. Mil. Cat.
Coenonympha pamphilus (L.) Rom. Bou.
Coenonympha arcania (L.) ssp. cephalus Geoffr. Cas. Jou. Lou.
Eyn.
Coenonympha glycerion Bork. Eyn.
A HOLIDAY IN THE EAST PYRENEES 349
Pararge aegeria (L.) Vil.
Lasiommata maera (L.) ssp. adrasta Tll. Vil. Jou. Eyn.
NEMEOBIIDAE
Hamearis lucina (L.) Bou.
LYCAENIDAE
Nordmannia ilicis Esp. Cat. Cas. Ver.
Strymonidia spini D. & S. Cat.
Callophrys rubi (L.) Jou. Lou. Bou.
Lycaena helle D. & S. ssp. deslandesi Hemm. Bou.
Lycaena phloeas (L.) Jou.
Heodes virgaureae (L.) ssp. pyrenaeicola Graves Cas. Eyn.
H. alciphron Rott. ssp. veronius Fruh. Ver.
Palaeochrysophanus hippothoe (L.) ssp. mirus Verity Mat. Eyn.
Lampides boeticus (L.) Ver.
Everes alcetas Hoff. Vil.
Cupido minimus Fuessl. Vil. Jou. Lou.
Glaucopsyche alexis Poda Cas.
Scolitantides orion Pall. Cas.
Plebejus argus (L.) Vil. Cat. Rom. Lag. Eyn.
Cyaniris semiargus Rott. Cas. Jou. Lou. Mat. Room, Eyn.
Plebicula dorylas D. & S. (=argester Berg. Eyn.
Plebicula amanda Schneid. (=icarius Esp.) ssp. pyrenaeorum
Verity Mat. Eyn.
Lysandra coridon Poda subsp. ruscinonis Verity Eyn.
Lysandra bellargus Rott. Ver. Jou.
Polyommatus icarus Rott. Est. Cat. Cas. Ver. Jou. Bou.
HESPERIIDAE
Pyrgus malvoides El. & Ed. Cas. d.g.Pr. 1635. Jou. Bou. d.g.Pr.
1630
Pyrgus probably serratulae Ramb. Jou. 12 Pr. 1636.
Spialia sertorius Hoff. ssp. hibiscae Hiibn. Jou. d.g.Pr. 1639.
Thymelicus acteon Rott. ssp. virescens Ag. Cat. Cas.
Thymelicus lineola Ochs. Eyn.
Thymelicus sylvestris Poda Ver. Cas. Jou. Eyn.
Ochlodes venatus Brem. & G. ssp. esperi Verity Cas. Lou.
SPHINGIDAE
Celerio lineata F. ssp. livornica Esp. Bou.
Pergesa porcellus (L.) Cas. Bou.
LASIOCAMPIDAE
Lasiocampa quercus (L.) ssp. ? Bou.
Macrothylacia rubi (L.) Bou.
NOTODONTIDAE
Cerura vinula (L.) Cas.
Hoplitis milhauseri F. Cas.
Notodonta phoebe Siebert Cas.
Spatalia argentina D. & S. Cas.
Pterostoma palpina (L.) Cas.
Phalera bucephala (L.) Jou.
LYMANTRIIDAE
[Lymantria dispar (L.) Cat. 1.s., Ver. 1.s.]
00 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/XI/71
ARCTIIDAE
Eilema caniola Hiibner Cas. (det. H. de Toulgoét).
Euprepia striata (L.) Cas.
Diacrisia sannio (L.) Cas. Jou.
Spilosoma lubricipeda (L.) Cas.
Epicallia villica (L.) Cas.
Eucharia casta Esp. Bou.
CyYMATOPHORIDAE
Tethea ocularis (L.) Cas.
Tethea or F. Cas.
NocTuUIDAE
Agrotis simplonia Geyer Bou. d.g.Pr. 1606.
Agrotis ipsilon (Hufn.) Cas. Bou.
Agrotis exclamationis (L.) Ver. Cas.
Ochropleura plecta (L.) Cas.
Noctua pronuba L. Cas. Bou.
Lycophotia porphyrea D. & S. (=strigula Thun.) Bou.
Amathes c-nigrum (L.) Cas.
Amathes triangulum Hufn. Cas.
Heliophobus reticulata Goeze Bou.
Polia hepatica Clerck (=tincta Brahm.) Cas.
Mamestra contigua D. & S. Cas. Vil.
Mamestra pisi (L.) Bou.
Mamestra bi-ren Goeze (=glauca Kleem.) Bou.
Mamestra bicolorata Hufn. ssp. obscura Str. det. B. Bou. d.g.Pr
1649, 1655.
Hadena ruetimeyeri Boursin det. B. Bou.
Hadena compta D. & S. det. B. Cas.
Hadena confusa Hufn. (=—conspersa D. & S.) det. B. Cas.
Hadena caesia D. & S. det. B. d.g.Pr. 1621 Cas. Bou.
Hadena tephroleuca Boisd. det. B. Bou.
Lasionycta nana Hufn. (=dentina D. & S.) Bou.
Mythimna unipuncta Haw. Cas.
Mythimna comma (L.) Bou.
Metopoceras canteneri Dup. det. B. Ver.
Blepharita adusta Esper Bou.
[Cucullia verbasci (L.) l.s. Jou. Ver. Lou. |
Apatele aceris (L.) Cas.
Apatele auricoma D. & S. Bou.
Apatele euphorbiae D. & S. Bou.
Apamea crenata Hufn. (=rurea F.) Cas.
Mesapamea secalis (L.) Bou.
Oligia latruncula D. & S. Cas. d.g.Pr. 1618.
Caradrina selini Boisd. det. B. Ver.
Caradrina flavirena Guenee det. B. Ver.
Caradrina clavipalpis Scop. det. B. Cas.
Caradrina aspersa Ramb. det. B. Cas. d.g.Pr. 1622.
Hoplodrina ambigua D. & S. det. B. Ver.
Synthymia fixa F. Cat.
Hapalotis venustula Hiibn. Cas.
Avilia putris (L.) Cas.
A HOLIDAY IN THE EAST PYRENEES oo
Pseudoips bicolorana Fuessly Ver.
Plusia chrysitis (L.) Cas.
Autographa iota (L.) Cas.
[Autographa gamma (L.) Cas. Bou. ]
Callistege mi Clerck Cas. Rom.
Ectypa glyphica (L.) Jou.
Phytomera viridaria Clerck Bou.
Rivula sericealis Scop. Ver.
Hypena proboscidalis (L.) Cas.
GEOMETRIDAE
Asthena albulata Hufn.
Hydrelia flammeolaria Hufn.
Spargania luctuata D. & S. Bou.
Minoa murinata Scop. Cas. Jou.
Calostigia pectinataria Knoch. Cas.
Lampropteryx suffumata D. & S. Cas. Bou.
Lyncometra ocellata (L.) Cas.
Coenotephria tophaceata D. & S. Cas.
Coenotephria nebulata (Tr.) Bou, d.g.Pr. 1643.
Chloroclysta truncata Hufn. Cas.
Cidaria fulvata Thunb. Cas.
Hydriomena furcata Thunb. Cas.
Hydriomena coerulata F. d.g.Pr. 1648 Cas. Bou.
Horisme vitalbata D. & S. Cas.
Eupithecia haworthiata Doub. Cas. det. H.
Eupithecia linariata F. Bou.
Eupithecia vulgata Haw. Bou. Cas. det. H.
Eupithecia castigata Hiibn. Cas. det. H.
Perizoma alchemillata (L.) Can. Bou.
Perizoma albulata D. & S. Cas. Jou.
Euphyia picata Hiibn. Cas.
Xanthorhoe spadicearia D. & S. Bou.
Xanthorhoe montanata D. & S. Cas. Bou.
Xanthorhoe fluctuata (L.) Cas.
Scotopteryx coarctaria D. & S. det. H. Cas.
Scotopteryx mucronata Scop. Ver. Cas. d.g.Pr. 1627.
Epirrhoe tristata (L.) Bou. d.g.Pr. 1641, Ang. Car.
Epirrhoe galiata D. & S. Cas.
Epirrhoe molluginata Hiibn. Bou. d.g. 1644.
Campto gramma bilineata (L.) Vil.
Chesias rufata F. Bou.
Anaitis praeformata Hiibn. Lou. Lag. Bou.
Odezia atrata (L.) Cas. Mat.
Sterrha ochrata Scop. Cat. d.g.Pr. 1653.
Sterrha luteolaria Const. Eyn. d.g.Pr. 1651.
Sterrha circuitaria Hiibn. 1.b. Cat.
Sterrha eburnata Wocke Cas.
Cyclophora annulata Schulze Cas.
Cyclophora puppillaria Hiibn. Cas.
Scopula immorata (L.) Cas. Mat.
Scopula ornata Scop. Vil. Cas.
Scopula imitaria Hiibn. Ver.
302 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/XI/71
Scopula lactata Haw. Cas.
Rhodostrophia calabra Pat. Cas. d.g. Pr. 1623.
Rhodostrophia vibicaria Clerck Cas. d.g.Pr. 1626.
Lomaspilis marginata (L.) Cas.
Ligdia adustata D. & S. Cas.
Semiothisa notata (L.) Cas. d.g.Pr. 1656.
Semiothisa clathrata (L.) Vil. Jou. Lou.
Isturgia roraria F. subsp. limbaria F. Jou. Can. Bou.
Rhoptria asperaria Hiibn. Cas. d.g.Pr. 1647
Petrophora chlorosata Scop. Cas.
Opisthograptis luteolata (L.) Cas.
Pseudopanthera macularia (L.) Cas.
Selenia lunaria D. & S. Cas.
Selenia bilunaria Esp. Bou.
Biston betularia (L.) Cas.
Peribatodes rhomboidaria D. & S. Cas.
Alcis repandata (L.) Cas.
Boarmia punctinalis Scop. Cas.
Ematurga atomaria (L.) Vil. Jou. [Lou. Bou. ]
Bupalus piniaria (L.) Lou.
Cabera pusaria (L.) Cas.
Gnophos myrtillatus Thunb. f. obfuscatus Hiibn.
Gnophos ambiguatus Dup. Bou. d.g.Pr. 1624.
Gnophos mucidarius Hiibn. Cas. d.g.Pr. 1617.
Siona lineata Scop. Cas. Jou.
Chlorissa pulmentaria Guen. Ver.
Chlorissa cloraria Hiibn. Jou. d.g.Pr. 1654.
ZYGAENIDAE
Procris geryon Hiibn. Cas. d.g.Pr. 1620.
Procris statices (L.) Cas.
Zygaena purpuralis Brunn. Cas.
Zygaena trifolii Esp. ab. orobi Hiibn. Jou.
Acknowledgments
Various colleagues have most kindly assisted me both with
advice before the trip and with determinations or other help
after it. I should like to express my particular gratitude to
Messrs J. Bourgogne, C. Boursin, C. Dufay, C. Herbulot and Dr
Charles Tavoillot.
References
A fuller list of English articles on collecting in this region appeared
in paragraph 1 of de Worms 1966. That article however omitted men-
tion of Dufay’s comprehensive Macrolepidoptera list (1961), a very
thorough compilation rather than a report on a single season’s visit,
and on that account far more useful. It also gives a good bibliography.
De Worms’ articles, 1966 and 1971, dealt with visits, the latter a very
short one, made a month later in the year than my own. In 1952
Bretherton, Ellison and Manley reported their three weeks’ visit at
roughly the same season as my own. I add a few recent French works
which will be of interest, and are mentioned by me above, as well as
check-lists, ete., referred to. But for the fuller list of earlier works
reference to Dufay is recommended:
APPLIED ECOLOGY USED AGAINST A FLY PEST PROBLEM 353
Boursin, C. 1964. Les Noctuides Trifinae de France et de Belgique.
Bull. mens. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 33: 6.
Bretherton, Ellison & Manley. 1952. Lepidoptera in the Eastern
Pyrenees, 1951 (Porté-Puymorens and Vernet-les-Bains, June 30-
July 19) and the Forét de Rambouillet, near Paris (July 16 and
20). The Entom., 85: 1072, 1073, 197-204, 222-229. Sept. and Oct.
Descimon, H. 1960. Note sur la répartition en altitude d’ Hamearis
lucina L. dans les Pyrénées. Alexanor 1, 189-190.
Dufay, C., 1961: Faune terrestre et d’eau douce des Pyrénées-
Orientales. F. 6. Lépidoptéres. Univ. de Paris. Lab. Arago,
Banyuls-sur-Mer.
Herbulot, C. 1961. Mise a jour de la liste des Geometridae de France.
Alexanor 2: 117-124, 147-154; ibidem, 3: 17-24, 83-93.
Higgins, L. G. & Riley, N. D. 1970. A field guide to the Butterflies of
Britain and Europe. (Collins).
Mazel, R. 1971. Contribution a l’étude biogéographique de Cupido
sebrus Hubner. Alexanor, 7: f. 1, p. 46.
Oberthur, C. 1923. Catalogue des Lépidoptéres des Pyrénées-Orien-
tales. Et. de Lépid. comp., f. 11, pp. 9-70; f. 20, pp. 1-159.
Real, P. 1962. Les Pyrénées-Orientales, refuge entomologique. Ann.
Scient. de ’Univ. de Besancon, s. 2, Zoologie, f. 17, 97-109.
Worms, C. G. M. de. 1966. The Eastern Pyrenees, July-Aug. 1965. Ent.
Rec., 78: 1-8.
ID. 1971. From the Alpes Maritimes to Albarracin. ibid., $3, 29-35.
Applied Ecology used against a Fly Pest
Problem in Australia
Australian research entomologists are rebuilding an
ecological chain in an attempt to overcome a fiy-pest problem.
Their aim is to introduce from abroad dung beetles which, in
spite of their small size, are extremely efficient in getting rid of
cattle dung where the bushfly (Musca vetustissima) and the
buffalo fly of the north (Haematobia exigua) breed.
In most parts of the world the dung beetle to disperse the cat-
tle dung is a native species, but not in Australia, for the local
dung beetles have developed specialised characteristics. They
work well in the hard round dung of Australian marsupials, but
show little interest in the soft cattle dung because cattle are
not Australian natives. The cattle imported from Asia brought
the buffalo fly with them, and on the other hand, cattle brought
from Europe left that pest’s enemy at home. It will be seen
that the buffalo fly is a misfit and does not legitimately belong
to Australia.
As a result, cattle dung has been lying virtually undisturbed
all over Australia, covering an estimated total area of 3,000,000
acres, with the serious disadvantages this can bring. The major
effect has been the prevalence of the buffalo fly in northern
Australia, where it has created a serious economic hazard for
the cattle industry; the blood-sucking fly irritates the beasts
to a point where they cannot eat, thus seriously affecting the
304 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/XI/71
production of meat. Pesticides have been of little use for
although they kill the fly, they leave a residue in the meat
which is not acceptable to overseas markets. Many cattle
owners also have difficulty in mustering their stock often
enough for treatment.
The situation was put before the Australian Commonwealth
Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) and
Dr. G. F. Bornemissza of its Division of Entomology took up the
study. Dr. Bornemissza, who has been studying dung beetles
for some fifteen years, went to Fiji and Hawaii to assess how
useful they could be for Australia.
Eight promising species, Onthophagus gazella, Liatongus
militaris, Copris incertus, Hister caffer, H. chinensis, H. nomas
from Africa and Canthon humectus from Hawaii, were intro-
duced into the CSIRO laboratories in Canberra from elaborate
breeding tests in quarantine, special precautions being taken
to ensure that no unwanted pests or germs could slip under
the country’s strict quarantine guard. This took time, of course,
and none of the beetles was able to leave the quarantine area
for two years.
In 1967 the first beetles went into the field and within four
years, over 300,000 of them from seven different species had
been distributed in a wide belt across northern Australia, they
bred well, and one species, O. gazella, established itself in an
area 250 miles long and 50 miles deep, extending at the rate
of 25 miles in all directions each year. It has become so
numerous that cattle pads are disappearing in one or two days,
giving a fair degree of control of the buffalo fly.
There are also other benefits: because the beetle works
quickly, the dung is buried in the soil before it begins to break
down and lose its nitrogen, and it thus becomes a very effective
fertiliser. Further, by removing the cattle pads, the beetles are
opening up more pasture land. If the pad simply remains on
the ground, the grass beneath is lost, and the surrounding grass
becomes rank and unattractive to cattle.
Continued research is going on to provide the best possible
coverage of the buffalo fly breeding areas by the introduction
of other dung beetle species to ensure, where possible, that all
soil and climatic conditions have a suitable beetle. This
research is locating new species to suit specific climatic, soil
and vegetable types, and thus give an even greater coverage.
Following the success of the buffalo fly campaign, the
CSIRO has now turned to the bushfly, which poses a significant
economic problem to the tourist industry as well as a nuisance
problem to residents. Shortly it will release dung beetles suited
to a temperate climate in the south-coast area of New South
Wales.
Collecting the various species has been a long an complex
task; to help achieve the aim of getting a suitable dung beetle
for each of Australia’s wide range of climatic and vegetational
regions, Dr. Bornemissza has been operating from a special
research station in Africa. From this station he hopes to select
A VARIETY OF SYRPHUS ALBOTRIATUS FALLEN 3090
and transport some 120 species of dung beetles from many
parts of Africa south of the Sahara. He describes this project
as “probably unique in the history of applied ecology.” (AIS).
* * *
I am indebted for this article to The Australian News and
Information Bureau, which went to some trouble on my
account to comply with my request for the names of the beetle
species and also of the flies concerned.—Ed.
A variety of Syrphus albostriatus Fallen
(Diptera: Syrphidae)
A. J. BROWN. F.R.E.S.
Coe (1953) states this species has tergites 3 and 4 with a pair
of straight yellow bars, almost or quite touching the anterior
margin of the tergites on the median line, where they are
usually narrowly connected, and sloping down towards the
side-margins. He also states that in some examples the yellow
markings of the tergites are reduced.
I have now examined several specimens of this insect, and
have come to the conclusion that there is a definite case for the
naming of a separate variety, since the differences between the
two apparent forms are much greater than suggested by Coe.
The normal form, which agrees with Coe’s description, has
the following characteristics : —
(1) Legs entirely yellow/orange except for the distal tarsi on
the hind legs, and a dark band on the centre of the hind
femora of the male.
(2) Scutellum yellow, with only faint dark markings.
(5) Eyes with short hairs.
(4) Thorax with distinct yellow side-markings at front.
(5S) Yellow markings on tergites 3 and 4 touching at the centre
for a distance equal at least to half the depth of the
yellow markings, and touching the base of the tergites
on the median line.
The variety has the following characteristics : —
(1) All femora and tarsi black, and the centre of the hind tibia
is also black.
(2) Scutellum with a distinct dark centre.
(3) Eyes distinctly hairy.
(4) Thorax with very faint or no side-markings.
(5) Yellow markings on tergites 3 and 4 not connected at
middle, and not touching base of tergites on median line.
The above description apply equally to males and females
of both form.
I have records of the normal form from the Bristol area and
various parts of Dorset, and of the variety from South and East
Dorset.
This does not appear to be a melanic, as melanics of various
Syrphus species occur, and these -are invariably entirely black.
306 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/XI/71
Also, the melanics usually occur, alongside normal forms,
whereas, from information available to date, it appears that
the form of S. albostriatus found seems to depend on the local-
ity, as I have no records of both forms occurring together. Also,
I have not examined any specimens which appear intermediate
between the two forms.
Having states the case for the existence of a variety, I
should like to suggest the name:
Syrphus albostriatus Fallen var. nigrum.
I would naturally be more than pleased to hear from any
person who has any comments or observations to make on this
matter.
I am indebted to Mr C. Searle for allowing me to examine
specimens of S. albostriatus in his collection.
Reference
Coe. R. L. Royal Entomological Society Handbooks for the Identification
of British Insects. Vol. X. Part I. (London 1953).
64 Strouden Ave., Charminster, Bournemouth.
Notes and Observations
PLUSIA GAMMA L. AND NOMOPHILA NOCTUELLA SCHIFF. IN SOUTH
Devon.—Totals recorded in my mercury vapour light trap
during the period 12th May to 15th September 1971 are as
under, the 1970 figures being shown in brackets:
Plusia gamma L. The May total was 11 (17); June 23 (33); July
47 (121); August 1451 (473) with peaks of 43 on 8th, 91 on 12th,
105 on 16th, 86 on 17th, 181 on 19th, 295 on 20th, 101 on 21st,
103 on 24th and 115 on 26th September, for 15 nights, showed
a total of say 1500 (23) with peaks of 60 on Sth, 76 on 6th, 80 on
Sth, 187 on 11th, 105 on 12th, 61 on 13th, 73 on 14th and 205 on
15th.
Nomophila noctuella Schiff. May 0 (2), June 0 (18), July 4 (114),
August 111 (311) with peaks of 10 on 17th, 15 on 19th, 10 on
20th, 8 on 24th, 9 on 25th and 10 on 27th. The September total
for 15 nights was 135 (97).—H. L. O’HEFFERNAN, C/o 12 Firth
Road, Rondebosch, C.P., South Africa. 16.ix.1971.
Curious BEHAVIOUR OF LARVA OF ACHERONTIA ATROPOS L.—To
these notes some years ago I detailed unusual behaviour of
the brown coloured form of the larva. In Cape Town last
February I captured one evening a brown larva, feeding on
Tecomaria eupensis. It was parasitized by a Tachinid fly.
It fed all night after capture and was still eating at 8.50 a.m.
next day. By 1 p.m. it was completely buried in the earth
provided. It emerged again at 7.45 p.m. and was eating within
ten minutes: large quantities of the food plant were consumed
during the night and at 9.45 a.m. next day it was still resting
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 3a
head downwards on the foodplant, but by 1 p.m. it was again
completely buried in the earth. It emerged at 7.30 p.m. and
commenced eating immediately, continuing to do so all night.
It buried itself next day at 8.45 a.m. and emerged again at 8.10
p.m. It rested all night, taking no food, and buried itself for
the last time at 9.15 a.m. and pupated, but, of course, only the
Tachinid flies emerged.—H. L. O’HEFFERNAN. 29.viil.1971.
LARVAE OF PHAULERNIS DENTELLA ZELLER (LEP.: TINEINA) IN
SuFFOLK.—On S3lst July, I collected some seedheads of
Chaerophyllum temulum into a bag at Thorpeness, at the spot
where Col. Emmet had taken the moth of Phaulernis dentella
Zeller in 1966 (cf. Wakely, Ent. Rec., 79: 3). On looking into
the bag a few days later, I saw with much pleasure that it
contained many dentella larvae which were feeding on the
seeds; also, two late larvae of Depressaria chaerophylli Zeller,
from which the moths have since materialised.—J. M.
CHALMERS-HUnrT, 6.x.1971.
NEPTICULA DECENTELLA H.-S. (LEp.: TINEINA) IN Kent.—I
took a single specimen of a rather strikingly marked ‘Nep’
here in my m.v. trap on 11th July, which Col. Emmet kindly
determined as Nepticula decentella H.-S. and a species ap-
parently hard to come by. For a figure of the moth and an
account of its discovery in Britain (in 1931) cf. Adkin, Entomo-
logist, 66: 25-27, plt. 1, fig. 1—J. M. CoaLMers-Hunt, 6.x.1971.
NoTES ON SOME BRECONSHIRE LEPIDOPTERA.—At Trebanog
near Hirwaun, close to the Glamorganshire border, is a lush
marshy field where the Globe Flower (Trollius europaeus L.)
and other local plants flourish. On 23rd June, a warm sunny
day, both sexes of Euphydryas aurinia Rott. were flying there,
and numerous specimens of the pretty Eustrotia uncula Clerck
rose at my feet. Also noted, were single examples of
Orthonama lignata Hiibn.=vittata Borkh., Stenoptilia bipuncta-
dactyla Scop. and Catoptria margaritella D. & S., of which the
latter is new to Breconshire. The previous day, on the high
ground above Ystradfellte, Dr. Neil Horton and I visited some
boggy ground sloping down to the river Llia, where amongst
other species, we saw Argynnis selene D. & S. and Epirrhoe
tristata L. and a single 3 Lampropteryx otregiata Metcalf
which he captured flying in the sun. Nearby, on the moors, I
took a larva on grass (awaiting determination), which spun a
neat white cocoon in the leaf fold, and produced a specimen of
Ochsenheimeria birdella Curtis on 14th July. Both L. otregiata
and O. birdella are new to Breconshire.—J. M. CHALMERS-Hunr,
1 Hardcourts Close, West Wickham, Kent, BR495G. 6.x.1971.
358 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/XA/ 71
NEPTICULA FILIPENDULAE WOCKE (LEP.: TINEINA) IN SUSSEX.—
As I can find no mention in the literature of any recent occur-
rence of Nepticula filipendulae Wocke, it may be of interest to
state that while on the downs near Eastbourne on 25th August,
I found several empty mines of this local moth on Spiraea
filipendula. The species is included in Robert Adkin’s The
Moths of Eastbourne, 2: 91: which was published in 1931.—
J. M. CHALMeErRsS-Hunt. 6.x.1971.
LYSANDRA BELLARGUS IN KENT.—On 4th September 1971, at
Queen Down Warren (a reserve of the Kent Naturalists’ Trust)
Lysandra bellargus Rott. was quite common. Some individuals
were very tame and could be persuaded to walk on one’s hand
from the scabious blooms. One, indeed, transferred its atten-
tion to my nose, where it sat for several minutes, unperturbed
by the hilarity of my companions. I was later to regret this
liberty when we came across four male specimens regaling
themselves on some dog excrement! I have not previously
observed this behaviour in butterflies although the partiality
of certain species for carrion is well known.—E. F. Hancock,
Abbotsford, Belmont, Ulverston, Lancs. 23.i1x.1971.
STENOPTILIA SAXIFRAGAE FLETCHER IN YORKSHIRE.—Tony
Harman’s first English specimen of this species drew keen
attention when it was shown last November at the Derbyshire
Entomological Society’s annual exhibition. As a result of view-
ing this specimen, a colony of the species was discovered in the
garden of a council house at Sheffield on 7th August 1971.
My sons aged 9 and 11, drew my attention to a small brown
plume moth resting on herbage in an overgrown rockery where
saxifrages grew freely, and having previously seen T. W.
Harmon’s specimen, told me they thought is was S. saxifragae.
On closer examination of the site and disturbance of the vege-
tation, a number of moths, possibly a dozen, took flight and,
despite having no net, we managed to box five specimens in a
couple of pill boxes.
I showed these specimens to Tony Harman, who was certain
that they were S. saxifragae, and this was later confirmed by
Lieut. Col. A. M. Emmet, to whom I showed the specimens at
the Amateur Entomologists’ Society’s exhibition.
This is, I believe, the first Yorkshire record, and the second
English county record for the species.——F. HArRison, 24
Church Street, Holloway, nr. Matlock, Derbyshire. 28.i1x.1971.
PuRPLE EMPEROR IN SURREY.—It is generally believed that
the purple emperor is a difficult butterfly to catch. This is
apparently not so if you live in a house with purple paintwork,
some touches of violet in the upholstery and carpeting, a tall
oak nearby, and keep your windows open on fine days in July
and August. Seriously, between 18th July and 16th August of
this year, a friend of mine who lives in Surrey foud three male
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 359
Apatura iris L. inside his house, while a female spent some
time sitting on the outside of a window.—J. A. C. GREENWoopD,
The Thatches, Forest Road, Pyrford, Woking, Surrey. 8.x.1971.
PossiIBLE OCCURRENCE OF ARGYNNIS CYDIPPE IN KINTYRE.—I
read Mr Showler’s letter (antea 217) with interest, being a
native of the district in question: a minor point, the district is
Knapdale, not Lintyre. As a boy I collected there Pararge
aegeria L. (then very rare: my only capture was on 11th August
1919), Erebia aethiops Esp., Aglais urticae L., Lycaena phlaeas
L. and also Thecla quercus L. The purple hairstreak was
considered the greatest prize.
I have no specimen of Argynnis aglaia L. from Knapdale,
nor record of seeing it in those days, though as it is at its
strongest in July and the school holidays did not begin until
August, it could have been missed. However, aglaia is so wide-
spread in the isles (I have seen or caught it is Skye, Rum,
Canna, and Barra) that a large fritillary seen in July or August
is likely to be of this species.
The presence of cydippe in southern Argyllshire, however,
calls for investigation, as this was reported from Islay by Mr
R. L. Wilks (Entomologist, 78: 86) the capture being made on
8.vii.1941.—J. L. CAMPBELL, Isle of Canna. 25.ix.1971.
(Mr N. D. Riley has pointed out to me that “cydippe” should
be referred to as Argynnis adippe L. in both notes. Ed.)
360 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/XI/71
Current Literature
Life Histories of the South African Lycaenid Butterflies by
Gowan C. Clark and Charles G. C. Dickson. Small 4to;
Xvi+ 272 pp. including 108 coloured plates: Purnell, Cape
Town, R.15.00.
We have been given a foretaste of the painstaking work
of the late Gowan Clark, published by the British Museum
(Natural History) under the title of “The Aloeides thyra Com-
plex,’ by G. E. Tite and C. G. C. Dickson, and this must have
whetted the apetites of those who have seen it, to enjoy the
feast of the whole collection of Mr Clark’s Lycaenid draw-
ings, occasionally supplemented by the work of Mr Dickson
and the photographic skill of Mr H. N. Wykeham.
After a foreward by Mr B. Barton-Eckett, there follows a
short explanatory note pointing out which plates have been
retouched for printing and by whom; other notes on the
general set up of the book are also mentioned. Acknowledge-
ments follow, mentioning an impressive list of names.
The text begins with a summary of genera, of which the
authors list 40, each with a general account of its history,
larval habitats, affinities with other genera etc. A special
mention is made of Lycaena clarki Dickson, on which Mr Clark
had expressed the opinion that the island specimens were
specifically different from the coastal L. orus (Cramer), the
only other Lycaena species known from South Africa
On page 20, the main treatise follows under the heading
of Life Histories and relevant Observations. In this, the
species are numbered to correspond with the plates, and the
descriptions follow the same order throughout: first taxon,
wing span, food-plants, appearance, distribution, egg, larva,
pupa, parasites and remarks. These descriptions certainly
give a very good idea if the insect under discussion. In this
section, much is saved by the printing of text on the backs of
the plates, using a paper which does not allow such printing
to show through. In my opinion, this is an innovation which
makes the handling of the book much easier, and keeps the
letterpress comparatively near to the relative illustrations.
Gowan Clark’s drawings are items of both artistic and
scientific beauty; their general layout gives a picture of the
adult insect, upper and underside at the top of the page, with
an enlarged illustration of the egg in plan and side elevation
at the top left. hand corner. Down the left-hand side are
shown enlarged drawings of the various instars of the larva in
great detail, and the pupa (usually in dorsal and lateral views)
with the rest of the space occupied by greater enlargements of
distinctive anatomical details of the early stages. Anyone
with experience of such work must marvel at Clark’s con-
fidence in drawing so many complicated figures on the one
sheet, for only in those plates mentioned by Mr Dickson in his
explanatary notes as having been re-touched for printing can
CURRENT LITERATURE 561
it be seen that separately drawn figures have been added. Here
Mr Dickson, being a perfectionist, seems to have copied
Clark’s style so successfully, that one is left wondering which
of these plates have been retouched. The result is not only a
very useful set of plates, but also a set of most pleasing works
of art, with such delicate colouring.
To finish the book, there is a bibliography of many of the
titles mentioned in the text, a systematic index, and an
alphabetical index.
The book is beautifully printed on a good heavy art paper
throughout, and is well bound in imitation leather boards with
gilt lettering on the spine. It is enclosed in a strong paper
jacket ornamented by Mr Wykeham’s plate of coloured photo-
graphs on the front, and a colourful example from the Gowan
Clark plates on the back. The inside cover papers show a map
of South Africa showing the positions of all the localities
mentioned in the text. It is a book which should be very well
received in many parts of the world as a must for museum and
institution libraries, for professional and amateur lepidopterists
interested in the Lycaenidae, and for those naturalists who like
to have beautiful books on their shelves. The price is by no
means excessive in these days for the value given.—S.N.A.J.
An Illustrated Essay on the Noctuidae of North America with
a Colony of Butterflies by A. R. Grote (1882) large 8vo;
100 pp.+4 ool. pl. E. W. Classey Ltd., £6.50.
The scarcity of copies of these two papers by Grote has
prompted Mr Classey to undertake the printing of this work,
and he has taken advantage of the occasion to include an
account of Grote’s life and work, by that well known student
of entomological history and biography, Dr. R. S. Wilkinson.
This adds greatly to the interest of the book, for Grote’s life
was full of ups and downs, and his keen desire to introduce
sytematic accuracy into the study of North American Lepidop-
tera did much to stimulate the change from casual to accurate
work. Dr. Wilkinson’s foreword occupies thirteen pages to
which he adds three and a half pages of references.
Coming now to the two papers named in the book title, in
his preface of seventeen pages, Grote draws attention to
various matters near to his heart from the inadequacy of con-
temporary study of the North American Noctuidae to the ex-
cessive use of Paris green as an insecticide and the detrimental
side effects of its use, and he mentions that in many cases the
use of the substance has been diverted from insects to humans
by some malevolent individuals. Several Noctuid pests are
mentioned and the damage caused by them is very reasonably
assessed and discussed. He finishes with a list of thanks for
assistance with specimens suggestions.
In the next part, headed Structure and Literature, the
author mentions the different views of certain authors as to
the limits of the Noctuidae; he discusses various criteria given
362 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/XI/71
by them, and gives his own views on the matter. He mentions
various papers on the subject and finishes with a list of pub-
lications, issued during the previous twenty years, which could
be of assistance to students of the North American Noctuidae.
He next gives ‘Notes on Mr Walker’s types of North
American Noctuidae in the British Museum” in which he
criticises these types and gives his own determinations of the
45 type specimens, finishing with a note of disapproval of Mr
Walker’s efforts and suggests that as the B.M. had published
Walker’s catalogues, it should sponsor a more exact study of
the material and publish the results.
He then comes to “Specimens of North American
Noctuidae” and describes 45 species with coloured figures of
each in four plates which are well executed, though one has the
impression that Dr. Wilkinson’s mention of somewhat vivid
coloration is not undeserved.
Finally, in ‘‘A Colony of Butterflies” he describes a colony
of the Satyrid butterfly Oeneis semidea (now known as a sub-
species of O. melissa Fabricius), which is unique. The colony
is on Mount Washington in the White Mountains of New
Hampshire, and is seemingly a survival from the ice age.
The book is very well printed on good paper and bound in
grey cloth boards with gilt lettering on the spine and cover.
Beside its library value in relieving a shortage, the addition
to the book of Dr. Wilkinson’s biographical note is of great
interest, and the book will not be out of place in any lepidop-
terist’s library.—S.N.A.J.
Butterflies by Robert Gooden illustrated by Joyce Bee. 159pp.
8vo. Hamlyn, London, £0.40.
This colourful little paperback is designed to stimulate the
interest of the beginner in butterflies from all parts of the
world. After a few introductory remarks, the life cycle is
described from egg to imago with many coloured illustrations
of the various stages. The anatomy is followed through larva,
pupa and imago. Migration is mentioned, also colouring,
marking, and natural variation. Scientific nomenclature is
briefly explained with the example of Papilio machaon taken
through from Phylum Arthropoda to the subspecies brittanicus.
Then there are a few words on breeding butterflies from
caterpillars.
The butterfly families of the world are then outlined with
coloured illustrations (many enlarged) to illustrate each family.
Habits and seasons are then outlined, followed by notes on
breeding with the various hazards of parasites and diseases.
The geographical regions are then set out with maps and
illustrations of many relevant species on each page. Joyce
Bee’s illustrations brighten up the book throughout and it is
good to see many of the insects shown in the natural postures
rather than the conventional “‘set’’ display, necessary, of course,
for identification in some cases. Finally there is a list of books
CURRENT LITERATURE 363
to read and of “places to visit” in Britain and Australia, and
an index of the species mentioned in the book.—S.N.A,J.
A Butterfly is Born by J. P. vanden Eeckhouldt, Sterling Nature
Series, 90 pp. ill. British edition, Ward Lock Ltd., £1.25.
It is a pity that a preface was omitted from this book to
indicate for whom it was intended. One would think it best
suited for those of a 10-12 years group, but there are some odd
differences in treatment. For instance, the whole family of
“loopers” is collected under one illustration and is called “‘The
Hylophila”: I am all in favour of the use of scientific names
but is the circle of readers capable, nowadays. of understand-
ing them? The use of this name follows a commendable prac-
tice in use on the continent, and could give the young reader
a taste for proper nomenclature instead of the clumsy ver-
nacular names. The text is possibly too juvenile for the 10-
12 year group while the illustrations could better be appre-
ciated by an older group, but I know well enough how diffi-
cult it is to select a group of readers and confine one’s style
to that group.
The photographs, by the Author, include a series of 48
enlarged photographs of the life cycle of the Small Tortoise-
shell, from the pairing of the parents to the butterfly ready to
fly. There are similar, though not so detailed series for the
Swallowtail, the Ground Lackey, and “the Burnet Moth’, while
a few species are illustrated with their larvae and pupae, and
a few more as adults only.
The book is printed in large type on good paper and is
strongly bound in boards with a coloured illustration of the
Peacock Butterfly on the cover.—S.N.A.J.
From Ingvar Svensson I[ have a separate of his paper
Seandinavian Bucculatrix Z. (Lep. Bucculatricidae) from
Eni. Scand. 2 (1971), 99-109.
The author mentions 17 species from Scandinavia pointing
out that this is only a few less than the total number of species
recorded from Europe. He first tabulates these species against
their foodplants, then he discusses distribution and nomen-
clature. He then goes through the species mentioning the
main characteristics of each, and illustrates these 17
species with 24 photographs of the right hand wings, and
showing the range of variation of some species. These photo-
graphs are followed by drawings of the male and female
genitalia of the species. It will be of interest to note that the
author, after consulting Mr W. G. Tremewan of the B.M., sinks
B. merei Pelham-Clinton in B. capreella H. Krogerus.—S.N.A.J.
364 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/XI/71
From Dr Dalibor Povolny I have four separates: Eine
notwendige nomenklatorische Anderung im Rahmen der Gat-
tung Scrobipalpi Janse (Lepidoptera, Celechiidae). Acta en-
tomologica Bohemoslovaca 68: 207 (1971) Two important
changes in the nomeclature of two species of the genus Scro-
bipalpa are necessary: the recently described Scrobipalpa
obrteliana Pov. is a distinct subspecies of Scrobipalpa wilt-
shirei Povolny, 1966. The new taxonomic status is; Scrobi-
palpa wiltshirei obrteliana stat. nov. To avoid the primary
homonymy of the recently published Scrobipalpa wiltshiret
Povolny, 1971 (nec S. wiltshirei Povolny 1966) a new name is
applied, viz. Scrobipalpa walsinghami nom. nov. These two
errors originated in a misunderstanding which took place in
a proof.
The paper is in German with the above abstract in English.
Zur Fauna, der Tribus Gnorimoschimini (Lepodptera,
Gelechiidae) in Nordwestafrika: Acta ent. bohemoslav 68: 23-
44 (1971) describes 9 new species of the genus Scrobipalpa,
with illustrations of genitalia details. Bedeutsame fauni-
stische und taxonomische Entdeckungen bei den Scrobipalpa-
Arten (Lep. Gelechiidae) in Mitteleuropa: Zeitschrift der
Wiener Ent. Gesellschaft 54 Jg.: 71-78. mentions five species.
with a name change in the case of one. There are male and
female genitalia drawings. Scrobipalpa (Euscrobipalpa)
delattini sp. n. eine neve Gelechiidenart (Lep.) aus der Samm-
lung von Prof. G. de Lattin: Abhandlungen der Arbeitsgemein-
schaft fur tierund pflanzengeographische Heimatforschung im
Saarland 2: 3-5. describes this new species with a drawing of
the adult insect and male and female genitalia.
A joint paper by Dr Povolny, Karel Spaizer and Jaroslav
Marek entitled Nachtrag zur Noctuidenfauna des stidbohmi-
schen Hochmoores bei Liborezy nebhst Bemerkungen zu
einigen Noctuidenfunden auf Hochmooren in Siidbohmen
Acta faunistica ent. Musei nat. Pragae 13: 119-122, mentions
eight species with a plate illustrating Hypenodes humidalis
Doubleday enlarged X 2,—S.N.A.J.
Proceedings and Transactions of The British Entomological
and Natural History Society, Vol. 4, Part 2, gives accounts
of the ordinary meeting on 14.1.1971 and the Annual General
Meeting on 28.i1.1971, also the ordinary meeting on 11th
February, 1971. The President’s address is printed in full,
the scientific part being on the subject of the study of acari-
insecta associations, illustrated by drawings and photographs
S.N.A.J.
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CONTENTS
Butterflies in the Island of Rhodes, May 1971. R. F. BRETHERTON,
C.B., M.A., F.R.E.S. : Bis 55 a0
Erebia aethiops Esp. ab. infasciata Warren (Lep. Satyridae) with
coloured plate. A. D. A. RUSSWURM sx :
Maniola jurtina Linn: A Breeding Experiment. Major General C. G.
LIPSCOMB
Second Brood of Sterrha trigeminata Haw. D. O'KEEFFE
The Systematics of the Charaxidae (Lepidoptera: Nymphamoidea).
Av HB: RY DON. Bb eReES: a = £e
Infurcitinea argentimaculella Staint. (Lep. Tineidae) in Herts. E. S.
BRADFORD
Dingle, 1971. H. C. HUGGINS, F.R.E.S.
Butterflies in the City of London. J. A. C. GREENWOOD
A Holiday in the East Pyrenees, June-July 1970 with Notes on the
Lepidoptera observed by E. P. WILTSHIRE we
Applied Ecology used against a Fly Pest problem in Australia.
Australian News and Information Bureau ..
A Variety of Syrphus albostriatus Fallén (Diptera, Syrphidae). A. J.
BROWN, F.R.E.S. ae 4: ae »: af Ms
Plusia gamma L. and Nomophila noctuella Schiff. in South Devon.
H. L. OHEFFERNAN
Curious behaviour of larva of Acherontia atropos L. Hea:
O’HEFFERNAN
Larvae of Phaulernis dentella Zeller (Lep. Tineina). J. M.
CHALMERS-HUNT
Nepticula decentella H.-S. (Lep. Tineina). J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT
Notes on some Breconshire Lepidoptera. J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT
Nepticula filipendulae Wocke (Lep. Tineina) in Sussex. J. M.
CHALMERS-HUNT e , a as :
Lysandra bellargus in Kent. E. F. HANCOCK
Stenoptilia saxifrage Fletcher in Yorkshire. F. HARRISON ..
Purple Emperor in Surrey. J. A. C. GREENWOOD
Possible occurrence of Argynnis cydippe (adippe) in Kintyre. J. L.
CAMPBELL Me ate 35
Current Literature
327
333
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335
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343
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This book, the only modern comprehensive survey in English
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Nematocera, the Brachycera, the Cyclorrhapha Aschiza, the
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PLATE XIII
365
On the Persian Forms of Pieris pseudorapae Vty.
By B. C. S. WaRREN, F.B.E.S.
In the summer of 1970 the National Natural History
Museum of Czechoslovakia sent an entomological expedition
to Persia under the control of Dr Josef Moucha, chief of the
department of entomology in that Museum. At his request I
have been glad to study the specimens of the napi-group they
captured. They were all Pieris pseudorapae. The species was
scarce everywhere. All were taken at altitudes between about
900 and 3,200 m. In past years I had seen a few specimens
taken by individual collectors, but as always in such cases if a
collector takes a few ‘‘whites”, he selects the finest examples,
and this gives one little information as to what the characters
of the local race actually are. It was therefore interesting and
instructive to get even short series of the insect from three
widely separated localities, between the Zagros Mountains in
west Iran and a locality 10 km. south of Gorgan in the north-
east area, including some from the Shah Mohammed Reza Wild
Life Park about 80 km., east of Gorgan. Here they collected
from the 27th to 30th of July. A third locality where they found
a few specimens was Rubarak in the Caspian region of north
Iran. In addition to these there were a few specimens each
from four other localities. In all they collected in the country
from Ist July to the middle of August. As noted all they took
were of the hybrid race pseudorapae, easily recognisable by
their appearance and the androconial scales.
There were two sizes of the insect everywhere, a medium
one (length of forewing 25-28 mm. from the centre of the
thorax to the wing tip), and a small one (length of forewing
21-24 mm). I figure the latter as it might be mistaken for P.
rapae, both in size and absence of markings on the underside
of the hindwings; fig. 7 is a heavily marked specimen. All were
of the summer generations, and the same type of markings and
the same sizes occurred at every altitude and in every locality.
Having seen one of the small examples many years ago from
over 10,000 ft. in the Mazanderan region of the Elburz Mts. I
had wondered if it was a monogenerational form. But we now
have proof that both forms fly together at all altitudes in Iran.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE
P. pseudorapae, summer generation, large type scale.
P. bryoniae, monogenerational scale.
P. pseudorapae, first or spring generation form scale.
P. napi, first or spring generation form scale.
P. pseudorapae, summer generation, small type of scale.
P. pseudorapae, male, first generation.
P. pseudorapae, summer generation, male of small form.
Butterflies natural size.
eT Co MoS
Seales all x 450 Photos. B. C. S. Warren.
366 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/XII/71
In his book on the Lepidoptera of Iraq (1957), Wiltshire states
that pseudorapae is a mountain species and there are three or
four successive generations. In Iran it seems the same is
the case. No first generation specimens were found by the
expedition even at the highest altitudes. Specimens from over-
wintering pupae have very broadly spreading markings on the
underside of the hindwings, as in fig. 6. The first generation
probably flies in May or June at moderate to high levels. In
Turkey, at sea level, it is on the wing in March and April. In
size the largest form of the insect that I know comes from the
Cilician Taurus, but it occurs again in the far east in the Tian
Shan. (Length of forewing from centre of thorax 28-31 mm.).
The universal presence of two sizes in Persia is remarkable, but
even more remarkable is the presence of two types of adrocon-
ial scales in specimens of either size. These scale types are
obviously connected with the hybrid origin of the insect which
in fact they illustrate very strikingly. Doubtless there are
some who will not accept these scale characters at their obvious
value, and will continue to say pseudorapae is a subspecies of
P. napi and seek to prove this by crossing pseudorapae and
typical napi. I have not the least doubt the two will be found
to breed together readily, as napi and any other species of the
group will, and indeed many species of other groups also will.
It is difficult to understarnd how the fact of fertility, which is
known to appear in practically every modern experiment, can
be advanced as “proof” that all the insects experimented on
must be conspecific. It may be recalled that fertility follows
most crossbreeding experiments in the Heterocera as well as
Rhopalocera. If such fertility were the true criterion of a
species how many of our Hawk moths now called species would
become races? One may recall the paper by Denso (Bull. Soc.
Lép. Genéve 1905, Vol. I; 84-97). Here he records fertile
crosses between vespertilio, hippophaes, galii, euphorbiae,
elpenor and porcellus, and employs at least eight names for
hybrid races that have been frequently bred. Of course he was
not the only worker interested in such work at that time, and
I need scarcely remind readers of the many crosses between
quercus and ocellatus made in this country. Further it is
common knowledge that fertility between distinct species
occurs not infrequently in wider fields of Zoology also.
The following remarks caught my eye just by chance, but
they seem worthy of mention. When looking over Cowards
“Birds of the British Isles” I noticed he referred to species
“breeding together yet remained distinct”. Thus the Carrion
Crow and the Hooded Crow are said ‘‘when their ranges over-
lap” to cross and are fertile, yet ‘their striking differences
remain distinct” (l.c. Vol. I, p. 23); later with reference to
certain “Wagtails’’, “the birds interbreed and are fertile’ (as
the two Crows already mentioned) “yet according to the
majority these two Crows are specifically distinct” (l.c. Vol. 3,
p. 65).
Yet again a year or so ago in an account of the European
PERSIAN FORMS OF PIERIS PSEUDORAPAE VTY 367
and American Bisons, known as Bison bonasus (Europe), and
B. bison (American), I read, “‘although they cross easily without
any loss of fecundity they are today regarded as separate
species” (Oryx, Vol. 6, p. 18, Augt. 1961).
These are but a couple of chance instances but they show
that in the higher branches of Zoology fertility cannot be held
to be a faculty limited to conspecific races. Thinking that the
frequent references to fertility as “proof” of specific unity
must therefore rest on some established facts probably of
earlier date, I looked over what Darwin had established on the
question. There can have been no past or modern worker
who accumulated such extensive data covering so wide a range
in Zoology and Botany as he had. One or two notes on his
elaborate researches show results that might not have been
expected. The following are from the “Origin of Species” (6th
Edition, Murray’s Library, reprinted Feb. 1921).
Here he writes (p. 226), ‘““But the fertility of first crosses is
likewise annately variable; for it is not always the same in
degree when the same two species are crossed under the same
circumstances; it depends in part upon the constitution of the
individuals which happen to have been chosen for the experi-
ment’. Modern experiments in Lepidoptera certainly support
this remark.
A little further on (l.c. p. 227), he writes: “No one has been
able to point out what kind or what amount of difference, in
any recognisable character, is sufficient to prevent two species
crossing. It can be shown that plants most widely different in
habit and general appearance, and having strongly marked
differences in every part of the flower, even in the pollen, in the
fruit, and in the cotyledons, can be crossed. Annual and peren-
nial plants, decidous and evergreen trees, plants inhabiting
different stations and fitted for extremely different climates,
can often be crossed with ease’.
Still further on (l.c. p. 242), ‘from these several considera-
tions we may conclude that fertility does not constitute a
fundamental distinction between varieties and species when
crossed’’.
It is unquestionable that the result of Darwin’s lengthy and
wide-ranging studies led him to conclude that the presence or
absence of fertility was immaterial, of no particular significance
in the separation of species and races. I can only conclude that
fertility in crosses is so normal a phenomenon that it is its
occasional absence that has given rise to the unproveable
assumption that “ a degree of fertility” is a “proof”’.
But we must now return to the development of the andro-
conial scales in pseudorapae.
The primary fact is that two recognisable types of these
scales exist, and that both are transitional between the scales
of bryoniae and napi. Of these two types fig. 1, shows the
larger, and fig. 5, the smaller. It may be well to consider the
scales of typical napi and bryoniae first, as there often seems
uncertainty about these in spite of the number of times they
368 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/XII/71
have been figured in the past. In napi the body of the scale,
or basal part, is roughly more circular in form, and the lines of
the sides curve in very abruptly to the constriction of the neck,
or terminal shaft of the scale. (See fig. 4).
In bryoniae the body is more oval, narrower and longer,
and the side lines slant in a more gradual curve into the neck
contraction (see fig. 2). The actual portion of the neck in
which the two side lines are exactly parallel, is slightly longer
in bryoniae than in napi.
The larger of the pseudorapae types of scale is larger than
in either napi or bryoniae, with the body less circular than in
napi and less evenly oval than in bryoniae, and with the
sides not infrequently somewhat flattened in places, and the
contraction to the neck more as in bryoniae. It can be said on
the whole that pseudorapae scales have the body more as napi,
but often larger, and the neck more as in bryoniae. In the
smaller form of scale in pseudorapae the body is reduced in
size but still of the more circular form, and the neck a reduced
bryoniae form but long (see fig. 5). The two types of the
pseudorapae scale are obviously different from each other in
development and outline, and neither could be mistaken for
the other or for typical napi or bryoniae. There is of course,
as in all androconial scales variatiion, especially in the hybrid
insects and some times distortion and lack of symmetrical per-
fection. For the plate I have selected symmetrical examples.
Both are of the summer generations. Fig 3 is a normal first ge-
neration type. I have seen another first generation form which
is practically wedge-shaped; there is no contraction between
the termination of the scale and the broadest part of the body.
This is quite a normal type in P. ochsenheimeri, and very likely
is a result of some chance connection with that species in the
past, for pseudorapae has an immense distribution. It spreads
from one side of Iran to the other and far to the west to the
sea, and further still to the east to the Tian Shan, but for some
strange reason is not known in Afghanistan.
The scale forms are common to both sizes of the insect in
Iran, which is a remarkable example of how distinctly a hybrid
race can reproduce compound formations, once it has crossed.
From such developments it follows that fertility is but a phase
of growth, it is only restricted in operation by physical limita-
tions. An abnormal cross can only produce abnormal offspring,
they must, and do, differ in various respects from either parent;
an undeniable proof that the latter are not both the same; but
this does not stop them growing.
The proces of growth is predominant, controlling every
phase of existence, from the absence of perpetual uniformity to
the production of the most extreme variant. For this reason
the importance of structural change cannot be overestimated,
we have only to look at the wonderful changes of appearance
achieved by mimetical causes which leave structural formation
entirely unaltered. It is such demonstrations of the unity of
structure and specific nature, that give one complete confi-
PIERIS SPECIMENS FOR ANDROCONIA 369
dence in structural characters as guides to the recognition or
separation of species. Structure and specific nature have grown
as one, united from the start, and should some deviation have
arisen, with growth this can only increase and the two become
ever further divided. Two structural forms cannot unite again
into one, growth can only increase the difference.
Pieris Specimens for Androconia: the end of the
“Hybrid Species’?
By S. R. BOWDEN
Warren (1971) has given an account of events which led
him to reject bred specimens for use in his androconial work,
and to advise others to do likewise. It will, however, be neces-
sary to go further back, to understand what happened.
I never quite followed Mr Warren in his association of de-
formed scales with hybridity. I wrote to him (in 1966) that
the bryoniae Xoleracea specimens had shown that inter-
specific hybrids need not have any deformed scales, so that
the precise cause of deformation (when it occurred) was rather
obscure. I was at that time unable to begin any systematic
study of androconia myself, because although the procedures
are simple they do consume some time, which was lacking.
Nevertheless, it would have saved us all a great deal of trouble
if 1 had pursued the matter then, and I am sorry that I did not.
The precise criteria by which hybrid-type scales are to be
recognised have not been entirely clear. Basal prongs tending
to an hour-glass shape, combined generally with asymmetry
of the whole scale (Warren 1966: figs. 5,9) would appear to
be the most characteristic manifestation, others being subject
to intuitive interpretation.
In 1970-71 one of my first tasks was to show that other
factors besides hybridity could produce scales distorted in
this way. I looked at specimens from broods including also
partial cripples, and found what I expected. Some of these
were hybrids, and some were of subspecies that Warren
graded as “hybrid species.” To prove my point. I had to find
deformed scales in undoubted pure species. This I was able
to do most easily by looking at long-retarded ‘spring’? emer-
gences of English napi, Lappland adalwinda and Swiss bry-
oniae. Although the slides that I then sent to Mr Warren
showed many grossly abnormal scales, it was generally possible
to find normal ones predominating in brother butterflies.
Perhaps the worst conditions for the development of adult
Pieris are provided by post-diapause temperatures fluctuating
just above and just below the minimum required for imaginal
development to continue (ca 6°C ?). Unfortunately refrigera-
ting systems have their de-frosting periods and even temporary
failures. Sharp cooling of pupae after the initiation of deve-
lopment can be very deleterious (Bowden 1955). It is possible
370 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/XTI/71
that no abnormalities would be produced even by retardation
exceeding six months if the breeder could ensure a tempera-
ture continuously near 0°C.
“Summer” (non-diapause) individuals are of course not
retarded by the breeder and (unless very late in the season)
in nature too suffer fewer development-disturbances than the
“spring” butterflies. There is no obvious reason to prefer
wild to bred specimens of this emergence, since the difference
is likely to be no greater than between two wild samples. One
cannot, unfortunately, altogether confine oneself to these “S”
individuals, because some populations produce none, and the
single brood is certainly not the equivalent of the summer
brood, though it might sometimes be convenient if it were.
Many hybrids suffer diapause disturbances, leading in
some cases to delayed emergence or to the death of one sex
before eclosion (Bowden and Easton 1955). In these cases
any scale-distortion really is (indirectly) due to hybridity, and
if the hybridization took place in the wild distortion would
still presumably occur. But such distortion would not
suffice as evidence of hybridity. Even in the wild, pupae are
often subject to irregular temperature regimes.
Something of this kind may have affected wild-caught
specimens on which Warren has erected his “hybrid species.”
I do not think it necessary to suppose that anything very
unusual should have happened to them: the normal variation
between adjacent androconia shows that they are sensitive to
the slightest of local influences.
Mr Warren says (1971) that he has had specimens from me
that gave perfectly developed scales, and he suggests that
these were from eggs of wild females. In nearly all cases, I
think, they were not. There is no foundation for the supposi-
tion that continued captive breeding alters what he calls
“specific nature”. Of course the recessive lethals and sub-
lethals present in most wild Pieris stocks cause trouble if con-
continued in-breeding is practised.
Warren’s identification of the Corsican and certain other
“Pieris napi” populations as “hybrid species” depended on an
androconial comparison with hybrids of mine which he now
rejects (for this purpose, rightly). In these specimens the
presence of “hybrid” scales was never a direct consequence
of hybridity, but of disturbance which could have had many
origins, e.g. interrupted imaginal development. Nothing re-
mains to associate any scale abnormality unequivocally with
hybrid origin. Warren has examined (1970) some supposed
wider hybrids of natural origin and found these to have
scales free from deformity, so he cannot be surprised that
his criterion has proved illusory. For it would be odd if re-
latively close hybrids were more severely disturbed than those
between remote taxa.
So all the “hybrid species” revert to normal subspecies,
which in any particular case may or may not deserve specific
rank. In the words of T. H. Huxley, among the greatest tra-
BUTTERFLIES IN ARCTIC SCANDINAVIA, 1971 ofl
gedies of science is the slaying of beautiful hypotheses by
ugly facts.
I must strongly advise those studying androconia for taxo-
nomic purposes to disregard all deformed scales entirely; when
many are present on a specimen it will be safest to transfer
attention to another individual.
I am still convinced that Pierine androconia, difficult as
they may be to interpret, are of high value in the study of
relationships. We must be grateful to Mr Warren for taking
these attractive structures and squeezing them very hard in-
deed to get the last drop of information out of them.
References
Bowden, S. R., 1955. Interrupted imaginal development: experiments
on pupae of Pieris napi Entomologist 88, 107-108
Bowden, S. R. and N. T. Easton, 1955. Diapause and death: further
observations on imaginal development in Pieris hybrids. Entomo-
logist, 88: 174-178, 204-210.
Warren, B. C. S., -966. On the nature and origin of certain races of
.... Pieris. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 78; 57-65
Warren, B. C. S., 1970. Some aspects of hybridization and their signi-
ficance. Ibid. 82: 305-313.
Warren, B. C. S., 1971. Incomplete development ... of scales ... in
specimens bred in captivity. Ibid. 83: 147-148
Butterflies in Arctic Scandinavia, 1971
By M. R. SHAW
It has frequently been emphasised in the various
entomological journals that collecting butterflies in the
European Arctic is always something of a gamble. While it is
potentially an immensely rich region, the onset of the entom-
ologically brief summer season regularly varies by as much
as two or three weeks from year to year, and in a manner
which seems impossible to predict at a usefully early date.
Also the weather is so notoriously unstable that several un-
fortunate would-be collectors making relatively brief trips
have had to come back without seeing the sun. This year, my
wife and I were able to take a complete month’s holiday, which
we felt would best be used in fulfilling a long-standing ambition
to collect in the Arctic. With a whole month we were sure
we would see something of at least the commoner butterflies,
and we tried to arrange our dates so as to arrive in time for
the early flying species, yet still be there when the later species
started to emerge. From a survey of the literature it seemed
to me that Abisko was on the whole a little later than the
northern Norwegian fjords, and thus it should be possible to
arrive at Abisko and collect “early” species for a while, then
to move northwards towards the remains of the Gulf Stream
at lower altitudes and find the “late” species flying perhaps a
couple of weeks earlier than they would at Abisko.
Sie ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/XII/71
Our collecting was confined to only two areas: Abisko
(22.6.71-1.7.71 and 15/16.7.71) at 68° 23’ N. in Swedish Lapland,
and Gargia (4.7.71-12.7.71) at 69° 48’ N. just south of Alta in
the Norwegian province of Finmark. Even though we had no
car, we were able to see something of all the exclusively
Arctic butterflies as well as most of the boreal races of the
more widely distributed species inhabiting the region. Our
luck in this stemmed from several factors. Firstly, we had
exceptionally warm and sunny weather and of the 25 days we
spent in the Arctic we had only six wholly useless days, three
of which were in any case to be spent in travelling between
Abisko and Gargia, and really it was not until our last few
days at Gargia that the weather stimulated bad language
at all. Secondly the weather in the “Far North” had been
better than average for the previous two summers, which had
probably had a beneficial effect on butterfly populations since
insects increase in numbers faster than their predators when
conditions are good. Thirdly, at Abisko an early warm spring
had been followed by a colder spell just before we arrived;
this appeared to have the effect of condensing the season
since pupae due to emerge during the poor weather were
retarded, while the species which had still a few weeks before
emergence seemed to be more influenced by the subsequent
good weather (and perhaps by the prolonged warmth of
spring), and so still emerged early. Lastly we met some very
kind and helpful people—in particular Herr. Schliiter from
Denmark and his family, whom we met towards the end of
our first stay at Abisko. The Schliiters have specialised over
the past decade in collecting Arctic butterflies, and we
benefited enormously from their expert advice and know-
ledge. It was the Schliiter family who suggested that we
abandon our rather vague and ill-defined plans to explore the
Laxefjord (on reflection this would have been idiotic without
a car) and visit Gargia instead, where we did extremely well.
They also showed us a small but teeming locality in the hills
behind Bjorkliden where we spent a most enjoyable and
profitable day collecting together.
We arrived at Abisko on 22.6.71, and stayed in the Tourist-
station (ca. 350 m.) until 2.7.71. Abisko is sufficiently well-
known to need no further description, and much has been said
about the inconvenience of the National Park (by some con-
sidered to be even more of a bane than the Arctic mosquitos),
though in fact most of the really good collecting ground in
the general area lies outside the Park. Mt. Nuolja is certainly
a serious loss to the collector, but better high ground exists
over the lake (where there is a mountain hut with bunks and
cooking facilities) since Clossiana polaris Bdv., C. chariclea
Schneider and C. improba improbula Bryk. all occur here,
while only the last is found on Nuolja. As for the low ground,
we found no need to go further than Abisko Ostra about a
mile from the hotel and just outside the Park, where a lot
of easily accessible, varied and marshy ground is well popu-
BUTTERFLIES IN ARCTIC SCANDINAVIA, 1971 373
lated with butterflies. Apart from the three trips to more
specialised biotypes outlined below, we did all our collecting
at Abisko in that direction, and did not find it necessary to
cover large distances.
The mosses at Stordalen were visited on 23.6.71 and we
were fortunate in finding Erebia disa Thnbg. in much better
numbers than appear to have been noted previously. We saw
the first few at about 10.00 a.m. in blazing sunshine, keeping
very much to the wet and inaccessible parts of this large and
wild expanse of marsh, moss and lakes, where they were
almost impossible to catch. As the day wore on, but not
until we were wet through, they flew freely all over the moss,
and since both sexes were fresh and fully out we had no
trouble in selecting an adequate series. We probably could
have caught a couple of hundred had we so wished, and it
was our first indication that we were lucky both with the
season and with our timing to see this usually scarce insect
in such profusion. It hazed over and became very humid at
about 2.30 p.m., and although butterflies continued to fly we
were driven off by the mosquitos. That, too, was a taste of
things to come.
On 28.6.71 we went up Mt. Nuolja (by chair-lift to 900 m.)
in rather uncertain weather, arriving at about midday. C.
improba was quite common and very fresh by the lift-terminal
but unfortunately by the time we had got out of the Park
the sun had faded out and the wind became more descisive.
In spite of these difficulties a short series of improba was
taken, flying weakly in hazy sunshine but much more vigor-
ously during the few moments of unbroken sun that we had
near the edge of the Park. Not much else of interest was
taken, though we caught several brief glimpses of various
species kicked up into the wind and borne away. On the way
up, in the shelter of the birch woods beneath the lift, we saw
large numbers of Erebia pandrose Borkh., Colias nastes
werdandi Zett., and Pieris napi adalwinda Frhst., all three
species extending well above the tree-line, though the last did
not quite make 900 m.
Our only other attempt at collecting above the tree-line
during this period was made in the company of Herr. Schliiter
and his family on 30.6.71, when they showed us their favourite
spot in the hills behind Bjorkliden. Small calcarious out-
crops at about 550 m. broke a high plateau and supported a
goed variation of vegetation and insects, but unfortunately we
had picked a very windy day, and although the sun shone
strongly and continuously we had obviously not seen the
locality at its best. A couple of days previously Herr. Schliiter
had caught two Colias hecla sulitelma Aur. (a very early date
for this species at Abisko) and in previous years he had taken
Agriades glandon aquilo Bdv. here. Astragalus alpinus was
growing freely, and C. nastes was everywhere, apparently
unimpeded by the wind. Four or five C. hecla were seen, but
only two were caught, and Herr. Schliiter was extremely
374 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/XII/71
generous in giving me the only A. glandon aquilo taken. Pyrgus
andromedae Wallgrn. was common and fresh, and I also caught
an early Boloria napaea frigida Warren.
The birch zone and bogs around Abisko Ostra were very
productive, and we saw plenty of P. napi adalwinda, C. nastes,
Clossiana euphrosyne fingal Herbst., Clossiana freija Thnbg.,
Proclossiana eunomia ossianus Herbst., Euphydryas iduna
Dalman, Vacciniina optilete cyparissus Hb., and E. pandrose,
with smaller numbers of Pyrgus centaureae Rambur, Oeneis
norna Thnbg., and Clossiana frigga Thnbg. As we left Abisko,
Colias palaeno L., Boloria sifanica Gr.-Gr., and Clossiana selene
hela Stdgr. were beginning to emerge. Our second visit to
Abisko (15/16.7.71) is referred to later.
The journey by bus to Gargia, about 20 km. south of Alta
near the Alta river, took two full days, and we stayed in the
small Fjellstue, run by the Larsson family, from 3.7.71 until
12.7.71. Here we were received with great kindness and this
phase of our holiday was especially enjoyable. Gargia (ca.
150 m.) is in the birch zone, though less firmly so than Abisko
since in some parts quite extensive growths of fir were seen.
To the south and within easy walking distance is the large
hill Grénnasen (ca. 500 m.); beyond this the road winds away
over a high mountain plateau which would probably be well
worth exploring. The tree-line on Groénnasen is at about
400 m. and above this the vegetation is complex and varied,
some parts being apparently calcarious with Dryas octopetala
and Astragalus alpinus while other areas (mostly gneiss and
quartzite) support a tangle of Betula nana, dwarf Salix,
Vaccinium uliginosum, and a wide range of related berry-
bearing plants (Ericaceae). Sizeable areas of the hillsides are
marshy and furnish the usual bog plants and insects at rather
lower densities than the lowland marshes, and several sparsely
vegetated screes provide useful sun-traps. We confined our
attention on the high ground near Gargia to south-facing
slopes, and here we were able to find very good concentra-
tions of some of the rarer Arctic specialities. In particular
Colias hecla was in profusion between 400 and 450 m.. when
it gave way to even larger numbers of Clossiana chariclea. It
was a great thrill to see this normally extremely scarce Arctic
fritillary so common, but although both sexes were fully out
and fresh I could not discover the foodplant by finding females
ovipositing. The Oeneis species on Gronnasen were also in-
teresting, with Oe. norna occurring to about 450 m., being
replaced higher up by Oe. bore Schneider. The presence of bore
is often open to doubt when it occurs near populations of
norna since high level forms of the latter are typically greyer
and more thinly scaled than is normal and spotting is con-
siderably reduced and can sometimes be absent. Despite these
superficial similarities the two taxa are easily separable by
dissection of the male genitalia, and these characters have
confirmed the presence of both species on Grénnasen. Other
interesting butterflies from this hill include a single moder-
BUTTERFLIES IN ARCTIC SCANDINAVIA, 1971 375
ately fresh female Colias nastes caught at 400 m. (just above
the tree-line) on 4.7.71. We spent quite a lot of time in
roughly the same place on subsequent days but saw no more,
and it seems probable that this specimen was a stray. It is
just outside the usual range of the species, and I believe the
first record for the area.
We met the Larsens, another Danish family collecting
butterflies, on 7.7.71 and enjoyed their company for three or
four days. Mrs Larsen caught a specimen of Clossiana polaris
near the roadside about a mile south of Grénnasen, and after
a good deal of searching in less than ideal conditions we
eventually caught three more between us in the same place.
I also caught a deformed male on Groénnasen but the existence
of a colony there could not be established, although it seems
unlikely that this individual had the flying power to cross the
lightly wooded and marshy valley separating it from the proven
colony a mile or so away. The superabundance of C. chariclea
and deteriorating weather spoiled our chances of assessing
the strength of the colonies, since polaris is notoriously
dependent on good weather for its activity. Although this
species has not recently been noted from these parts it seems
probable that the high mountain plateau south of Gargia
supports several colonies. The biotype in the two areas was
very similar; very shallow and predominantly dry south facing
valleys with a good variation of moorland plants none of
which, however, seemed commoner here than elsewhere near-
by. In both places Dryas octopetala was virtually absent; none
at all for a radius of 70 m. on Gronnasen, and for about 200 m.
around the colony to the south I could find only eight plants
comprising one small patch. This plant, which is commonly
but probably erroneously cited as the most likely foodplant
for C. polaris, was quite abundant in the general area but
repeated searches among it failed to produce the butterfly.
Most collectors with field experience of C. polaris are un-
convinced that Dryas octopetala is the foodplant, and Cassiope
tetragona has been mentioned as a possible alternative by
some Scandinavian authorities. The distribution of this plant,
as far as it is mapped, seems to correlate reasonably well with
that of the butterfly.
Three Erebia species were found near Gargia, and we
were particularly struck with the high degree of zoning be-
tween them. £E. disa was common around the tree-line on
Groénnasen, extending over quite a large area, and small
colonies existed elsewhere on high moorland and hilly slopes
as well as in its more usual marshy habitats. E. medusa
polaris Stdgr. was found commonly in a small area at 250-
500 m. by the roadside on the way to Grénnasen from Gargia,
and the ubiquitous E. pandrose filled the gaps. However, we
did not see much of the latter in areas where another Erebia
was flying, and it seemed that good numbers of only one
species were to be expected on any particular patch of ground.
The low ground near the Fjellstue at Gargia was varied
376 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15X71
and very productive. Open mixed fir and birch woodland with
large growths of Viola afforded Clossiana thore borealis
Stdgr., C. selene, C. euwphrosyne and the odd Colias palaeno,
while Rubus chamaemorus and Vaccinium uliginosum bogs
were alive with P. eunomia, C. frigga, B. sifanica, V. optilete
and smaller numbers of Oe norna, C. euphrosyne and C. freija.
Our departure from Gargia was made a good deal less of a
wrench by some retten weather on our last full day, when the
temperature was only 6° C at noon and a strong north wind
swirled drizzle around our lingering collecting hopes; but even
then it was hard to leave these idyllic surroundings and the
excellent hospitality of the Larssons. On our last day we met
a Norwegian collector, Herr. Luhr, but the poor weather gave
us no chance to collect together, though swapping notes was
helpful for the future. As we left Gargia the season was show-
ing the first signs of going over the top, and although every-
thing was still to be found in fresh condition at high levels,
some specimens at lower altitudes were becoming a little worn.
We had hoped to be able to compare the state of the season
in the two areas when we returned to Abisko on 15.7.71, but
unfortunately the weather at Abisko had recently been so
poor as to make any comparison futile. There was a little
fresh snow persisting above about 800 m., and it had been
cold and wet (with some sleet at the Touriststation) for almost
a week. The 15th of July was apparently the first warm or
sunny day for some time, and we collected around Abisko Ost
in the previously explored marshes. We found very little,
only P. napi adalwinda and C. palaeno being in worthwhile
condition or numbers, and of the fritillaries even B. sifanica
was in rags and scarce. It was difficult to say whether the
cold spell had actually finished the season or whether it had
merely postponed fresh emergences, but in either case it did
not seem worth collecting there again on our one remaining
day. Instead we revisited the limestone outcrops behind
Bjorkliden, and saw a lot more butterflies, many of which
seemed to be freshly emerged. In particular C. hecla and
even C. nastes were common and a few C. palaeno were caught
nearby. B. napaea and B. sifanica were both plentiful and as
soon as we arrived between 10.50 and 11.00 a.m. we caught
five fresh specimens of A. glandon aquilo in an area of only a
few square yards. In spite of concentrating our efforts for
this species and continuing good sunshine we saw no more
either here or in similar spots nearby; possibly this species is
at its most active early in the day.
We saw 29 species of butterfly while we were north of the
Arctic Circle, and with both of us working reasonably hard
there were times when we were catching useful material
faster than we could box it. At one stage we had shade tem-
peratures of around 30°C, and, but for the mosquites we could
have done without jerseys for most of the time.
In conclusion I would emphaise again that we were excep-
tionally fortunate this year, — it is said of collecting in the
BUTTERFLIES IN ARCTIC SCANDINAVIA, 1971 Sri
Arctic that one has to walk many miles to see butterflies; that
large areas seem to be wholly without them; that it is in no way
comparable with Southern Europe. That we found it in every-
way similar to collecting in Southern Europe should not be
taken as typical; it merely underlines our great fortune with
the all-important good weather.
Species seen in Arctic Scandanavia:
P. napi adalwinda: Very common and fresh (22.6.71) around
Abisko, especially near human habitation, but up to
nearly 900m. on Nuolja. Not seen at Gargia, but still in
reasonable condition when returned to Abisko on 15.7.71.
C. nastes werdandi: Common around Abisko from 22.6.71;
some still fresh at 550m. on 16.7.71. One female taken at
Gargia (4.7.71, 400m.) just outside its normal range.
C. hecla sulitelma: First seen in the hills behind Bjorkliden
(near Abisko) at 550m. on 27.6.71 by Herr. Schiiter and by
me three days later; still fresh and very much commoner
in the same place on 16.7.71 Common and fresh at Gargia
from 4.7.71.
C. palaeno: First seen at Abisko by Herr. Schliiter on 1.7.71.
At Gargia, single specimens widely distributed through-
out our stay. Past its best but common at Abisko on our
return! (lS:7 DL):
A. urticae: One or two battered examples at Abisko on 22.6.71
and larvae at various stages of growth all the time we
were there. My bred series is only slightly darker than
is usual for English specimens.
B. sifanica: First seen on 29.6.71 at Abisko; common here and
at Gargia for the remainder of our stay.
B. napaea frigida: One at 550m. in the hills behind Bjorkliden
(near Abisko) on 30.6.71; much commoner and still mostly
fresh in the same place on 16.7.71. At Gargia only found
in one small area just above the tree-line near Groénnasen.
. eunomia ossianus: Common and widespread in bogs at low
levels; first seen on 26.6.71 and hopelessly worn by 15.7.71.
. selene hela; Becoming widespread and abundant in open
woodland after 1.7.71.
. euphrosyne fingal: Common at low levels from 22.6.71, be-
coming worn by about 8.7.71.
. thore borealis: Only seen at Gargia, where it occurred in
several territorially small but abundant colonies among
Viola in the birch zone, but oddly enough only where
Junipera was also growing. Both sexes fresh.
C. frigga: First seen at Abisko on 26.6.71, but few and in only
one place. Much more widespread both above and below
the tree-line at Gargia, among the densest growth of
Rubus chamaemorus at the edges of bogs, and mostly
fresh throughout our stay.
C. improba improbula: Locally common and fresh in several
places on Mt. Nuolja at about 900m. (28.6.71).
C. freija: Fully out when we arrived at Abisko (22.6.71) and
not uncommon. Still fresh on high ground at Gargia, but
=o. apie 10
378 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/XII/71
worn at lower levels. Probably not a good year for this
species; although we found it singly over a great range
of terrain we never found it as commonly as others seem
to have done in the past.
C. polaris: One colony (4 specimens in all) south of Gargia at
500m. first noticed by Frau. Larsen, and a single speci-
men about a mile away on Grodnnasen. The only
previous record I can find for the area is a single dot on
Nordstrom’s distribution map apparently very near Alta.
C. chariclea: On Groénnasen and the mountains to the south at
450-550m.; excessively. common and fresh from 4.7.71
Females still active in dull weather, but males much more
dependant on sunshine.
E. iduna: Locally abundant in small pockets in the birch zone
at Abisko, typically at the edge of marshy areas. First
seen on 26.6.71 when it was universally fresh, but be-
comming hopelessly worn and much scarcer by 1.7.71.
Evidently a species of extremely brief duration, and it is
easy to understand why it is so often missed.
Oe. norna: Very scarce round Abisko from 26.6.71, but quite
well spread at Gargia above and below the tree-line,
generally near moisture. Rather variable; some speci-
mens from high altitudes have reduced spotting and are
greyer.
Oe. bore: At high levels on Groénnasen, above Oe. norna.
Not very common, and exasperatingly alert and agile on
the wing. Fresh from 4.7.71 until our departure. The
identification of this species has been checked by dis-
section.
E. ligea dovrensis: Only seen at Narvik on 15.7.71 when it
was common and fresh in poor weather.
E. disa: Very abundant and fresh at Stordalen (near Abisko)
on 23.6.71. Also found commonly around the tree-line
on and near Gronnasen at Gargia from 4.7.71 onwards.
E. medusa polaris: A locally abundant colony found by the
road from Gargia to Gronnasen. Fresh from 5.7.71 on-
wards.
. pandrose: Commonest on dry ground at all levels, fresh
at first but in varying stages of decay by the time we left.
_ rubi borealis: One worn female taken by Herr. Schliiter at
Abisko on 29.6.71.
optilete cyparissus: Common and widespread among
Vaccinium uliginosum, but not seen before 26.6.71.
. glandon aquilo: One taken by Herr, Schliiter on 30.6.71 at
550m. behind Bjorkliden (near Abisko), and five more
fresh specimens caught at the same place on 16.7.71.
P. icarus: One fresh female taken by Anna Schliiter at Abisko
on 29.6.71.
P. andromedae: Common at 550m. in the hills behind
Bjorkliden (near Abisko) on 29.6.71, and still reasonably
fresh on 16.7.71.
P. centaureae: One fresh female at Abisko on 1.7.71.
pe. Gate one ea
LEPIDOPTERA OF THE BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS 379
References
Schliter, Atalanta, 1968, 2, 74.
de Worms, C. G. M. Entomoiogist, 1951, 84, 121.
Johnson, G. Entomologist’s Record, 1960, 72, 203.
Johnson, G. Entomologist’s Record, 1964, 76, 259.
Gross, F. J. -Zur Systematik und Verbreitung der Arten der Gattung
Oeneis Hb.” Mitteilungen der Miinchner Entomologischen
Gesellschafte, 1968, 58, 1.
Nordstrom, F. “De Fennoscandiska Dagfjarilarnas Utbredning” Vol. 1,
Lund University 1955.
Hultén, E. “Atlas 6ver Vaxternas Utberdning i Norden” Stockholm,
1950-
44 Lovelace Avenue, Solihull, Warwicks.
A Sample of the Lepidoptera of the British
Virgin Islands
By J. A. C. GREENWooD, O.B.E., F.R.E.S. and Mrs D. F.
GREENWOOD
Mr and Mrs Percy Chubb of New York most kindly invited
us to visit their holiday home on Peter Island from 30th
January to Sth February, 1971. The island is 41. miles from
Tortola, the capital of the territory, and is shaped rather like
a boomerang. Their estate forms the western one quarter of
the island and their 273 acres includes the highest point 387
feet above sea level.
The island is hilly and densely wooded so that, except for
a relatively small cultivated area near the house and jetty and
a path cut across the saddle back, it is difficult to move except
in the area of the beaches. Other parts of the island can only
be reached by boat.
The British and U.S. Virgin Islands are intermingled and
consist of a large number, the exact total depending on the
enumerator’s definition of an island, varying in size from little
more than a large rock up to many square miles in area.
From almost any point at least a dozen other islands can be
seen. They are thought to be the surviving tops of mountain
ranges which have been almost submerged and _ heavily
abrased. Titled strata are apparent and there are numerous
coral reefs.
Just south and very close to Peter Island is Norman’s Is-
land which is supposed to be the setting used by R. L. Steven-
son for ‘Treasure Island”. Just to the north is Dead Chest
Island which is alleged to be the ‘‘Dead Man’s Chest” of the
song. It has no harbour and no fresh water.
The weather during our stay was superb, with day tem-
peratures in the eighties Fahrenheit and nights only a few
degrees cooler. Occasional showers kept the vegetation fresh,
and frangipanni, hibiscus and oleander flourish.
380 ENTOMOLOGIST ’S RECORD 15/XI11/71
So far as we could establish few entomologisis appear to
have visited the islands and we believe that it is unlikely that
any collecting at all had been done on Peter Island. On our
way home we learnt from a fellow passenger on the little in-
ter-island plane that an American entomologist was studying
the genetics of one of the local moths (name not known) which
our informant said was such a weak flier that is was unable
to cross the sea between the islands and had consequently
developed a number of distinct races. We wondered whether
this was a species with an apterous female, but could obtain
no more information.
Mrs Chubb very kindly replaced the normal yellow electric
bulb on the patio by an ordinary tungsten bulb and this
attracted many of the moths which we recorded.
Through the kindness of Mr Rowan Roy of Tortola, we
were able to spend an afternoon in an excellent area of that
island and he caught for us a number of moths which were
attracted by his house lights during our stay. He also showed
us a magnificent collection of local shells which he had built
up over the years.
Birds are very numerous on Peter Island and the bay below
the house was the hunting ground for a large number of peli-
cans and boobies who were enjoying a splendid diet of fresh
fish amongst the myriad shoals which were so clearly visible
in the water.
Near the house two species of humming bird were con-
stantly visiting the hibiscus and other flowers.
The island has no poisonous snakes, no large wild animals
and apart from a few gnats and mosquitoes the only un-
friendly things we saw were a scorpion, some paper wasps
(the local legend says of these that one species stings only on
Fridays and the other all the time) and, of course, every con-
ceivable variety of thorn and prickle, not excluding the bot-
tom of the sea with its crop of graceful, but painful, black sea
urchins.
We recorded 22 species of butterfly, a list of which with
brief comments on some, follows. Identification of the moths
particularly the smaller ones, presents a good deal of diffi-
culty. However we were delighted to find that the British
Museum was glad to add quite a large proportion of our
catch to the National Collection.
A moth which is sometimes very abundant, but which was
not in evidence during our visit, is the large Hawk Moth
Pseudosphinx tetrio L. whose great and conspicuous larvae
almost defoliate the frangipanni trees Plumiera rubra and P.
alba. It is common enough to be a pest. The same remark
applies to a red and yellow larva (perhaps that of a big skip-
per) which does considerable damage to a garden lily. We
saw a few of them and obvious evidence of their depredations.
One rather eerie experience when walking amongst under-
growth near the beaches is to stand still for a few seconds
when a rustling sound grows louder and louder as the hermit
LEPIDOPTERA OF THE BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS 381
land crabs, who withdraw into their shells at the noise of
one’s approach, begin to stretch their legs and start on their
endless search for food or new shells of a more comfortable
size.
To anyone fortunate enough to be able to visit this area we
can only say that, whatever your interests, you will find your
stay a constant delight.
Our sincere thanks are due to Baron de Worms and the
officials of the British Museum (Natural History) for most
invaluable help in identification.
RHOPALOCERA
Heliconius charitonius L. The commonest butterfly in
shady areas. Sometimes up-
wards of a dozen resting on a
single bush. The yellow and
black stripes make them sur-
prisingly elusive. Great vari-
ation in size.
Phoebis eubule L. A few in the northern part of
the island only.
Agriades vanillae L. A beautiful, silver spotted fri-
tillary. Plentiful in cleared
areas. A very graceful flight.
Didonis biblis L. Few seen and all worn.
Junonia lavinia L. Very few.
Eurema lisa Bois & Only one, northernmost point
Leconte. of island.
Appius drusilla Cr. The only white we saw. Fairly
numerous but usually well out
of reach. Males and females
very different.
Dryas julia Fab. Two seen on Tortola.
Thecla bubastus Cr. Only one very worn.
Thecla acis Drury Extremely abundant in a few
very confined spots near acacia
bushes.
Thecla columella Fab. Few seen.
Hemiargus thomasi A large, well marked blue. Only
Clench 3 in the same spot on different
days.
Hemiargus hanno Stoll Very scarce and local.
Leptotes cassius Cr Ss.sp.
chadwickii Numerous.
Urbanus dorantes Stoll A large tailed skipper. Quite
common. A very fast flier.
Urbanus proteus L. A large skipper without tails.
Very plentiful especially on
Tortola where it swarmed in the
area of a slave graveyard where
water erosion has exposed
382 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/XI/71
Megasias tripunctatus
Latreille
Pyrgus oileus L.
Pyrgus communais
Grote
Choranthes vitellius Fab.
Polites otho Smith
Polygonus leo Guelin
HETEROCERA
Acratodes noctuata Guen.
Aerolophus sp.
bones. This species always
seems to rest on the underside
of a leaf.
Occasional but widely spread.
A “black and white” skipper
with blue shading. Very com-
mon in the hottest places.
A black and white skipper.
Fairly numerous.
A small skipper. Very few seen.
A very small skipper. Only one
near house.
An orange and black skipper,
quite numerous.
Anticarsia gemmatalis Hub.
Argyria sp near pusillalis Hub.
Ascalapha odorata L. One very worn specimen of this huge
noctuid to the patio light
Azeta versicolor Fab.
Bendis cinerea Butler
Bendis formularis Hub.
Calidota form of strigosa Fab.
Caularis undulans Walker
Composia credula Fab.
Desmia internicalis Guen.
? S.sp. NOv.
Desmia sp. near ufues Cram.
Diaphania hyalinata L.
Diaphania nitidalis Cram.
Dishogama redtenbacheri Lederer
Drepanodes santiago Guen.
Ecapatheria icasia gualdulpensis Ob.
Epicasia cerata Fab.
Erastria decrepetaria Hub.
Ereta vittata Fab.
Ethmia confusella Wlk.
Eublemma cinnamonnea H-Sch.
Gerespa contorta Guen.
Gerespa familica Guen.
Herpetogramma phaecopteralis Guen.
Lamprosema indicata Fab.
Lobocleta sp. near borunta
Schaus.
Murgisca sp near cervinalis Wlk. ? sp. nov.
Mythimna polita Wlk.
Paectes obrotunda Guen.
Perigea albigera Guen.
Phurys crucis Fab.
Pilocrosis lauralis Wk.
LEPIDOPTERA OF THE BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS 383
Pilocrosis sp. near gastralis Guen.
Pionia seriopunctalis Hampson.
Pionia sp.
Prodenia ornithogalli Guen.
Protambulix strigilis L. One specimen of this large hawk on
Tortola.
Racheospila herbaria Fab.
?Racheospila isolata Warren ? sp. nov.
Radata cubalis Schaus
Salobrena rubiginea Hampson
Sphacelodes vulneraria Hub.
Sylectra erecata Cram.
Sylepta helcitalis Wik.
Sylepta internitalis Guen.
Sylepta sp. near gordialis Guen.
Synclera jarbusalis Wk.
Trichoptilus congrualis Wlk. (the only ‘‘plume”’ seen).
Uthethesia ornatrix L.
Xyleutes jamaicensis Schaus.
Xyleutes punctifer Hampson
Xylophanes pluto Fab. A fine hawk moth. One only on Tor-
tola.
Zamagiria sp.
It is interesting to speculate on the results if an M.V. light
were used. The low powered tungsten bulb on the patio some
distance from the uncultivated area attracted a hundred or
more moths in a few hours each night. Electricity for the house
is supplied by generator.
Other orders
There are no rivers or permanent fresh water ponds on
Peter Island, but near the highest point we saw a few dragon
flies which may have bred in casual water in tree stumps or
decaying cacti. ‘
Obviously there are many species of Hymemoptera. The
most interesting species which we saw was one specimen of
Pepsis rubra Drury. This extraordinary wasp, known as the
tarantula hawk, has the head of a wasp, the legs of a beetle
and a large very hard black body. In flight the bright red
wings give the appearance of a moth. Its main food is stated
to be spiders, which are very abundant on the island, so that
it was, perhaps, only justice that, when we disturbed the
specimen from a sage bush, it flew away at great speed and
would certainly have escaped had it not become entangled in
a tough spider’s web for long enough for us to reach it. The
males are smaller with blue-blackwings.
384 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD 15/ XU TA
The Systematics of the Charaxidae (Lepidoptera:
Namphaliodea)
By A. H. B. Rypon, F.R.E.S.
(Concluded from p. 341)
Before concluding this paper on the Charaxidae, I think
a few notes on the somewhat contentious subject of the phyl-
ogeny of the family would not out of place here. As already
noted above, Doherty (1886) maintained that a study of the
eggs revealed the true “line of descent’ of the butterfly
families, from which study he placed the Charaxidae between
the Nymphalidae and the Limenitididae. Muller (1886), from
a comparative examination of the larvae, also considered the
Charaxid genera to be ancestrally related to the Limenitids.
Reuter (1896, pp. 556-557), chiefly on the basis of the palps,
divided the Nymphaloid genera into four families, namely
Libytheidae, “‘Danaididae”, Satyridae, and Nymphalidae, to
which he gave separate limbs on his family-tree of the
Rhopalocera (shown in the chart at the end of his book). His
“‘Nymphalidae” he divided into three branches, i.e. Acraeinae,
Heliconiinae, and Nymphalinae (sensu Kirby); the latter sub-
family, as we have already learned elsewhere, he subdivided
into fifteen tribes of which two, i.e. the ‘““Nymphalidi” (based
on Charaxes) and the Anaeidi (or Anaeinae), occupy separate
twigs or branchlets at the top of the same branch on his
family-tree, from which the Limenitids are also shown to have
sprung. Grote (1898, p. 39), however, in his paper on the
specializations of the lepidopterous wing, said the ““Nymphali-
dae proper” appeared to be dichotomous, in that in the first
group (‘represented by the Argynninae, running into the
Nymphalinae’’) veins 7 and 8 of the forewing were short (the
so-called “short forks’’), whereas in the second group these
veins were long (the “long forks’’). Grote was of the opinion
that the Charaxinae (or Charaxidae) represented an “earlier
condition of the Nymphalids’’, and contended that the trans-
formation of the ‘“‘long forks” into “short forks” was inevitable,
giving Anaea (in which vein 8 had progressed towards the
outer margin of the forewing) as an example of such a trans-
formation. ‘But,’ he said, “other characters considered, the
existing “long forks” (e.g. Consul, Charaxes, Hypna, Prepona,
etc., Auct.) seem to hold together on a distinct phylogenetic
line.” Other venational anomalies found in the Charaxidae
have also been treated of by Rothschild and Jordan (1898,
pp. 556-557) who pointed out that the position of the lower
discocellular vein in the hindwing of certain species of
Charaxes (e.g. Ch. protoclea protoclea Feisthamel) was more
basad in the female than in the male, which indicated that
the female sex was in advance of the male sex. In Ch. proto-
clea azota Hewitson, however, these authors said the disco-
cellular vein in both sexes was in the same position as the
“more advanced”? female of the nominate subspecies (i.e.
SYSTEMATICS OF THE CHARAXIDAE 385
protoclea), but the pattern of the wings of the male of the
latter was more specialized than in azota, hence “we have a
clear demonstration of the peculiar and very important
phenomenon which classifiers should always bear in mind,
that one and the same species (protoclea) is in one character
more specialized and in another more generalized than its ally
(azota); speaking of a species or family as being more special-
ized than another does not mean that the higher specialization
is found in all organs.” This being the case, I can only con-
clude by saying that the Charaxidae in some respects (e.g.
the wing-venation) appear to be generally more primitive than
the other Nymphaloid families, but in other respects (e.g. the
strong structure of the body, the pattern of the wings, the
early stages, and so on) they appear to be on a par with, if
not in advance of, those same families.
Postscript. Since writing the above paper, I have been
informed by Lt. Col. C. F. Cowan, in a letter to me dated 14.x.71
that the larvae and pupa of Prothoe franck, which I said (in
the first part of this paper, on p 230) I had not seen figured
anywhere in the literature, have in fact been figured by Roepke
(1938, Rhopalocera Jarvanica, pl. 27, figs 1, 2). I am grateful
to Lt. Col. Cowan for this piece of information. I also said,
on p. 229 that Charaxes jasius epijasius and Ch. castor fed on
Sorghum (Graminiae), but their caterpillars also fed on certain
dicotyledonous plants, i.e. epijasius on Gymnosporia (Celestra-
ceae) and Brachystegia (Caesalpinaceae), and castor on
Cranosporia also, as well as on Chaetacme microcarca
(Ulmaceae). This information I owe to Dr V. G. L. van Someren
and Mr D. G. Sevastopulo.
Mr Sevastopulo has also informed me (in litt., 27.x.71) that
the first instar larva of Euxanthe (which I said, on p. 228, does
not have horns on the head) does in fact have horns like those
of Charaxes, although van Someren and van Someren
(1926, p. 352) said the newly emerged larva of Euxanthe
ansellica “resembles that of Charaxes in having a pale olive
body and black head which, under a low magnification, is seen
to be covered with fine papillae” (which are not the same as
“horns’”). Mr Sevastopulo, however, says he has photos to
prove his point. It should be noted here, in passing, that the
first instar larva of Charazes also has a relatively long bifur-
cate tail-piece which becomes reduced in size in the later
instars—the reverse to what happens in the Archaeoprepona-
Agrias group of species in which the first instar larva does not
have a noticeably long tail-piece, but develops one in the later
stages (see figs. 7, 25, 26).
Errata.
(1). Page 228, 10 lines from the bottom.. ‘‘(figs. 19, 24)” should
read: (cf. figs. 17, 18, 19, 24).
(2). Page 310. “Explanation of Fig. 7.” should read: Archaeo-
prepona demophon (L.). The author of Anaea phidile (fig.
386 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/XII/71
11) is Geyer, not ‘‘Geyeer’”’.
Nota.
(1). Page 219, 12 lines from the bottom. It should be noted that
Linnaeus (1758, Syst. Nat., 10th. ed.) used the larva of the
Lycaenids (which he stated were “saepius contracta’”’) as
the distinguishing character of his phalanx ‘“‘Plebeji parvi”’
which he subdivided into ‘“‘Rurales” (Lycaenidae) and
“Urbicolae” (Hesperiidae). He also drew attention, in a
footnote on p. 463 of the same work, to the larva of the
Apollo butterfly having an osmeterium—like many of his
“Fquites” (or Swallowtails), and hence he thought the
former might more correctly belong to the latter group
rather than to the ‘‘Heliconii” in which phalanx he had
originally placed it. It thus seems more than likely that
Linnaeus would have used the early stages of the butter-
flies much more than he did in his system of classification,
had he known something about those of the exotic
material he had to deal with.
(2). Page 220, 5 lines from the bottom. Boisduval (1836,
Buffon’s Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gén. Lépid., vol. 1, pp. 164-
167) also erected three other Nymphaloid families, i.e.
“Biblides” (=Eurytelidae), “Brassolides”, and (= Euryteli-
dae ‘‘Peridromides” (= Ageroniidae).
(3). Page 227, 12 lines from the bottom. Miiller (1886, not
1866) actually described the egg of Siderone ide Hubner.
The latter taxon, however, is considered to be synonymous
with S. marthesia nemesis Illiger (not Bates) by Rober
(1916, in Seitz, Macrolep., vol. 5, p. 577), and by Stichel and
Bryk (1939, Lep. Cat. pt. 93, p. 717).
(4). Page 315, lines 16-18 from the top. Schatz and Rober (1892
pp. 169, 174) in fact only separated Siderone and Zaretis
from the Anae group on the early stages. They separated
Coenophlebia from the latter group on the morphology
of the adults. The early stages of Coenophlebia are not
yet known, as far as I am aware.
Corrigenda
(1) All citations in this paper of Hiibner’s Verzeichniss
Bekannter Schmetterlinge (where they have not already been
corrected) should be by ‘“‘parts’’, not “volumes” (see Hemming’s
Hiibner (1937, p. 488)).
(2). References to Prothoe franck Godart, on pp. 230 and
286, should read: Prothoe franck Godart (=francki Hubner).
Similarly the reference to Agrias claudina (Godart), on p. 314,
should read Agrias claudina (Godart) (=Papilio claudia
Schulze).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I wish to thank the trustees and staff of the British Museum
(Natural History), and of the Castle Museum, Norwich, for
allowing me access to the collections in those institutions, and
for the loan of material for examination and dissection; Mr
SYSTEMATICS OF THE CHARAXIDAE 387
M. Clifton for permitting me to study the collections in the
National Museum, Nairobi, Kenya; the librarians of the
British Museum (Natural History), and of the Royal Entom-
ological Society of London, for their unfailing help and
patience in answering my many enquiries; and the under-
mentioned for giving me information about the early stages
of certain African Charaxids: Dr V. G. L. van Someren of
Karen, Kenya; Mr D. G. Sevastopulo of Mombasa, Kenya;
Dr C. H. McCleery of Zomba, Malawi; and Mr C. G. C. Dickson
of Cape Town, South Africa. I am also indebted to Lt. Col.
C. F. Cowan for directing my attention to articles 27 and 32 (c)
(i) of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature with
regard to diacritacal marks, etc. and to certain bibliographical
errors which | have dealt with in the “Corrigenda”’ above.
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Aurivillius, C., 1911-2. In Seitz, Macrolep., 13: 122-141.
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Butler, A. G. 1869. Cat diurn Lep.
Comstock, William P., 1961. Butterflies of the American Tropics. The
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About the Accentuated List
By C. F. COWAN
The late Mr Harold Symes’s pleasant “thoughts” (antea,
pp. 249-251) on the origin and derivation of scientific names
referred fondly to the Accentuated List of the British Lepidop-
tera, with hints on the derivation of the Names, published
anonymously by the entomological societies of Oxford and
Cambridge Universities. It contained some new names and
emendations and so its authorship and date, about which un-
certainly is evident, must be verified.
We need refer to only two publications. The first is H. T.
Stainton’s contemporary periodical, the Entomologist’s Weekly
Intelligencer (E.W.I.) which appeared, with only one break,
each Saturday from April 1856 to September 1861, circulation
about 600. The other is H. A. Hagen’s well known Bibliotheca
Entomologia, 2 volumes, 1862-3 (published by W. Engelmann
of Leipzig, who himself had just produced his invaluable
Bibl. Hist. Nat. and Bibl. Zool.). Doctor Hagen of Koenigsberg
dedicated his work to Stainton. They had corresponded and
ABOUT THE ACCENTUATED LIST 389
exchanged mutual visits, and the former had contributed,
among other items, an account of an entomological trip to
Oxford; “Tt should be carrying owls to Athens were I to com-
mend in England the beauty and peculiarity of Oxford” (E.W.
I. 10: 165-168, Aug. 1861).
The purpose of Hagen’s entomological tour was, of course,
to examine specimens of books. He took nothing for granted.
A recent predecessor, Agassiz, had recorded a work by “J. K.
Broch” which Hagen could not identify but found had been
copied from an earlier bibliography. Eventually he proved
that it was in fact a work by Jacques Koechlin, published
anoymously under the initials “J. K.”, and the first copy
noticed had been merely stitched (brochirt), not bound. The
error in transcription of the original note of “J. K.”’, (Broch.)
had established a ghost author perpetuated in the literature
at least twelve years.
Hagen must have been an engaging character. His oc-
casional letters in E. W. I. are fresh and perceptive. For the
opening page of his Bibl. Ent. he took two lines from Robert
Burns’s Captain Grose;
A chiel’s amang ye taking Notes [Hagen’s Capital]
An, faith! he’ll prent it.
He records the Accentuated List under authors J. W. Dun-
ning and H. A. Pickard, named respectively in the List as
vice-president of the society at Cambridge and the president
of that at Oxford. They are generally accepted as the anony-
mous authors, and it can be assumed that Hagen had made
a definite point of ascertaining their names in 1861. This is
stressed because the useful little 1959 catalogue of a mainly
entomological library makes the author “J. W. Douglas”. Its
two compilers were unable to trace the reason for that when
I asked them recently, and I am sure it was a simple slip due
to the similar initials. Douglas, a leading entomologist of the
period, was in fact not in favour of publishing an accentuated
list, and said so (E.W.L., 3: 126. 1858).
The title-page of the Accentuated List is dated “1858”,
which proves to be misleading. Although the need for a
“Gradus” had been discussed from November 1857 onwards
(E.W.L, 3: 45) and the two societies had undertaken to publish
one by “early in the summer” of 1858 (ib.: 197, 20 March), a
letter from the “Hon. Sec. Cam. Ent. Soc.” A. F. Sealy, as late
as September 1858 (E.W.1., 4: 184) hoped it would “not now
be very long”. Stainton was still preparing his readers for
changes on 8th, 15th January 1859 (E.W.L, 5: 113, 121). Then,
in an undated letter published among others written between
15-22 January, Sealy at Jast wrote “. . . our List is now pub-
lished”, adding that subscribers’ copies were about to be sent
out (E.W.L, 5: 143). On the next page is the first of repeated
advertisements: “Just published, price 5s. An Accentuated
List with Hints .. . N.B. The List (plain) price 3d., is nearly
ready”.
«
390 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD V5 / 7.
The earliest copy, traced when I was privileged to examine
the Linnean Society of London Presents Register, was pre-
sented to the Society by the publishers on 13th January 1859.
The Entomological Society of London received their copy, as
shown in the published minutes of meetings, during the month
ending 7th February, and three copies of the List (plain) in
the following month.
Editorial comments and reviews of the List with Hints
followed on 26th February and 5th March (E.W.I., 5: 169,
177). On the former date it was noted (p. 170) that “Mr
Doubleday’s Catalogue is not yet published” but on the final
page of the same issue came the first of several advertise-
ments for it: “this day published”. So Henry Doubleday’s
Synonymic List of British Butterflies and Moths (2nd edition,
1859, 40 pp.) can safely be dated [5 March] 1859, after the
editorial was written but on the day it appeared. It contained,
through co-operation, mostly the same nomenclature as the
Accentuated List, but luckily the delay of the latter was in-
sufficient to affect priority. It may for formal purposes be
cited as:
[DuNnnNinG, J. W. & Pickarp, H. A.] “1858” [13 Jan. 1859]. An
Accentuated List of the British Lepidoptera, with Hints
on the derivation of the Names (‘Oxford & Cam-
bridge’”’). xlvi + 118 pp. 8°. London.
The Status of P. c-album L. in North Wales
By R. L. H. DENNIS
The following paragraph should have been added to this
paper prior to the final paragraph on p. 308.
Since the above was written (early July), another var.
Hutchinsoni R. was taken at Nant-y-Gamar, Creuddyn Penin-
sula (16.vii.71), a further indication of the above. However,
this recent period of abundance of P. c-album on the Creuddyn
may be highly localized, and it seems almost certain that it is
dependent on conditions in the Conway valley, such that the
latter is the nodal zone for the species, and that the Creuddyn
Peninsula and Colwyn Bay areas are within a frequently
oscillating localized boundary of P. c-album areal extension.
This would explain the fact that while the Comma is always
found in the Conway valley, and that this area does appear to
be its headquarters (Michaelis, H. N., personal communication);
yet its appearance on the Creuddyn is somewhat haphazard,
being absent from this area in 1968 even though many
transects were made during the flight period. This is the case
with certain other Rhopalocera in N. Wales.
Fig. I displays the two var. Hutchinsoni R. from Dolgarrog
(right and left top) and two forms of P. c-album taken in 1970;
the one referred to above as being similar to that described
as f. nigrocaria by G. Ellis (1949) (left centre); and the second
(right centre) a dark variety of the species. These can be
compared with the included nominotypical P. c-album (right-
left lower).
THE INHABITANTS OF OAK APPLES 391
The Inhabitants of Oak Apples
By A. E. LE Gros
Dr Askew (1961) charted the inter-relationships between
Cynipids and Chalcids to be found in oak apples, the bud galls
of the Cynipid Biorhiza pallida Olivier. I commented (Le Gros
1963) on some of the other insects that pass part or all of their
life history in these galls. This summer, as part of a study of
the gall midges of oak, I had occasion to rear the inhabitant
from twenty galls collected from Hayes Common, Kent, on 30th
June. The twenty were selected from a number and were
without emergence holes. Rearing took place in a glass jar,
with a polythene bag tied over the opening.
The gall causer was the first to emerge, 72 females and 30
males, between 4-10 July. Surprisingly no specimens of the
“guest” Cynipid Synergus gallaepomiformis B. de Fonscolombe
which is nearly always present, emerged. Presumably they
had been devastated by parasites, which apepared between 5-28
July. The first and most numerous species was Torymus
auratus (Fourc.) (23 males, 17 females, 5-18 July) followed by
T. nigricornis Boheman (14 females, 17-24 July) and T. cingula-
tus Nees (3 females, 20 July). Eight males which may have
belonged to either of the last two species accompanied them.
Finally between 24-28 July came Mesopolobus jucundus
(Walker) (3 males, 17 females), Eupelmus urozonus Dalman (2
females) and Megastigmus dorsalis (Fab.) (2 males, 11 females).
On 8th July I noticed a pink mould on one of the galls and
it spread rapidly, but did not prevent insects emerging. Be-
tween 5-11 July 15 beetle larvae and 2 small moth larvae left
the galls to pupate in the soil.
When I first examined the galls on collection I had noted
several reddish Cecidomyiid larvae in cavities on the surface
of the gall near the point of attachment. On 18 July there
were two male Lestodiplosis sp. flying in the polythene bag.
This species, which Mr W. Nijveldt tells me is undescribed, is
predatory on the larvae of another Cecid fly Clinodiplosis
biorhizae Kieffer which is usually common in old galls from
September onwards and feeds on the gall tissue. I was sur-
prised to find the larvae so early on the galls, but as I have
reared Cecids indistinguishable from the above mentioned pair
on other decaying woody galls (Andricus fecundator, A. kollari
and A. inflator) I suspect that C. biorhizae is polyphagous and
has more than one generation a year and is followed by its
predator.
Apart from these Cecids there are not many reports of
diptera from these galls. Basden (1952, 1954) states that the
fruit fly Drosophila subobscura Collin was twice recorded as
bred from oak apples, in one case the galls were fermenting.
I was surprised again therefore to see a pair of grey and black
Muscids on 28 July. These were identified as Anthomyia pro-
cellaris Rondani by Mr A. C. Pont of the Brit. Mus. (Nat. His.).
Some of the flies of this genus are known to be fungus eaters.
392 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/XII/71
The eggs must have been laid before the mould developed, and
it is possible that the fly larvae fed on the gall tissue.
There were no further emergences and on 24 October I
broke the galls to fragments and found there were still a num-
ber of Chalcid larvae present. They were fully grown and
would probably not pupate and emerge until the spring of
1972.
References
Askew, R. R. (1961). On the Biology of the Inhabitants of Oak Galls of
Cynipidae (Hymenoptera) in Britain. Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent., 14:
237-268.
Basden, E. B. (1952). Some Drosophilidae of the British Isles. Ent. mon.
Mag., 88: 200.
Basden, E. B. (1954). Distribution and Biology of Drosophilidae in
Scotland. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb., 62: 603-654.
Le Gros., A. E. (1963). Plant Galls of North-West Kent. Lond.
Naturalist., 42: 21-24.
Some Records of Grasshoppers (Acrididae)
in S.W. Ireland
By J. F. BURTON
(B.B.C. Natural History Unit, Broadcasting House, Bristol)
During a fortnight’s family holiday in West Cork from 23rd
August to Sth September 1971, I had some limited opportuni-
ties to look for Orthoptera and make no apologies for publish-
ing my somewhat scanty observations in view of the lack of
attention which the Irish Orthoptera has received.
Although most of our excursions were made in the country-
side around the village of Schull (where we stayed), we crossed
into Co. Kerry on one occasion, 27th August, in order to visit
Killarney. All four species I encountered are already well
known from both the West Cork and North Kerry vice-counties
(Kevan, 1961; Ragge, 1965), but it still seems worth listing the
actual localities in which I found them. Incidentally, there are
many bogs in the vicinity of Schull, Ballydehob and Skibbereen
which looked suitable for the Large Marsh Grasshopper
Stethophyma grossum (L.), a species already known to inhabit
West Cork, but I was unable to search for it except in two
likely bogs near Ballydehob. I visited these very briefly on a
hot sunny morning, but failed to hear any stridulating males.
I also kept a sharp lookout in likely habitats for the Lesser
Mottled Grasshopper. Stenobothrus stigmaticus (Rambur),
recently discovered in the Isle of Man (Ragge, 1963; Burton,
1965), where I am familiar with it, but again without success.
Common Green Grasshopper, Omocestus viridulus L.: com-
mon almost everywhere in Counties Cork and Kerry. Recorded
in the following localities :—
Schull: common in most, if not all, suitable places.
SOME RECORDS OF GRASSHOPPERS IN S.W. IRELAND 393
Barley Cove: common.
Ballydehob: common in the surrounding moorland country-
side.
Ballydehob—Bantry Road: very common.
Sherkin Island: common, 30th August.
Tragumna Beach, nr. Skibbereen: common on 4th September
in lusher areas on the rocky slopes above the sea,
especially where Bracken grew. I collected a female
of the rare ‘green purple sides’ variety.
Killarney, Co. Kerry: common, 27th August.
Common Field Grasshopper, Chorthippus brunneus (Thun-
berg): widespread and common in drier habitats, but over-
lapping with O. viridulus. Recorded in the following locali-
ties:
Schull: common along roadside banks and on rocky areas
around Mount Gabriel.
Ballydehob: very common on rocky ground.
Barley Cove: abundant on the dunes.
Sherkin Island: abundant, 30th August.
Tragumna: common on rocky slopes and dry areas behind
the beach, 4th September.
Mottled Grasshopper, Myrmeleotettix maculatus (Thun-
berg): locally abundant on moorland and rocky ground. Noted
at the following localities:
Sherkin Island: common on the rocky outcrops above Little
Harbour on 30th August.
Between Bantry and Ballydehob: common on rocky outcrops
beside the road near Knockroe, 29th August.
Tragumna: common on the rocky slopes above the beach on
4th September.
Common Groundhopper, Tetrix undulata (Sowerby): com-
mon on the slopes above Little Harbour on Sherkin Island,
30th August. Most were black, but a few were mottled brown
in colour.
References
Burton, J. F. (1965). Notes on the Orthoptera of the Isle of Man, with
special reference to Stenobothrus stigmaticus (Rambur) (Acrid-
idae). Ent. mon. Mag., 100: 193-97.
Kevan, D. K. McE. (1961). A revised summary of the known distribu-
tion of British Orthopteroids. Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent., 14: 187-205.
Ragge, D. R. (1963). First record of the grasshopper Stenobothrus
stigmaticus (Rambur) (Acrididae) in the British Isles, with other
new distribution records and notes on the origin of the British
Orthoptera. Entomologist, 96: 211-17.
Ragge, D. R. (1965). Grasshopper, crickets, and cockroaches of the
British Isles. London.
394 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/XII/71
Notes and Observations
FAITHFUL IN DEaTH: On September 9th while walking round
the local woods I saw a speckled wood butterfly (Pararge
aegeria L.) in flight, which appeared to have a peculiar appen-
dage attached to its abdomen. After some difficulty, I caught
the butterfly and found that it was a female and the appendage
was the body, part of the thorax, and one wing of a male, with
its claspers still firmly gripping the female. I gently eased the
two abdomens apart and the lady flew away apparently none
the worse.
The mated couple must have been attacked by a bird, but
it seems curious that the attacker made such a poor job of it.—
Mayor GENERAL C. G. Lipscoms, Crockerton House, nr. War-
minster, Wilts. 17.x.1971.
ABUNDANCE OF POLYGONIA C-ALBUM L.—I have never regarded
the comma butterfly, Polygonia c-album, as a particularly
common insect but on October 5th, during an hour’s walk in
local woodlands, I counted no less than 34 specimens feeding
on over-ripe blackberries in the rides, and this in an area where
in previous autumns the normal sighting has been two or three
in a day.—Majsor GENERAL C. G. Lipscoms, Crockerton House,
nr. Warminster, Wilts. 17.x.1971.
A New Foop PLANT FOR THE PRIVET HAwk Motu Larva?—
In late August of this year I discovered a larva of the privet
hawk moth, Sphinx ligustri L. feeding on a scabious plant
growing in my garden. It had obviously been there all its life,
as there were droppings of all sizes beneath the plant. A
further search of the other scabious plants revealed three more
larvae, all about full fed. I have found the species on privet,
lilac, ash and holly, but to me, scabious is a new food plant for
the species. — R. C. Revets, Top Field Farm, Dunton Lane,
Biggleswade, Beds. 28.x.1971.
THE Hotty BLUE IN LoNnpon: Confirming reports of the
abundance of the second brood of this species this year I would
like to report that on July 30th I saw a number of holly blue
(Celastrina argiolus L.) butterflies in the Chelsea Physic Garden
in London. There appears to be a flourishing colony there.—
C. A. CLARKE, The Dept. of Medicine, University of Liverpool,
Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 38X. 1.xi.1971.
RHYACIA SIMULANS HuFN. AT WOKING, SURREY. — On the
morning of the 26th August, 1971, there was a specimen of
Rhyacia simulans Hufn., the dotted rustic, in my M.V. trap in
the garden here. This seems to be an unusual visitor to the
area; the moth is in reasonably fresh condition, but the colour-
ing is not quite the same as specimens from the Cotswolds.—
J. A. C. GreeEnwoop, The Thatches, Pyrford, Woking, Surrey.
ox LOT.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 395
ETAINIA SPHENDAMNI HERING AND OTHER ACER-FEEDING
NEPTICULIDS AT BLACKHEATH.—The above-named species seems
to be one of the lesser known ‘neps’ in Britain; | am aware
only of the original discovery at Bexley, Kent, by the late L. T.
Ford (information obligingly furnished by Mr Jacobs who pos-
sesses two of the specimens, taken in June 1945), so a further
record may not come amiss even though it does not appreciably
extend the known distribution. My pair came to m.v. light
here in 1959 (¢ 19.vii, 2 6.vili); the species was kindly deter-
mined for me by Dr J. D. Bradley of the British Museum. The
2 is fully 8 mm. in expanse, decidedly large and conspicuous
for a member of this family. The species is close to E. seri-
copeza Zell. but appears to differ significantly in the position
of the two outer pale spots of the fore wings: in sericopeza
they are said to be opposite each other (Meyrick, 1895), where-
as in my sphendamni that on the dorsum or tornus is well
beyond (posterior to) the costal one.
Ford (1949, Guide Smaller Brit. Lep.: 203-4) indicates the
same life-history for these two species, implying that the
foodplant of E. sphendamni is field maple (Acer campestre).
As, however, that tree seems absent from my district—unless
still to be found in Greenwich Park—it is very possible that the
insect here utilizes either Norway maple (A. platanoides) or
sycamore (A. pseudoplatanus)—both present in and near my
garden, the latter only too ubiquitously so! From the apparent
rarity of the moth, I rather suspect the far less abundant and
more maple-like platanoides as the local host of sphendamni.
These seed-or seed-wing-feeding Nepticulids on Acer are
more difficult than others to find as larvae. Another of them,
E. decentella H.-S., occurs here regularly and far from un-
commonly at light, and has been seen also on sycamore trunks
Though conspicuous and easily recognized, it has seldom been
recorded since its discovery in the Bournemouth district in
1933; but probably it is now widespread in southern England,
or at least around London, as it occurs also in the Carshalton
area of N.E. Surrey (D. Collins, first noted 1955). Finally I
may mention that the mines of Nepticula speciosa Frey,
another little-recorded species with us, have in the last 10 or 12
years appeared sparingly in the leaves of sycamore saplings
in my garden; their identity was kindly confirmed by Mr S. C.
S. Brown. Most of those found are empty, or the larva proves
to be parasitized; and from the rather varied dates on which
tenanted ones have been found, I am inclined to agree with Lt.-
Col. Emmet (antea: 78) regarding the probable bivoltinism
of the species here (but see also 288).—A. A. ALLEN, 63 Black-
heath Park, S.E.3. 29.x.71.
NEPTICULID COCOONS: AN UNUSUAL COLORATION? — Mr
Chalmers-Hunt’s note (antea: 26) on a tendency to gregarious-
ness of these cocoons in captivity—which to some extent I can
confirm—reminds me of an observation made over ten years
ago when breeding out Nepticulids from mines gathered
396 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/ XIE/ 71.
locally. A small batch of larvae of one of the hawthorn-feeding
species, collected in August from my garden hedge, produced
cocoons whose colour, instead of the usual familiar ‘withered-
leaf’ or ‘brown-paper’ tint, was a pronounced crimson-red. In
this there appeared to be no variation; the single exception
among them, of the ordinary ‘cocoon colour’, doubtless
belonged to another species. Samples of the mines were
kindly determined by Mr S. C. S. Brown as those of Nepticula
ignobilella Stt. I suppose that the above peculiarity must be
well known to our specialists in the family, but have seen no
reference to it other than that by Lt.-Col. Emmet (antea: 168)
who, writing of Stigmella paradoxa Frey, states that the
cocoon is reddish purple; it may, therefore, be worth pointing
out that red or purple cocoons occur in at least one further
species. It would be interesting to learn whether this charac-
teristic is found sporadically throughout the group or is con-
fined to one or two species.—A. A. ALLEN, 63 Blackheath Park,
SH DP rae eee @LIp
THE GREEN VAR OF CARDAMINES PUPA (LEP. )—The pupa of the
Orange Tip (Anthocharis cardamines L.) is often said to be
green or brown “dependent on its surroundings’. This is un-
doubtedy wrong. Any resemblance is purely coincidental. I
have only bred the species for four years, and had three green
pupae in different years. The grown larva quits the stem on
which it has spent its youth and seeks a sheltered, firm, upright
support which may be flat but is more often convex and
narrow, preferably slightly wider than the larval girth. The
surrounding herbage is then all green (June/July).
The occasional pupa which remains permanently bright
green, unlike any autumnal or winter colour, instead of turning
the normal straw-brown, must be a distinct variety, genetically
controlled. It would be interesting to breed from a pair of
them. I have one green specimen at present, which “escaped”’
and pupated on the vertical outside edge of a brown cardboard
box. — C. F. Cowan, Little Gaddesden House, Berkhamsted,
Herts.
PUPATION SITES OF CELASTRINA ARGIOLUS L. (LEP.) — The
Holly Blue is usually said to pupate “underneath a leaf’. This
is quite wrong for the several of each brood that I have
watched during the past two years. On turning purple they
vacate the home stem on which they have spent their youth,
and search for a crevice. A small dark hollow to fit their size
appears to suit.
In confinement they will accept the foot of the side of a
box if there is overhead cover. A fallen leaf will afford this
cover, when “underneath a leaf’ could imprecisely describe
the position. As a last resort, after perambulating the box,
one may return up the jam jar to the original stem and there
pupate in a curled-up leaf. Usually this will be on the upper
surface, although holly does occasionally provide a few suitable
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 397
undersides. A popular site has been underneath the lid of a
covered jam jar, access having been gained through one of the
holes pierced for stems, some of which have been removed.
But one, repeatedly replaced and escaping, took refuge under
the Grandfather’s Clock, with satisfactory results.
Since it ‘‘arrived” here in 1969 (vol. 82, p. 216), argiolus has
thrived. Reports of it from eight more squares between here,
Codicote and Cublington have been sent in to Monk’s Wood.—
C. F. Cowan, Little Gaddesden House, Berkhamsted, Herts.
THE OVIPOSITING OF SEMELE (LEp.)—The Grayling butterfly
(Hipparchia semele L.) is said to lay her eggs on grass. This is
not an invariable rule. On top of Witherslack in the Lake
District on 27 July 1958, the prevailing westerly wind was
strong across the flat limestone and Graylings were tacking
against it, close to the ground. They were making frequent
halts, and I realised these were ovipositing females. I watched
them settle on the numerous rocks and stones among the grass.
Standing on “tiptoe” (all four legs) on the lee side of a stone,
the abdomen was curved forward between the hinder pair of
legs and the egg deposited between the fore pair (median legs).
After much frustration in the high wind, one reasonable docu-
mentary photograph was obtained. — C. F. C.owan, Little
Gaddesden House, Berkhamsted, Herts.
A Pracock BUTTERFLY IN SHETLAND: About the end of
August 1969 I came across a single butterfly, Inachis io, (L.) on
the open heather-covered ground between Skaw and Saxavord
at the Northern end of Unst, Shetland. The weather at the
time was sunny, the wind not strong, and migrant birds were
moving southwards.
This is the first published report of the butterfly’s having
been seen in the Northern Isles. — D. R. A. Rusuton, The
Manchester Museum, The University, Manchester. 27.x.1971.
YPSOLOPHUS HORRIDELLUS TREITSCHKE: I was interested to
read the Editor’s record of this moth from Kent and his de-
scription of it as confined to a narrow belt in the south of the
country. I had been taking this species commonly each year
in Southampton at M.V., and then this summer, I moved to
North London. I was surprised to find in my M.V. trap that
Y. horridellus is even commoner here, and I wonder how much
further north its range extends.—Rev. Davin J. L. Acassiz, St
James’s Vicarage, 144 Hertford Road, Enfield, Middx. 29.x.1971
YPSOLOPHUS HORRIDELLUS TREITSCHKE IN KENT. — I was
especially interested to read S. N. A. Jacob’s note on this
subject (antea: 288) as a solitary horridellus came to light in
my house in Orpington on 8th August 1971. For the past
fifteen years a few Y. scabrellus L. have visited the same light
each August, but horidellus has not previously appeared. I
have never before encountered horridellus in Kent or indeed
elsewhere. — F. A. Swain, 17 Ridgeway Crescent, Orpington,
Kent. 6.xi.1971.
398 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/XII/71
ERNOBIUS NIGRINUS STURM. (ANOBIIDAE, CoOL.) IN NORTHUMBER-
LAND: On July 6th 1970, I took a specimen of this beetle by
sweeping near Slaley in Northumberland, which was kindly
identified for me by Mr A. A. Allen. This species, which feeds
on the Scotch Fir, has hitherto been regarded as being confined
to the highlands of Scotland, where, according to Fowler, it is
found in the Tay, Dee and Moray districts. It has not pre-
viously, so far as I know, been seen in England, and its occur-
rence in Northumberland is therefore of considerable interest.
—Sir Eric ANSoRGE, Timbers, Welders Lane, Chalfont St Peter,
Bucks; .2.x1.1971.
TRIFURCULA IMMUNDELLA ZELLER IN KENT:—While reading
Colonel Emmet’s splendid articles in the Record on the British
Nepticulidae, it occurred to me that readers might be
interested to learn of a record of immundella in profusion in
Joydens Wood. On the afternoon of 3lst July 1965 I was
beating for larvae in clumps of old bushes of broom (Cytisus
scoparius). Each bush must have been sheltering several
hundred imagines of immundella as I repeatedly had to shake
upwards of fifty of them out of the umbrella I was using as a
tray. — F. A. Swain, 17 Ridgeway Crescent, Orpington, Kent.
6.x1.1971.
STIGMELLA ACERIS FREY: A SECOND BriTisH RECORD.—This
species has hitherto been recorded from Britain only once,
when Mr S. N. A. Jacobs found five vacated mines on a well-
grown maple at Comp Farm, Malling, Kent on 20th August
1949; he did not publish his find, however, until 1962 (Ent.
Record, 74: 41). Directed by Mr Jacobs, I visited the locality on
the 18th of August this year, but drew blank. My impression
was that the area had been sprayed with insecticide, since not
only the maples, but also the orchard apple trees and hedgerow
hawthorns showed virtually no sign of leaf-miners or, indeed,
of any insect life. Subsequently I kept a lookout for aceris at
every opportunity while I was in Kent and was finally rewarded
on the 28th of October, when I found three empty mines at
Lullingstone Park, about ten miles from the original locality.
Although they were much discoloured, the characteristic
features described by Mr Jacobs were still in evidence. The
mined leaves were close together on a single branch of a large
sapling and though I searched hard, I could find no further
examples on the adjacent maples. Not far away, however,
there is a venerable giant of a maple springing from dense
underscrub. This renders even the lower branches virtually
unapproachable. Perhaps this tree is the headquarters of
aceris in the area. Possibly the larva is mainly a canopy-feeder
on well-grown trees and this is the reason for the paucity of
records. — A. M. Emmet, Labrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens,
Saffron Walden, Essex. 5.xi.1971.
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CONTENTS
On the Persian Forms of Pieris pseudorape Vty. B. C. S. WARRIN
Pieris specimens for Androconia: the end of the “Hybrid Species’?
Ss. R. BOWDEN
Butterflies in Arctic Scandinavia. M. R. SHAW
A Sample of the Lepidoptera of the British Virgin Islands. J. A. C.
GREENWOOD and Mrs D. E. GREENWOOD
Systematics of the Charaxidae. A. H. B. RYDON
About the Accentuated List. C. F. COWAN
The Status of P. c-album L. in North Wales. R. L. H. DENNIS
The Inhabitants of Oak Apples. P. E. LeGROS
Some Records of Grasshoppers (Acrididae) in S. W. Ireland. J.
F. BURTON
Faithful in Death. Major General C. G. LIPSCOMB
Abundance of Polygonia c-album L. Major General C. G.
LIPSCOMB
A new Foodplant for the Privet Hawk Moth. R. C. REVELS
Rhyacia simulans Hufn. at Woking Surrey. J. A. C. GREENWOOD
Etainia sphendamni Hering and other Acer-feeding Nepticulids at
Blackheath. A. A. ALLEN
Nepticulid cocoons: an unsual coloration? A. A. ALLEN
The Green Variety of cardamines pupa. C. F. COWAN
Pupation sites of Celastrina argiolus L. (Lev.). C. F. COWAN
Ovipositing of semele (Lep.) C. F. COWAN
A Peacock Butterfly in Shetland. D. R. A. RUSHTON
Ypsolophus horridellus Treitschke. Rev. DAVID J. L. AGASSIZ
Ypsolophus horridellus. F. A. SWAIN
Ernobius nigrinus Sturm. (Anobiidae, Col.) in Northumberland.
SIR ERIC ANSORGE
Stigmella aceris Frey, a second British Record. A. M. EMMET
Trifurcula immundella Zeller in Kent. F. A. SWAN
365
369
371
379
384
388
390
391
392
394
394
394
394
395
395
396
396
397
397
397
397.
398
398
398
T. BUNCLE AND CO. LTD., ARBROATH, ANGUS, SCOTLAND
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The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation
SPECIAL INDEX
VOL. 83, 1971
PAGE
COLEOPTERA
Atomaria (corrections &c.) .. 46-7
gibbula, godarti,
ROCK ANAY neuer e 46
divisa, nigripennis,
SCULELIATIS! Jets. 47
Axinotarsus marginalis,
PUNCATIUS Ts eas 48-9
eanthon humectus ...........- 354
-Cercyon (corrections &c.), bi-
fenestratus, laminatus 47
IEG OTISEINCELUUS 22s ms =..0ch io 354
Corynetes caeruleus .......... 50
Dasytes aerosus, caeruleus .. 50
Lablexshens Laen Me Ree 49
Divales 4-pustulatus .......... 49
Hbaeus pedicularis ............ 49
BNO OLUS) MUETIMNUS, so occas sks cans 398
Kuconnus murielae .......... 47
Penicopusy DllOSUS) <cejaacactace 49
Hister caffer, chinensis, nomas 354
Hypocoelus cariniceps ........ 48
PMIACOHSUS MAUNUAGIS. sec. ake 354
WAUICANUS VCCLVAIS: (55 2=1- y-Isacazcr © 309
MUGS LErrUSiNeUS! ..sc0a-e-h es 49
Malachius productus .......... 49
Malacodermata (additions, cor-
PECIONS) cena. 48-9
Neuraphes helvolus .......... 47
Onthophagus gazella .......... 354
Orthoperus (corrections) ...... 51
Oxypoda (corrections) ........ 50-1
brachyptera, difficilis,
Pardee see er tec 51
elongatula (nomencl.) 50
riparia, rugulosa, .... 50-1
Pediacus depressus, dermes-
tOLdES! te weve: Soe 154
Bsilothrixe Cyaneus) . ies. 452.2 50
Scydmaenidae (corrections &c.) 47
Stenichnus pusillus, scutellaris 47
richoceble” floralis ...-2-.--.- 49
Trichodes alvearius .......... 50
DERMAPTERA
Aborolabis pervicina .........- 18
Anechura asiaticary .-- eee 4. 149
Anisolabis brunneri, ...... AO PAL
PTECTMIM i ett ed. 18, 20
montshadskii .... 22
OWED = feces ar 18
Borellia greeni ......+.--4-...- 20
Carcinophora caeruleipennis,
Gohirris9 ta: stems 19
Chelisoches morio ...........- 151
Dendroiketes corticinus ...... 150
Diapterasticus erythrocephalus 151
Diplatys fletcheri, greeni
macrocephalus...... 150
Echinosoma yorkense ........ 150
Buborellia aborensis) =. eee ae 22
annulipes, femoralis,
JaNneireNsis gee « «air 150
greeni, lefroyi .... 20
Forficula auricularia, ...... 149, 150
brolemannityaas. acs 151
senegalensis ...... 151-2
Hamaxas. nigrorufus! =>... ...5 .- 151
Hypurgus humeralis, ova .... 151
Labia curvicauda, pilicornis .. 151
MMNOG naan fot ee 149, 151
abidura’- femoralis 2-3-2 19
THOATIA* | Ssade ies Seka 150
Marava alter, arachidis :::--. pul
INalay lividiness eet en 150
Nannopygia dohrni ........ Tite als
Paralabis (Indian spn.) ...... 18-23
aborensis .. 18, 19, 21, 22
dohrni, greeni .... 19-20
Jefroy ines see 19, 20-21
montshadskii 18, 19, 22-3
Proreus delicatulus, laetior .. 151
Psalasmi@OMrEnia am... oe eee 19
lefroyi-.... W820 e21" 25
Pygidicrana bivittata .......... 150
Spongovostox assiniensis, feae,
tripunctatus .. 151
DIPTERA
Anthomyia procellaris ........ 391
Clinodiplosis biorhizae ...... 391
Drosophila subobscura ...... 391
Haematobia exigua ............ 353
Helophilus consimilis, frutet-
orum, lineatus,
pendulus, versi-
COLGER 324 5)-1.s Bit 116
estodiplosismsyy =. -..etaeeee se 391
Muscay -vetustissimae. fe. 4 - - 353
Phyllolabis hemmingseni,
mannheimsiana .. 290
Sépedon sauten™ = 7:0. 6 ..24- 290
Stenepteryx hirundinis ...... 69
Syrphus albostriatus ........ 35D-6
Va NISrunl ny, ..-.4% 356
HEMIPTERA
Calocoris nemoralis, f. erythro-
notus, f. exostigma,
f. hispanicus, f.
DIGCUST ek ce oe eas 234-5
NOMVEPHCUS! oo... ete 235
Cercopis sanguinolenta ........ 235
Coriomeris hirticornis ........ 235
@ydnus- aterrimus':2. 227-24 -c 235
Dolycoris baccarum .......... 235
2 SPECIAL INDEX
PAGE
Kurya@ema-yentrale ............ 235
Holeostethtsaibipesme ees ver 235
Rhinocoris “erythropus .-.5...- 235
HYMENOPTERA
Andricus fecundator, inflator,
Olen etree fates ee 391
SOO IZA epOaClal ey eee ee 391
Eupelmus urozonus .......... 391
Megastigmus dorsalis ........ 391
Mesopolobus jucundus ........ 391
IPepsissrubranen ee eee. eee 383
Synergus gallaepomiformis .... 391
Torymus auratus, cingulatus,
NISTICOLMISH eee 391
LEPIDOPTERA
abbreviata (Eunithecia) .. 188, 324
abruptaria (Menonhra) .... 143, 188
absinthiata (Eupithecia) .. 10, 191
acenise@Apatele)! = .5 1 Sees 350
acerIsmCStiemelia) saan eee 398
ach emg (2 aici C) meee ee 54
acis HCE Cla) great etna te. eaehaee eee: 381
acroxantha (Parocystola) ...... 39
Betaea (SatyGUs) sence sae 30, 32, 34
acteon (Thymelicus) .. 5, 35, 64,
328, 329, 331, 332, 349
adalwinda (Pieris)! seen 147, 369
adippe (A. cydippe)
adusta (Eumichtis) ........ 194, 350
adustata (Ligdia) 3, 41, 192,
193, 194, 352
advena (Orthosia) .......- 3, 41, 100
advenaria (Cenphis) ........ 42, 189
aegeria (Pararge) Fy 55 Spy
34, 54, 102, 159, 197, 217, 261,
263, 306, 324, 349, 359, 394
daelia (H. aleyone)
aeneofasciella (Nenticula) .... 78
aeneella (Stigmella) ...... 240, 282
aescularia (Alsophila) .......... 2
aeStivaria (Hemithea) .......... 191
aethiops (Erebia) 4 Dh Heh Woy
161,217, 333, 359
animiss(Cosmiayyew ee a noe. 196
afinitatay@2erizoma) aes ee eee 9
agestis (Aricia) .. 4, 16, 35, 62,
197, 234, 236, 262, 264, 265
aglaia (Argynnis) .. 5, 16, 29,
30, 32, 33, 57, 96, 160, 161,
191, 192, 211, 217, 261, 263,
264, 265, 266, 344, 348, 359
agrimoniae (Dechtiria) ........ 78
aidean(Anaecal nce ace one 336
allay (Clossiana) epee snawas kn eee 34
alberganus (Erebia) ........ 29, 34
albicans (Lysandra) ...... Sly BP Bh
albicillata (Mesoleuca) ........ 5, 8
albicolon (Heliophobus) ........ 43
albifasciella (Dechtiria) .... 245, 246
albigera s(Periges) seer eae 382
albipunctata (Cosymbia) .. 3, 42, 143
albulagi@Nola) ss. 100, 325
albulata (Asthena) ........ 100, 351
albulata (Perizoma) .. 9, 43, 99, 351
PAGE
alceae (Carcharodus) .. 35, 64,
235, 329, 532
aleetas (Everes) .....)... 31, 35, 349
alchemillata (Perizoma) .. 9,
111, 193, 351
aleciphron (Heodes) .... 31, 35,
60, 272, 349
acon @Viaicwlinea) ane 61
alcyone (Hipparchia) .. 29, 32,
34, 53, 100, 277, 348
alexis (Glauconsyche) .. 61, 234, 349
alicae Mm CNOnassria) eee ene 44
algidana (A’potomis) .......... 122
alni (Apatele) .. 42, 43, 112, 189, 194
alpicolal (Amathes)= eee 95
alpium (Moma) . 43, 44, 100,
145, 189
alternaria (Semiothisa) ........ 196
aiternatal Chiro) mls 8
alveus® (2 yrcus) eee eee 64
amanda (Lysandra) 63, 276, 349
ambigua (Caradrina) ...... 197, 350
ambigualis (Sconaria) .......... 160
ambiguatus (Gnophos) § 2S say
amphimachus (Archaeoprepone) 228
aniyGont (ACT (aS) enor 311
amyntes (Coenonympha) ...... 55
anceps (N. trenvida)
andrenaeformis (Aegeria) ...... 171
and ria @Aniaen) sy en 229
andromedae (Pyrgus) .......... 374
angulifasciella (Dechtiria) ...... 278
angustellal (@Alisna) sae 153
annulata (Cosymbia) ........ 42, 351
anomalas(Stillota) eae see eee Vii
anomalella (S. rosella)
ansellica (Euxanthe) .......... 385
antiopa (Nymphalis) 56; 153; (212
antiqua™ (Orgsyia) ieee eee 96, 159
apLOTMIS W(Sesia) see 174, 196
apollo (Parnassius) .. 29, 32, 33,
277, 347
aprilinas (Giipasia) eee eee ee 147
aauilonaris (B. sifonica)
arcania (Coenonympha) 35, 55,
276, 348
arcuethata (Euvithecia) ........ 190
areola (Xylocampa) ........ 187, 324
arethusa (Arethusana) .. 29, 32, 34
argentimaculella (Infurcitinea) 342
aggentina (Spatalia)eeet. oa 349
argentipedella (Dechtiria) ...... 136
argester (Il. dorylas)
argiades (Everes) ........ Spy Sis, (al
argiolus (Celastrina) .. 5, 15, 25,
33, 61, 234, 239, 262, 263,
264, 266, 324, 326, 343, 394, 396
argus (Plebejus) .. 5. 15, 29, 30,
35, 62, 146, 195, 273, 276,
308, 349
argyropeza (Dechtiria) 242, 243, 280
arion (Maculinea) ........ 30, 35, 62
amoricanus, (@2y2Us) see 235
artacaena (Cymatogramma) .... 336
arnlaxerxecmCAnicia) aa. cea eee 153
asella (Heterogenea) .......... 44
SPECIAL INDEX 3
i PAGE
Sperabicn nope mete ee 352
aspersa (Caradrina) ........ 270, 350
‘assimilata (Eupithecia) ........ 9
assimilata (Nepticula) 2......-.: 244
BSsimilis, CAbamea) sn... So. LTT
aisteris; + (Cuculliayy se. 5. see 195
atalanta (Vanessa) .. 25, 33, 56,
95, 161, 198, 199, 211, 217,
264, 266, 288, 307, 326, 328,
332, 344
athalia (Melitea) ...... 57, 261, 348
mthamas, eOhyvUna)) i. shes 219
atomaria (Ematurga) .. 12, 162,
205, 275, 352
Eitratam(Odezla meee. shen eae 4, 351
atricapitella (Stigmella) ........ 245
atricollis (Dechtiria) ...... 166, 240
atropos (Acherontia) .......... 356
aucupariae (Stigmella) 281, 301
augur (Graphiphora) ...... 194, 195
Shopeevetar (UDINESE) ae wiasielo E 111, 198
aurantiaria (Erannis) 11, 46, 199
aurella (Nepticula) ........ 26, 79
auricomas(Apatele) 2.2225.) 275, 350
aurinia (Euphydryas) .. 43, 90,
105, 191, 260, 266, 275, 276
348, 357
ausonia (Euchloe) ni2a4, Jas
276, 329, 332, 348
Australis, (Colias)) -eeae- 33, 277, 348
autumnata (Onorinia) .......... 45
avellana (Apoda) ...... 44, 145, 190
aVersata COLErENA) ese e are 6, 100
azorina (Hipvarchia) .......... 180
badhami (Lepidochrysops) .... 98
badiata (Earophila) .... 9, 187, 216
jester CNanenH IS" Gee Oem eee Dome ob 146
bankiana (Eustrotia) .. 43, 145,
192, 193
Daeeeniiion Glad Gla) mete eter 198
basiguttella (Stigmella) .... 245, 246
bathseba (Pyronia) 31, 35, 269,
272, 273, 348
batis) Glhyatina))s sso 189, 191, 193
baton (Philotes) ........ 29, 35, 234
beaufortia (Poecilmitis) ........ 1
lociiiey (Niotdavoldoheis) =. 8oese0ouec 348
bellargus (Lysandra) E6716;
29, 35, 43, 63, 197, 238,
265, 266, 349, 358
bellierin Gly es) Meet. er 29, 35
berbera (Amphipyra) .. 27, 44, 197
berberata (Pareulype) .....--- 174
. 59, 266, 318, 326
12, 100, 282, 352
betulae (Thecla)
betularia (Biston) ..
betulicola (Calontilia) ........-- 291
betulicola (Stigmella) ...... 26, 136
biblis (GDidonis)) s52 2-2-2 2. - 2 381
bicolorana (Pseudoins) s Dia eal
bicolorata (Hadena) ....-. 196, 350
bicuspis (Harpyia) . 43, 173, 325
bidentata (Gonodontis) .... 11, 194
bifaciata (Perizoma) ......------ 146
bifida (Harpyia) ......-------: 145
bilineata (Euphyia) Py Oenlors
162, 348, 351
bilunaria (Selenia) ) 11; 176; 352
PAGE
bimaculata (Banta) ...... 4, 42, 189
binariay (Drepana)” ie. la. 188, 195
bipunctadactyla (Stenoptilia) .. 357
birdella (Ochsenheimeria) ...... 357
biren (H. bombycina)
biriviata (Xanthorhoé) ........ 43
biselatar (Sterrhaeerscetrnt.ceerctens 6
bistortata (E. biundularia)
biundularia (Ectrovis) y 205216
blanda (Caradrina)ey.:): Swen 191
blandiata (Perizoma) .. 191, 192, 194
blomeri (Discoloxia) .... 42, 44, 190
boeticus (Lamnpides) .. 60, 180,
272, 326, 328, 329, 332, 349
bolena (Hypolimnas) .......... Papepe
bombycina (Hadena) .. 25, 268,
275, 350
hore M@Oecneis) vw ee. See 374
boreata (O. fagata)
boreli) :(Gortynayies ee. ees 51
boreti (Charaxes)iese esses cee 229
bractea (Plusia) ...... 191, 193, 194
brassicae (Mamestra) 160, 234, 345
brassicae (Pieris) .. 33, 96, 160,
161, 162, 180, 188, 203, 235,
319, 324, 332, 346, 348
brevilinea (Arenostola) 39, 44, 45, 74
briseis (Chazara) 5 Olly OY y waiesy aes
brumata (Operophtera) ...... 7, 199
prunnea ne Diarsia) se eel] 1. eters 191
brunnearia (Selidosema) .. 5, 12, 146
bry. ceu@Satyrus)) = = fades. oe 29, 34
bryontae: (Pieris) =... -.e eee 147, 369
bubastus, (Rhecla))). 42-sce eee 381
8 159;02715%349
192, 194, 275, 350
bucephala (Phalera)
caesia (Hadena) ..
caesiata (Entephria) .......... 5, 8
caja (Arctia) PMG, 1625 1935 197
calabra (Rhodostrophia) .. 328, 352
c-album (Polygonia) 5 ey 310}
135, 187, 188, 196, 212, 262,
264, 305, 324, 348, 390, 394
calodactyla (Platyptilia) ........ 343
calydonia (Agatasu) ..........-- 224
cambrica (Venusia) ........ 8, 176
camelina (lL. capucina)
camilla (Limenitis) .. 4, 15, 25,
55, 145, 195, 214, 261, 262,
263, 324, 348
Ganella (Gymmancla) ..-:.-..-- 153
eaniola (Bilema)) 225.2 -%). 4-2: 350
eanteneri (Metopoceras) 272, 350
capsophila (Hadena) ...... 192, 194
capucina (Lophopteryx) .. 188, 194
carbonaria (Isturgia)
cardamines (Anthocharis) 3, 95,
188, 234, 235, 260, 261, 319,
348, 396
ecardui (Vanessa) .... 25, 33, 56,
160, 198, 211, 261, 272, 307,
332, 248
(Odontosia) Srl;
95, 187, 188, 216
carpinata (Trichopteryx) 6, 143,
carmelita
188, 215
carthami (Pyrgus) ...... 29, 35, 64
cassioides (Erebia) .......... 29, 34
4 SPECIAL INDEX
PAGE
Cassius) @ueptotes) Perea. ee 381
castal((Hucharia)ieneee eee 275, 350
castaneal a (Amathes) =be-ceeateee 6
castaneae (Phragmatecia) ...... 145
castigata (Eupithecia) .. 10, 205, 351
castor (Charaxes) ieee ne 229, 385
castrensis (Malcosoma) ........ 44
eeciliay (eynonia) ieee fe ae Oleoe
centaureae (Pyros) es 44. . cence: 374
centaureata (Eupithecia) ...... 9
centifolieliay (Stigmelia)ea.). 225. 278
Ceratar (@epicasia) BeeeleeeLL ee 382
cervinalis (Rheumavtera) .. 143,
174, 324
eespltalisi (ey nausta) ieee ree oer 162
Cespitiss Giholena) ei). Rear 5
chaerophylli (Depressaria) .... 357
chamomillae (Cucullia) .... 44, 176
chariclea (Clossiana) 372, 374, 375
charitonius (Heliconius) ........ 381
charlotta (A. aglaia)
chenopodiata (Ortholitha) ...... 6
eh (Antitype) te 2ceerisee.. 8 45, 111
chiron (Eumedonia) ............ 62
ChilorosatamGeitmina)ias wie ae Wa Si5P}
chromusmeNoreppa) ye) 9. oe eae Sia
Ghnysitism @2lusta) ecm n ae sees 351
ChinySoOnmeC2IUSio). eens eee 42,
chrysorrhea (Euproctis) .. 173,
189, 196, 216
chrysotheme (Colias) .......... 65
cinctaria (Cleora) .. 3, 41, 188,
2502116
oiiatevoteeu (syevavehisyy wae sise hls am oso 382
cinerosella (Euzovhera) ........ 153
cinnamonnea (Eublemma) ...... 382
cinxia (Melitaea) .......... 57, 348
cimyrasy Gano) sana. eee 83
cincen(Brintesia) ae eee eae 29, 34, 54
circellanisy (Agrochola)es...sa.: 160
circuitaria (Sterrha) ...... iowmanil
CUS Mn (VIGO S) meee eeeee. ee. 32, 35
citrago (Tiliacea) 112, 147, 198
Giiratay (Dy Sstroma) eee sae hg 45
clareae (Utetheisa) ............ 124
clarkiga@iy.cacnia) ieee ake Anes 360
clathrata (Chiasmia) .. 194, 235, 352
claudina (Avgrias) . 224, 311, 386
elavipalpissa(Caradrina)) a2... ..- 350
elavis CAs otis) aaa ee ae 43
cleopatra (Gonopteryx) .. 31, 33,
234, 329
clerkella (Lyonetia) ........ 136, 167
celoraria (Chiorissa) eae... ae 352
clytemnestra (Hypna) 229, 336, 339
c-nigrum (Amathes) ...... 162, 350
coartaria (Scotopteryx) ........ 351
coelestissima (Lysandra) 5 OPH aD
coerulata (Hydriomena) 9, 189, 351
copnatal Gihera) pee se. le LG
columellas Gihecla)e ss aes 381
comitatay (Pelursay yess. eee 1
comma (Hesperia) .. 5, 32, 35,
65, 197, 264, 265
comma (Leucania) .... 100, 275, 350
communais (Pyrsus) ea) ae 382
compassbergae (Thestor)
PAGE |
complanas (Eilema)s!.4 eae 195
compta (Hadena) 144, 196, 325, 350 _
confusa (H. conspersa)
confusalis (Celama) :.........). 188
contusella’ ((ithmia) sansa eee 382
confusella (Nevticula) .......... 136
congrualis (Trichoptilus) ...... 383
conigera (Leucania) ............ 162
conjugata (S. promutata)
consonaria (Ectronis) .. 42, 188, 193
conspersa (Hadena) ........ 189, 350
conspicillaris (Xylomyges) ...... 4]
contigua (Hadena) .. 42, 43, 162,
189, 194, 350
continuella (Nepticula) ........ 136
contortay ((Geresina)= Le ae eee 382
convolvuli (Herse) . 96, 178, 198
cordula (S. bryce)
coridon (Lysandra) .. 6, 16, 29,
35, 63, 197, 238, 264, 265,
277, 349
coronata (Chloroclystis) .. 194, 195
corumbaensis (Hypna) ........ 337
coryli (Colocasia) ...... 42, 143, 188
GOSSUSE (COSSUS) iin 195
costaestrigalis (Schrankia) .. 346
crataegella (Stigmella) .... 139, 163
crataegi (Anoria) .. 29, 33, 328,
329, 332, 348
crataegi (Bucculatrix) .......... 167
eratacri(Trichiuna) ye eee Lait
ceredula(Composia) ean ae 382
crenata. (Amamea)i ease 100, 350
crepuscularia (Ectropis) ........ 205
eresphontes (Panilio))..))....4, 83
cribumalis (Zanclognatha) .. 43,
195, 196
crinanensis (Hydraecia) ........ 3T
Erzocearon@odia) 5.455 ae 172
eroceus’ (Colias) 3825; 132inese
70, 180, 202, 235, 266, 320,
329, 332, 348
GRUCISM(E his) ma eee 382
crudag(Orthosta)) sjaqeeee eee 216
cubalis (GRadata). .5 45-0 383
cucubali (H. rivularis)
cuculata (Euphyia)) J... 40.55." 25
culmellus (Agriphila) .......... 162
ceursoria (@Huxoa) eae) ooo. 44,177
curtulay (Glostera) = pee eee ae Sela
cyanea (Polygrapha) .. 315, 336, 340
cydippe (Argynnis) .. 5, 15, 29,
31, 32, 33, 58, 211, 217, 261,
262, 348, 359
cymela) (Eaptyehia)(noteey sant 322
eypricola i(Vianiola) aye 330
dahiiig (Diarsiael wom eek. aloe 178
damon (Agrodiaetus) 29, 32, 35, 63
damone (Arthrocharis) .... 234, 235
daphnel (Brenthis)\iiesee.. eee 348
davlidice (Pontia) .. 31, 33, 234, 332
decentella (Etainia) 78, 240, 357, 395
decius) (Palla)= sae eee 227
decrepitaria (Hrastris) ....:..- 382
detolianiag (Eirannis) ee eee 11
degenerarial (Sterrha)).52).-2... 44
deione (Mellicta)
l
SPECIAL INDEX
PAGE
_ demaryella (Bucculatrix) ...... 136
demophon (Archaeoprepona) 219,
228, 312
aentellas(ehaulernis)) Jee 357
mdenticulatus,CAsrotis) ens )sagcee 42
, deplana (Hilema) 5, 42, 44, 100,
146; 1930196
depuncta (Amathes) .......... 160
derivalism(Paracolax) .......... 44
derivata (Anticlea) .......... 9, 41
desfontainii (Eunhydryas) ...... AT}
, Gesignata (Xanthorhoé) ...... 8, 205
desperatella (Stigmella) ...... 240
dia @lossiana). 5.0 eee 295000,, 218
GiamunmanVeliictal 3 yacwsertsyesccts 57
didyma (Melitaea) .. 30, 33, 57, 273
didymata (Calostygia) ...... 8, 145
Guminis| (Cosma)! yawn | 112, 205
GiSam CHEAT Bro ccc ese Bia) Bil)
dispar Jdayvecaena) ss esa vey ae. 60
dispar (Lymantria) .. 272, 273, 349
dissolutay GNonarria)) 2225.5. 555 55
distinctaria (Eupithecia) .... 9, 191
distinctatas (Baptay ss. so 41, 188
distinguenda (Nepticula) ...... 136
ditrapezium (Amathes) ...... 41, 44
dodonaea (Drymonia) 4, 143, 145, Be
dodoneata (Eunithecia) ........
dolabrariay (elagodis)i gras tree ac
domimnula, (@Panaxia)! s.22. 2. 41. 42
dorantes Urbanus) Sasecsse es: - 381
dorus (Coenonympha) .. 29, 31, 35
dorylas (Lysandra) .. 31, 35, 63, 349
dromedarius (Notodonta) .. 5,
112, 189, 192, 196
rustle CAO p1aS) 4 eee oe 381
CiBVES (GUUS) Go biG corcnmrosion olen 54
dupitarius. (Gnopnos)) 22. e5...- 270
Guikcer= = ihestor) ae ee ee 159
duponcheli (Lithostege) ........ 234
duponcheli (Leptidea) ........ 100
ehurnataGsterrha) <5) 2c eee: 351
echemus (Cymatogramma) 336,
338, 340
etronmeatas CAnMaitis) "se ates. se. 3, 324
egenaria (Eunithecia) .......... 190
eleetrama(Consul) ere este 337
elinguaria (Crocallis) ...... 11, 196
elongella (Caloptilia) 2:2. --.-- 291
elpenor (Deilenhila) .. 189, 192,
193, 366
ely (Arenostola)= S22 2.222 22 WT
emarginata (Sterrha)-....% 1lals PAU)
emortualis (Trisateles) .. 42, 44, 175
emutaria (Scopula) S32). 42.27). 5, 44
epiphron (Erebia) .. 30, 34, 262,
275, 348
epomidion (Anamea) ...... 190, 194
enecatay Sylectra)) Vi. he see 383
eremita (Dryobotodes) ........ 178
ericitaria (S. brunnearia)
eriphyles (Hrebia)) 22. .44255 cs. 100
esculi (Strvmon) “225522: .a2- Bile ot)
eubule (@2hoOebUs) Nees calor 381
eudamippus (Polyura) .... 219, 227
eunomia (Argynnis) .. 58, 86,
273, 374, 376
5
PAGE
euphorbiae (Anatele) ...... PATO S18)
euphorbiae (Celerio) .......... 366
euphrosyne (Clossiana) .. 15, 34,
58, 95, 106, 188, 189, 260,
273, 348, 374, 376
eunyale, (hirebialign. =... anne BAUS 55}
exanthemata (Delinia) .......... 11
excellens(Consul) meee. nae 337
exclamationis (Agrotis) 100, 193, 350
expan Gsanhyera)ie weet ee 100
extersaria (Ectronis) .... 4, 144, 188
extimalis (Evergestis) .......... 174
fabius e"(Charaxes) teeny 219" 22s
229, 337, 340
fabriciana (Anthonhila) ........ 162
fagana (B. prasinana)
fagaria ((DyScia)) ss... 12, 43, 189
fagata (Operophtera) .... 46, 199
fagi (Hipparchia) .... 53, 100, 331
fagi (Stauronus) .. 3, 5, 42, 189,
190, 192, 193
famelica (Genesia) ies nne aeeee 382
farinosa (Gonepteryx) .... 329, 332
fascelinam CD asy Chita) sent ee see 5
fasciana (Lithacodia) .... 144, 193
fasciaria (Ellopia) .. 11, 39, 41,
162, 190, 194, 195
faustam(ZvGacna) vs. sunsets 35
favicolor | @seucainia) ees eee 42
feisthameli (Iphiclides) 31, 33, 272
fenrucalis). (Uidea) gcse sane 25
ferrugata (Xanthoroé) .... 8, 205
Heabiiey (Shines) sees Riis, Wri7e Sis
festucae (Plusia) .... 191, 197, 346
AGiag. (Chip parchie) ius ete 31, 34
filigrammaria (Oporinia) ...... 45
filipendulae (Nepticula) ...... 358
filipendulae (Zygaena) 12, 191, 205
fimbrialic = Chhalera)er = - sae 44
ilvomloraenre (beeen Soboncocse 111
fEMatas iC here) | epee fps 35)
ice (Syaowarborey) 25 85554 272, 350
fanned a GNVleliaie) iene 43, 145
flammea (Panolis) .. 43, 111,
188, 205, 216
flammeolaria (Hydrelia) .. 205, 351
EEO. (G@anAGe) becosooneeos 198
flavicincta (Antotype) ...... 8, 198
flavicornis (Achylia) 2, 40, 187,
215, 216
fiavirena (Caradrina) .... 27259350
flaviventris (Aegeria) .... 171 187
flavofasciata (Perizoma) .. 9,
100, 111, 205
fletcheri (Nepticula) .......... 69
flexula (Laspeyria) .. 190, 195, 196
florida, @Diarsia)h ese.) vere 27
fluctuata (Xanthorhoe) .... 8, 351
fluctuosa (Tethea) .. 44, 189,
190, 192,193, 324
fluviata (N. obstipata)
fontis (Bomolocha) .. 189, 192,
193, 194
formularis, @Bendia)! 225. .-.--- 382
foulquieri (P. bellieri)
fragariella (Napticula) ........ 78
franck (Prothoe) .... 230, 385, 386
PAGE
fraterculana (Apotomis) .... 122
fraxinata (Eupithecia) 10, 190, 205
freija® CArgynnis)/imget..) a2: 374, 376
freyerella (E. nigrella)
fries CAREY MIS) laa. 240 374, 376
fuliginaria (Parascotia) .. 25,
41, 42, 112
fuliginosa (Phragmatobia) 195,
197, 216, 260
fulvata (Cidaria) .. 7, 190, 191,
194, 195, 196, 351
fulvomacula (Stigmella) ...... 300
fumata (S. ternata)
furecata (Hydriomena) ...... 9, 351
furcula (Harpyia) . 193, 196, 324
furva: UCADamea)i eee eee ae 177
fuscantaria (Deuteronomos) ..
196, 197
fusconebulosa (Hepialus) .. 12,
189, 192
calanthis Cea Duioyies=.2... 255. 223
galathea (Melanargia) .... 29,
34, 53, 103, 264, 265, 348
galiata (Epirrhoé)) 7... 8,°197, 351
Salim Celerig) see ss. Bee 366
gamma (Plusia) .. 25, 97, 100,
161, 198, 201, 275, 324,
344, 351, 356
garumna (Vlelitaea) “77s. ....2-- Dilla
gemmatalis (Anticarsia) ...... 382
Pony Oni CsrOCES) mle are 3}94 1B}aP
eallgevoe CCmadauey) soueiae on4 6 42, 112
Silvana. CNS pitdtes)) eens ar 5
glandon (Agriades) ...... 373, 376
glareosa (Amathes) ........ 6, 198
glauca (H. bombycina)
glycerion (C. iphis)
Slythica CH ety) nen 205, 351
snoma GEheosia) ook |: 188, 193
goossensiata (Eupithecia) Dees oO
SODSeL GE rebiayite see a5: 30, 218
Potmca A(OECMOSIA) a4. oe 43, 215
gracilis (Orthosia) .... 44, 191, 216
eraciis, CPlUStaye ets a. 5) hilt ais
LAC Cams COLO) meteor ae ea 29
graminis (Cerapteryx) 161, 345
eraslinit iCZycaenayioieac. ass ee 13
gratiosella (Stigmella) ........ 164
griseata (Lithostege) .......... 174
griseola (Eilema) 100, 111, 197
Srosswmlariata uCAloraxas)™ 6. 40. on 10
halterata (Lobophora) ........ 143
hamzae(Mbhymelieus) joes eect. 331
hannowCHemiareus)) ) os. . 14. 381
Jatevejoprven baler (Daceyornatey) Weel yoo 1yu
hastata (Rheumaptera) ........ 8
haworthiata (Eupithecia) 194,
195, 351
haworthime (Celaenay yeas sce ee 49
hecate (Brenthis) ...... 29, 32, 34
heclasitColias)) a... 373, 374, 376
heleitahise (Syleptalr 15. eee 383
helle (Lycaena) 2 PAT CHIE
275, 349
helveticaria (E. intricata)
helvola (Anchoscelis) ........ 111
hermidactylella (Calontila) oot
SPECIAL INDEX
PAGE
hepariella (Zellaria) .......... 291
hepatica 1¢2olia) ae ae eee 40, 350
herbaria (Racheospila) ........ 383
hermione (H. fagi)
hippocastanaria (Pachycnemia)
5, 43, 146, 188
hippophaes (Celerio) ........ 366
hippothoe (Palaeochrysophanus)
60, 276, 277, 349
hirtarias (Lycia) = 13, 143) 1885) 2a
hispidaria (Apocheima) ...... 111
nomothoas! (eapillio) ese see ee 83
horridellus (Ypsolophus) 288, 397
humuli (Hepialus) . 12, 191, 194
Dy clew (Colitas) Meese 100
hyalinata’ (Diaphania)i ae seer 382
hybnerella (Stigmella) 139, 163
hylas (L. dorylas)
hyperantus (Anvhantopus) .. 15,
54, 104, 191, 192, 193, 261,
262,
icarius (L. amandus)
icarus (Polyommatus) 16, 31, 35,
63; 153; 160; 161, 162).189;
191, 197, 198, 234, 238, 261,
262, 264, 265, 275, 324, 329,
332, 349,
ieasia. (Heapathenia)i ii, ae eee
ictenitia (Cirrhia)ieenseer see
idas (Lycaeides) 130, 35s8623
ide (S. marthesia)
iduna (Huphydryas) o.eee
ignobilella (Stigmella) 139,
163,
ilia (Anatura)
ilicis (Strymon)
. 35, 272, 273,
imitaria (Scopula) eel Tesh Obe
immorata (Scopula) . 276,
immundella (Trifurcula) ......
immutata (Scopula) 192, 193,
imoluviata (H. coerulata)
improba_ (Clossiana) Se,
impura (Leucania) ...... 42,
incerta (Orthosia) .... 25, 95,
indicata (Lamprosema) ......
indigata CHupithecia)iey.- .sepe
innotata (KHupithecia) s+) ssnc.
ino (Brenthis) .... 31, 34, 58,
Os its
inornatella (Brachmia) .4:..:
interjecta (Euschesis) ........
internicalis (Desmia) ........
internitalis (Sylysta) ..........
intimella (Dechtira) ..........
intricata (Eupithecia) ...... 45
io (Nymphalis) s03y Usp eB iis
#1; 135, 187, “21292605 - 262)
264, 305, 307, 324, 326, 345,
346,
iota (P. jota)
Iphigenia (Eiypna) sy tae weber ae
iphis (Coenonympha) .. 30, 31,
Sots
ipsilon (Agrotis) .. 25, 96, 100,
Zips
348
SPECIAL INDEX 7
PAGE
aris: (Anatura) ci) 515; 15; 1758
194, 196, 214, 261, 262, 263,
266, 309, 324, 359
irregularis (Anepia) . 174, 196
rricuara: eChupithecia) = eats.. .or 41
Wrrorellay: (Setinae occ: 190, 191
Baty Spi CAar ets) itis ines ee ws 228
jacobaeae (Callimorpnha) ...... 260
' jamaicensis (Xyleutes) ........ 383
| jamesi (Lepidochrysops) ...... 97
hansonis (Consol)eers; at ietkas Ball
farpusalse(Symelera) moo. ademeer 383
jasius (Charaxes) T220n 22%;
229, 328, 385
jota (Plusia) Pega 9b.) 196; ool
UD ataswy CANCIS) sues erent ty ers Ae 176
5 tall aoe CaaS) ayy et a oe 381
juUniperata iGihera)e. 27. Ive 7, 45
jurtina (Maniola) shila, Gk» Fd
Sieg. 96, 102. 160) 161% 162:
19 Teo 2 Gs 207s 230, 260:
Ablow AGdaole., o24) cols ooo
345, 348
nUittae (@eCNEIS) © 9S 52 toe, eo cesce 322
Kahbrugbars(Charaxes)) <= 22. ..2. 05 219
KaplanierGRhestor)” ! Na... see 131
lacertinaria (Drepana) 3, 111,
145, 188
lachesis (Aganetes) .. 34, 269,
PUPA Pia PMT
lactate (SCOpulayy as5..24 0 42, 352
l-album (Leucania) ........ 44, 198
lealbumy “(Polyeonia) 22)... ). 65
lanestris (Eriogaster) 43, 191, 192
lapidata (Caenocalne) ...... 10, 45
lapponaria (Poecilopsis) 40, 215
lapponica (Stigmella) ........ 136
lariciata’ (Eupithecia) ...... 10, 189
lathonia (Argynnis) 32, 34,
59, 272, 348
latruneuian, G2rocus)) 2 )o7. 2. 350
LAIRaSPeCLMOCLOCIS)) = havens 382
Hawai eCSUMOMIA) Oe nce «oye 381
leautieri (Lithonphane) .... 100, 198
Hevatelinnmn(G@Mestas)) 2 enya ie dsr. 205
VEOMACE Olyoonus) is a..2 oe lee 382
leonida @\iemphis) ..)5..4....5 227
tepida™ Gbliadena)) 3 oe te eee 196
leporina (Apatele) 4, 111,
144, 189, 195
lethesGhiypanartia) {oy 70... 2: 217
leucographa (Gvynsitea) ...... 41
leucophaeria (Erannis) .. 187, 324
leucostigma (Celaena) 44, 45, 100
levanay "CAraschnia) =. ok... -. 57
libatrime (ScolWlopterys) 2. sa. -.- 259
lichenaria (Cleorodes) 5, 191,
192, 193, 194
licheneal “Chumictis) 2... 2. >.- 198
sear aCHTEDIa) se shige: 53; 318
lignata (Orthonama) 10, 45, 357
ligustri (Craniophora) ........ 190
ligustri (Sphinx) 189, 196, 394
limbariam Gstursia) "2s". - DA PAs Par 5}
limitata (O. chenopodiata)
linariata (Eupithecia) .. 195,
196, 275, 351
PAGE
linearia (Cosymbia) 42, 44, 189, 196
iineatay idaca) szecacess- ilies Shy}
lineola (Thymelicus) . 35, 64, 349
lisa, (Murema) Saeien ht). See 381
interosayy(PmoOeus) i) see 100, 196
liturata (Semiothisa) 100, 144, 324
livornica (Celerio) ........ 275, 349
loewii 4Pléebejus)o) as. Ae 328
lonicerae e(Zyeaena) =... )..80h 25
lotasidAcrochola)iisce ats lee shee 205
lotr (Uitetheisa)iet=..- Saoceee 123
lubricipeda (Snilosoma) .. 193, 350
lacens® (Hay drdecia)! 2. . Hieceee 37
lucernea (Ammagrotis) .. 177, 194
lucina (Hamearis) «. 4501155859;
172, 236, 268, 275, 349
luctuata (Euphyia) . 43, 145, 351
iktretuosamCAcOntia) 5 eee 324
lunaria (Selenia) .. 11, 42, 112,
143, 352
luneburgensis (Aporophyla) 45, 114
lunosa (Omphaloscelis) ...... 198
lunula (Aporovhyla) 24, 178, 198
lunuila- Calophasia) 2: asses: 325
lutéas SC Citria)le i.) h Ree eee 205
lutea (Spilosoma) ........ 162, 193
luteella (Nepticula) ...... 26, 136
loteolarias ((Sternha) wise... sane 351
luteolata (Opisthograptis) 11, 352
lutosas GRhizedra)ym ea... . , 198
lutulenta (Aporophyla) .... 41, 43
lycaon (Hynonephele) Bars okt, 51)
machaon (Panvilio) .. 16, 31, 33, 234
macilenta (Agrochola) 45, 111, 205
MaAacounNnil ACOENneIsy\i Gey... Heese: 323
macularia (Pseudopanthera) 4,
289, 352
maculipennis (Plutella) ...... 100
macray(Dina) sues. eee 34, 54, 349
malellaa«(Stigmella) —!ie.2. = 4: 240
malvae (Pyrgus) . 8, 64, 188, 320
malvoides (Pyrgus) .. 268, 275, 349
iio@herounl (Oeiterci)) 3 od omowaas 273, 348
marganitata "(Cambpaca)y "ss. 11
margaritellus (Catoptria) .... 357
marginana (Endothemis) .... 122
marginaria (Erannis) 2, 11, 40, 215
marginata (Lomospilis) .. 10,
100, 352
marginicolella (Nevticula) .... 300
maritima -(Chilodes)” =. 2s --2: 43
mariana CAmnata): 9 pee. seer 234
marthesia (Siderone) 227, 228, 386
matunan (Chhalooplaila) crs crite 196
mana) \CVMOLMO) ee. aoe 44, 111
megregori (Lepidochrysops) .. 98
meausa. (Girebia) ee eee eee 53, 375
megacephala (Anatele) ........ 195
megera (Pararge) .. 15, 34, 54,
102, 153, 234, 261, 264, 265, 332
Melamouse(ETebIa)) oe. oes se: 100
meleager (Meleageria) ........ 63
Melissa (@eENeis)) eel ee ee ee 362
mendica (Cyecnia) ....-------- 324
meolans (Erebia) .. 30, 34, 273, 348
mesomella (Cybosia) 145, 159, 205
mi CHbucliadimera) | 6s. oss. ne Pool
PAGE
miata (Chloroclysta) .... 7, 45, 216
micaceaa (Gorntyha)) eee) eee 160
microdactylus (Adaina) ...... 153
MUM AUSerin CODES) ease re. 349
millefoliata (Eupithecia) .. 99, 205
miniata (Miltochrista) Beelolelts
145, 194
minimus (Cupido) Saas GL Gos
191, 238, 349
MunLosay WOrthosia) Maer ans 41, 188
mnemosyne (Parnassius) 275, 347
moldevica (Synaphe) .......... 234
molliginata (Epirrhoé) 2HOsooll
monacha (Lymantria) 5, 44,
146, 196
monoglypha (Avamea) ........ 193
montanata (Xanthorhoé) .. 8,
42, 162, 346, 351
montanuss CHrebia)i ere 2). = 29, 34
montanus) (Ehestor)) +.....55.- 155
morena (Cymatogramma) .... 336
morvus (Memphis) ...... 229, 339
mucidarius (Gnophos) .... 270, 352
mucronata | (Oniuhnolitha) ee). sae 351
multistrigaria (Colostygia) .. 8,
161, 215
munda (Orthosia) 2, 111, 143, 188
mounadanas CNudania)igee jae he 193
munitata (Xanthorhoé) ...... Ry, 3}
murals’ (Cryphia)iee... 45. 343845
muUnicata Sterna) earns eee. 44
muUrinata CMIMOA)/ teysceeie 188, 351
musculosa (Oria) .... 99, 146, 175
myrtillata (G. obfuscata)
myrtillella (Nepticula) .... 26, 302
My relies CAN arta) amessse . eke lee 5
Manaaachadayy was isc . Cpe PAG, BIO)
nanata (Eupithecia) ...... 10, 188
Hapaca BeCBoloria)) sass 374, 376
napi (Pieris) a 15s S3595, Laz.
153; 160) 161, 162,.197, 259)
260, 261, 272, 319, 324, 344,
348, 366, 369, 373, 374, 376
MAarcissuss CAwerias)) ae. se eee 311
nastes (Colias) .. 373, 374, 375, 376
nausithous (Maculinea) ...... 62
nebulata (Coenotephria) ...... 351
nebulata (Euchoeca) .... 144, 189
nebulosa (Polia) .... 144, 189,
191, 193, 194, 196, 345
meslecta “(Meliicta)iegoss . wee 57
NEMESIS A(SIGELONE)) ses ak rcehice 228
neurica (Nonagria) 44, 74
D'S 195
neustria (Malacosoma) .. 194, 196
nickerlit- Coupenina), 25. ...46..% 345
nigra (A. lunula)
nucrellal (Hlachista)ee .aheconade 218
MIS TICAMS el GH UscOa) ine aenraeen = aera 160
nigricans (Poecilmitis) ........ 159
nigricomella (Bucculatrix) .... 152
nigrofasciaria (A. derivata)
mliobe” “Habriciania) sa. .5 6. 30, 33, 58
mitens (Nepticula), s-22). 0 78
nitensim (Lollies. eed ts cee S25
nitidalis *@Diaphania)5s.. ..% so. 382
nitidella (S. paradoxa)
SPECIAL INDEX
nivescens (Lysandra)
noctuata “(Acratodes)r . 722 ae.
noctuella (Nomophila) .... 25,
100, 276, 344,
mnorna, (COeENneiIs)Iaahateetaee 374,
notata (Semiothisa) cag ill ilé'3;.
144, 190,
(Brachyonica) 40,
nubeculosa
nupta (Catocala) J
nylandrella (Stigmella)
obeliscata (Thera)
obfuscata (Gnonhos)
TELE Otis
his
obliquella (Stigmella) ........
oblonga (Anamea)
oblongana (Endothenia)
oblongata (E. centaureata)
obrotunda {éealates) ene eee
obscurata (Gnophos) 2D), HE,
obsoleta (Leucania) ...... 43,
obstipata (Nycterosea) 10, 100,
occitanical, (Ayecaena)e) 3,-eeu-
Oceulta, (Ch Urols)) i) eee
ocellaris!).(Cirrhia) eee eee
ocellata (Lyncometra) .... 9,
160, 189,
ocellata (Smerinthus) ...... :
ochrata (Sterrha) 43, 273,
ochrearia (Aspitates) ...... oF
Ochroleuca (Eremobia) .. 100,
ochsenheimeri (Pieris) ........
ocularist lethal inn user 190,
oculea (Hydraecia) ........ Sis
odilia (Memphis) BPAH(e BRIE
odiuss (Panilio)y is... ae eee
odorata .CAscalanha)ijeee - sate
oeme (Erebia) hol wot smemod
276,
olleusys Gey oS) pcrast eee eee
olivata. (Colostycia) see eeee
oleracea (Biers). Renee ee
Oomphaley s@Pieris) yee 227,
ononaniar (Awlasta) . asses eeee
Oppressana (Gypsonoma) Cea
ophiogramma (Avamea) .. 111,
optilete (Vacciniina) .. 62, 374,
or (Tethea)
orbicularia (C. pendularia)
OGDIEE AGS plalliia) aa ee 329,
orbona, (iuschesis) i aaah
orion (Scolitantides) ...... 61,
onnatay (Sconula)i a. eee
ornatria » (Utetheisa)iy «ayant
ornithogalli (Prodenia) ......
ornitopus (Lithophane) ......
OFUS# uy CaCI a) pana thn anne
othorntPolites): 255.42. 59--e eee
otregiata (Lamouropteryx) 42,
99, 146, 173,
oxyacanthella (Stigmella) 139,
164,
oxysorbi (Stigmella)
paeon (Papilio)
palaemon (Carterocephalus) 64,
palaeno (Colias)
paleacea (Enargia)
. 189, 268, 271, ¢
SPECIAL INDEX ° 9
Poales= (Boloria)iw see: 25. 30, 34
‘palpina (Pterostoma) .... 189,
196, 271, 349
(paludata (C. sororiata)
woaludis (htydraecia)'® .:. 25.2 25% 37
Palustmse Cekyeimll tila) ee: eee 23
‘pamphilus (Coenonympha) 15,
35,7 55s 96)9 10416159234, 235;
i 260, 265, 324 348
fpananiste (Consul. eo. s.). a 337
pandora (Pandoriana) ...... Sh, ate
Boandrose (Gonsul) as5%... 25205. 337
pandrose (EHrebia) .... 30, 34,
: SHB Biss SUD
| paphia (Argynnis) c? 5 Sb) 20)
Sepe2y don OO L4G 1975, 2105
262, 263, 264, 272, 324, 348
papilionaria (Geometra) .. 5,
6, 111, 190, 193
!paradoxa (Stigmella) .... 166, 396
iparthenias (Archiearis) .. 95,
| TQ Bis 215
|parthenie (M. parthenoides)
;parthenoides (Mellicta) .. 32,
: 33, 57, 276, 348
pastinums .Cuygephila) ms... 22:
pavonia (Saturnia) . 143, 160,
162, 188, 262
pectinataria (Colostygia) .. 8, 351
pedaria (Phigalia) 11, 95, 187, 324
mocliasme(@haraxes). =... 54. <ske « 224
( peltigera (Heliothis) .......... 111
pendularia (Cosymbia) ........ 198
BpeMMamaweCCOLOLOIS)A eis ..Aeea cree ial
penningtoni (Lepidochrysops) 98
-petraria (lL. chlorosata)
‘phaecopteralis (Herpetogramma)
382
moieomonem(Colias)i es. see 30, 33
Wphidele’ (Anaea) '22292295.310;
| 339, 341, 385
| phlaeas (Lycaena) .... 15, 24,
35, 60, 153, 198, 217, 234, 239,
260, 324, 328, 332. 346, 349, 359
phoebe (Melitea) 5 YN BO SPs
33, 57, 234, 348
phoebe (Notodonta) .......... 349
phoeniciata (Eupithecia) .. 39, 198
phragmitidis (Arenostola) .... 195
Dlcata (Eimphnyia)) =... a. 99, 351
pinastri (Hyloicus) 115, 42543)
146, 189, 190, 195, 204
piniaria (Bunalus) = Toe ale
161, 189, 195, 196, 352
piniperda (P. flammea)
isl e(Seramica) ses.) LAAN G2350
plagiata (Anaitis) 3, 4, 6, 194, 205
plagicolella (Nepticula) ...... 281
plantaginis (Parasemia) .. 43, 161
plectam(@chropleuna)) .5...2..4- 350
plexippus, (Danaus) 2/2... 101
plumbeolata (Eupithecia) 192, 194
plumigera (Ptilophora) .... 46, 199
Dlutos CErebia) eee cok! 30, 34
pluton Cxylophane)iy yess ss. . 4 383
podalirius (Papilio) .. 29, 33,
328, 332, 347
PAGE
polaris’ (Clossiana)i. +). . 312; O15
POliba me ClVEythuaniayl 0). 2. 2. ane 382
polychloros (Nymphalis) .. 56,
221, 272, 306, 328, 332, 348
polycommata (Trichopteryx) 6, 41
polyxena «(Charaxes)!=) .. 2. 219
pomella (Nevticula) -........: 240
pomonella (Laspeyresia) ...... 160
populata: /@eyearis) seas - 7, 161, 194
populeti (Orthosia) .. 40, 215, 216
populi (Laothoe) .... 189, 192,
195, 196
populi (Limenitis) .... 56, 222, 226
populi (Poecilocamya) .... 46, 199
porata (Cosymbia) .... 42, 111, 190
porcellus (Deilevhila) LOT
144, 189, 191, 192, 193, 275,
349, 366
porphyrana (Eudemis) ........ i122
porphyrea (Peridroma) .. 25,
100, 191, 194, 198, 350
porphyrio (Memphis) .... 229, 339
potatoria (Philudoria) 194, 195, 196
poterim CNepticulayees ss. 2 ee 26
praecox! CActebia)h-... . 2. °2b2ee 177
praeformata (Anaitis) .... 276, 351
prasina (Anaplectoides) .. 100,
174, 190, 194
prasinana (Bena) .... 4, 112, 188
Dratelivss (@rambus)) oe 161
preissecker (Stigmella) ...... 302
Driene. .C2ReOONa) te access 311
pricuny (Chazarayn een. one 32, 34
problematica (Zygaena) ...... ifs}
proboscidalis (Hynena) ........ 351
procellata (Melanthia) ........ 4
promissa “(Catocala)y =s.- 5. 44, 146
promutata (Sconula) ...... 44, 198
pronuba (Noctua) UGS AB. sa)
prosapiaria (E. fasciaria)
Probes! GUirbanus)— s2 408 see 381
pRoOtoOe (Slowertaye 0 aa ann Bile SPAS BD
pLovocieag s(@haraxes) eee ee 384
pruinata (Pseudoterpna) .... 194
pLunariaCAnserona)).s.. 4. see 44
pruni (Strymonidia) 59, 199,
260, 266
pseudoplatanella (Nepticula) .. 177
pseudorapae .CPieris) Maa oe 365
pudibunda (Dasychira) ........ 189
pudorina (Leucania) .. 48, 145,
192, 195, 196, 205
pulchellay(Utetheisa). ise). - nan. WA}
pulchellata (Eupithecia) .... 9, 192
pulchelloides (Utetheisa) ...... 123
pulchrina (Plusia) .. 189, 191,
192, 194, 205
pulmentaria (Chlorissa) .. 272, 352
pulverosella (Dechtiria) .. 168, 240
pumilata (Gymnoscelis) ...... 10
punctaria “‘(Cosymbia)\ ~..5. 2: 189
punctifer (CXvleutes)nl<2 syst 383
punctinalis (Pseudoboarmia)
189, 352
punctulata (Aethelura) ........ 188
puppillaria (Cosymbia) .. 115, 351
10
PAGE
purpuralis (Zygaena) .... 12,
191, 234, 352
DuUsaria (MD eilinia) ieee. ace 10, 352
pustulata (Comibaena) .. 111, 190
putris!, (CAswlia)l ees. «arbre cpr 350
pygmaeella (Nepticula) .. 139, 166
pyemacola i(Hilema)ii. ss.) seen 44
pygmina (Arenostola) .... 111, 197
Dymalvatas (iy c1:iS) eee eee 194
pyralina (Cosmia) ied eee. - 145, 195
pyramidea (Amphipyra) .. 27, 197
jopiematsn (VAetbydert)) Soe aie oe 1 95
DyECOUS) AGE ail1O) ieee eee 219
Guadray | Ciithosia) saeeeaeee 44, 100
quadrifasiata (Xanthorhoé) 41, 195
quadripunctaria (Euplagia) 39, 327
quercifolia (Gastropacha) 25, 112
quercinaria (Ennomos) ........ 44
quercus (Lasiocampa) .... 160,
162, 262, 275, 349
quercus (Thecla) .. 4, 5, 16, 59,
195, 196, 262, 263, 264, 318,
324, 359
guinquella (Dechtiria) .... 245, 248
ramburialis (Diasemia) ...... 153
rapae (Pieris) 5 cbs Yay US
188, 189, 203, 234, 235, 259,
319, 324, 332, 346, 348
rectangulata (Chloroclystis) 10
redtenbacheri (Dishogama) .... 382
reducta (Limenitis) of Bille 3333
332, 348
regiella (Stigmella) ...... 139, 163
Gepandanias Gh OlONe) wesw see or 44
repandata (Alcis) Sal OO
190, 191, 192, 194, 352
reticulata (Heliophobus) ...... 350
revayana (Nycteola) .......... 195
rhamni (Gonenteryx) 5 ay Jy
33) lSieeel 88,0089 99) 259;
261, 262, 264, 266, 272, 320,
324, 348
EHomboidania (Cleona)ieys. ac 352
ribeata (Deileptenia) .......... 193
ridens (Polploca) ...... 3, 188, 205
PID AC HACA GROUUS) | Meee teustens os Soro <4 43
Rivularis; .GHaAGd ea) eyes seer 345
rivularis (lL. reducta)
riviularis: CNeptis)) joc. seco 56
roboraria (Boarmia) 4, 43, 190
rdoreshere! (CISDNCEHEN)) “epee obeee oc 352
rosella (Stigmella) .......- 69, 278
TOSSOnW) iGRMESLOD))) . 5 o4-ene 155
roxellana (Pararge) .. 328, 329, 332
ruberata (Hydriomena) ...... 45
rubi (Callophrys) Sy la, (0)
260, 275, 276, 316, 349, 378
MUI CD IALSTA) miente hcg. cisvs ee 27
rubi (Macrothylacia) .. 4, 144,
160, 162, 189, 275, 349
pubis (ihecla) perenne. oe 95
rubiginea (Dasycampa) ...... 41
rubiginea (Salobrena) ........ 383
rubricollis (Atolmis) .. 44, 145, 192
rubricosa (Cerastis) Pe Ona zilte
reutimeyeri (Hadena) 268, 274, 350
TUtae(Goecnobia) meree er. -mtt , 196
SPECIAL INDEX
PAGE
rutata,(Chesias)iv.8- cease 195, 351
nutescens) (Gilyona) eee aee eee 337
ruficapitella (Stigmella) ...... 245
ruficornis (Chaonia) ...... 188, 324
rufipenella (Calontilia) ........ 291
rupicapraria (Theria) .... 111, 187
russiae (Agapetes)
Sacraria (Rhodometra) 100, 205, 326
Salicalis (Colobochylia) ...... 43
Salicata, (Colostysia)ia eee 5, 8
Salicis |\(Nepticula) \-eaa5e) Ae 278
salomonis (Utetheisa) ........ 123
salltitans (Lasneyresia) ........ 36
samiatella (Stigmella) ........ 245
sanguinalis (Pyrausta) . 191, 234
Sannio (Diacrisia) 43, 44, 100, 350
santiago (Drepanodes) ........ 382 |
satyrata (Eunpithecia) ...... 10, 99
saxifragae (Stenoptilia) 178, 358
scabrellus (Ypsolophus) ...... 397
schulziana (Olethreutes) ...... 162 |
Sciplogs G@irebia) iy essen see 30
scitella GLeucoptera) 22. 2.228 167
scoliaeformis (Aegeria) ...... 193
scolopacina (Anamea) ........ 195
secalis), (Ajpamea) ieee. eee 350
selasellus) i(Grambus) ae 346
selene (Argynnis) .. 15, 34, 58,
865) 95) SOG MGI) 1eseeneon
261, 273, 276, 325; 348, 357,
374, 376
selini(Caradrina) eee 22850
semele (Eumenis) .. 15, 29, 32,
33, 34, 54, 103, 146, 262, 264,
265, 308, 345, 397
semiargus (Cyaniris) Eby (6745
235, 273, 349
semibrunnea (Lithophane) 111, 147
semirubella (Nepnhopteryx) .... 153
senex (Comacla)
septembrella (Fomoria) .. 241, 247
sericealis) (Rivula)y sees: 205, 351
SericOpeza (Etainia) ...... 240, 395
seriopunctalis (Pionia) ........ 383
Serotina WaGE re bia)) i mean 90
serratulae (Pyrgus) ...... 65, 349
sertonius ((Snitalia) eee 35, 349
sexalata (M. sexalisata)
sexalisata (Mysticoptera) .. 43,
189, 190
sexstrigata) sCAmathes)si mi) agee 197
sifanica (Boloria) .. 59, 374, 376
Silaceata (Ecliptoptera) ...... 7
silenust(Vivmina) ene ae 255
Similis) (Evproctis) ea) eee 205
Simplonia (A’grotis) =..... 275, 350
simulans (Rhyacia) .......... 394
sinapis (Leptidea) ~ Bo mlOO%
188, 190, 192, 261, 264, 319,
324, 348
sobrinata (Eupithecia) ...... 10, 99
socia s(Lithophane))..... se.088e 188
sociata (E. alternata)
solidaginis (Lithomoia) .... 45, 111
Sorbi. (Nenticula) hie ee ee 281
sororculat (Eilema) yea). . ie 42, 190
Soromatam(Carsia)yy. 4.5... eseee 6
i PAGE
spadicearia (Xanthorhoé) .. 8, 351
lsparganii (Nonagria) .......... 197
‘speciosa (Nevticula) 77, 241,
Ih 288, 301
\spheciformis (Aegeria) ........ 3
‘sphendamni (Etainia) 240, 395
sphinx (Brachyonicha) ........ 42
Spini (Strymon) 29, 35, 59,
J 273, 349
lspinosella (Stigmella) ........ 244
'splendida (Anaeomorpha) 312
'stannella (Yponomeuta) ...... 172
"Statices (Procrts) ...........- 352
Gtaticis, (Agdistis)... .4....-.: 4
‘statilinus (Hipparchia) 32, 34
‘stellatarum (Macroglossum) nA}
'sterata (Chloroclysta) ...... 7, 45
'sticticalis (Loxostege) ........ 25
'straminata (Sterrha) .......... 44
'istraminea (Leucania) 25, 43,
194, 195, 196
‘strataria (Biston) .. 2, 100, 143, 187
lstriata (Euorenria) ............ 350
‘strigilis (Protambulix) ........ 383
istrigillaria (Perconia) .... 43, 189
Sinicosam(@alidota)) - aaa 382
StRUctieGhMneStOm iy aun es can eee 155
Suaecals (Hadena) iu 1s ees sepa 195, 196
subbimaculella (Dechtiria) .... 247
suberivora (Stigmella) 245, 246
sublustris (Apnamea) .. 43, 192, zu
SUbOLMAtaM GN inyrind)) = 40s ase 259
Subrosea (Caenovhila) ..)..... iP?
subsericeata (Sterrha) 190, 346
Subptusas(Zenobia)! ese sae eee 145
subumbrata (Eunvithecia) 191,
192, 194
succenturiata (Eupithecia) 195, 196
suffumata (Lamopronteryx) .. 3,
41, 189, 216, 351
sulphurella (Dasycera) ........ 160
suprema (Anaea) .. 229, 230, 340
suspecta (Parastichtis) . 145, 195
sylvata (Abraxas) .... 42, 44,
111, 143, 144, 190, 192, 194
sylvestraria (Sterrha) .... 43, 195
sylvestris (Thvymelicus) .. 35,
64, 261, 165, 321, 324, 349
SulvinaGaelialus)) 225s. 555 12, 196
Syriaca (Hipparchia) 358, 331, 332
Synimeariag \@Apeira)) 522.55 4--2 43
taeniata (Perizoma) .. 74, 192, 193
tages (Erynnis) > 64;,.95,053:
261, 320
tantillarianCHunithecia)) sesce so: 189
teleius (Maculinea) .......... 61
telmessia (Maniola) 328, 329,
BBil). 8BH
femenataen santa) sie eaee 42, 194
tenuiata (Euvithecia) ........ 99
tephroleuca (Hadena) 275, 350
Lernatae(ScOUUla)) 252.5 see. 6
tersatam GHOnRISMe) messes 4, 190
tessellaris (Helisodota) ...... 116
testaceata (Hydrelia) .-......- 190
estatawn@veris)) «aes e. 1 AGP
SPECIAL INDEX
PAGE
tetralunaria (Selenia) ........ 188
tetriom (PSeudosphin=) =. sss. 380
thersamon (Thersamonia) 60,
329, 332
thoantiades (Papilio) .......... 84
jhoass CPapilio)s ees 83
thomasi (Hemiargus) ........ 381
thrones ((Clossiana) ks fe. . ee 376
taymie\Chedalmia)) Seas sso eee 122
thysbe (Poecilmitis) "=~. 32... 1
tiedmanniana (Argyroploce) .. 122
tikiaem@Viinras)) 2.0.55 sce 188, 189
tithonus (Maniola) 15, 103,
262, 324
tithonus (Pyronia) 32, 34, 330
tityrusi @Heodes)! )2...... 4568 60
tophaceata (Coenotephria) 351
trabealis (Emmelia)’ <......... 175
transversa: = (Hupsilia)) ==. eee 187
transversata (Philereme) .. 42, 205
imemUlan @2heosia) ele 193
trepida (Notodonta) 3, 41, 42, 143
triangulum (Amatkes) ........ 350
triarius (Erebia) 275, 276, 348
trifolii (Lasiocampa) 3, 43, 197
tritolm® \(Zyecacnayey ee. 13, 352
trigemina (U. trivlasia)
trigeminata (Sterrha) ........ 335
trimacula (D. dodonaea)
trimaculella (Nepticula) 241, 301
icifollisiay (UND) | Soa ccocdocdos- 194
tripunctatus (Megasios) ...... 382
tristata (Epirrhoé) 173, 191,
Phd}, IDI SINy
Wee ROI) sag kounuesanoas- 196
troglodyta (Anaea) ...... 336, 338
truncata (Dysstroma) .. 7, 161, 351
trox (Asrotis)) 32245. ck 44, 194
tullia (Coenonympha) .... 55,
162, 260, 262
turbidella (Dechtiria) 242, 280
typhae, CNofagria)” ..).......00ee ililal
tyrianthina (Polygranha) 340
ulmariae (Stigmella) .......... 300
Wine CStizmelila) sss = ae 300
ulmicola (Stigmella) ..5.. 58 300
ulmifoliae (Stigmella) ........ 300
ulmiphaga (Stigmella) ........ 300
ulmivora (Stigmella) .... 241, 300
umbra (Pyrrhia) 100; Tas
194, 195, 196
umbratica (Cucullia) ...... 43, 196
unangulata (Euphyia) 189, 195, 196
unanimis (Apamea) .......... 111
uncula (EHustrotia) ........ 43° OD
wundulanse(Caularis)e a. see 382
undulata (Rheumaptera) .. 44,
160, 196
unedonis (Nymphalis) ........ 227
unionalis(@ealitay) Yaa. oe 344
unipuncta (Leucania) ...... 24, 350
urticae (A'siais)’ .. 2; 15, 29) 33;
955) 35s 1605 61S 1625 Ore
198 1999 22 217) 2o9n 22,
305, 307, 326, 346. 348, 359,
urticae (Spilosoma) 25, 39, 48,
377
324
12 SPECIAL INDEX
PAGE
ussheri )@Pallia) aeehee t -eeee 227
vaccinil (Conistra)i sass: 95, 324
valerianata (Eupithecia) .. 99, 192
vanillae @Ataniades)) | ....22: 44-05" 381
varanes/ MCharaxas) ie .56%. set otter 228
waria: Gaycophnotia)i = 42s eee 162
Wwaria. .(Vieliictabeamste-eL 5. ie 5
variabilis (Lepidochrysops) .. 98
Vaniata. (GRheray| fatiectadette. 3 41
velleda (H. fusconebulosa)
venata (Ochlodes) = 85; 065;
260, 321, 349
venosa s(Simyra) if ofnin sey «<0 44, 45
venosata (Eupithecia) ...... 9, 192
venustula (Hepalotis) .... 144,
189, 190, 325, 350
verbascl (Cucuillia)s a. 112, 350
WETSICOLOMECAZELa) mise tl. eile 382
versicolor \(Procus)s. 22: . me 44, 99
veriscolora (Endromis) gOS:
VT, 20a e216
verticalis (Loxostege) ........ 2
verticordia (Cynatogramma) .. 229
vespertilio (Deilephila) ...... 366
Vestipialass (Avorotis)iieas.0). . th 177
vetulata (Philereme) ...... 42, 195
vetusta (Xylena) .. 45, 95, 162, 216
vibicaria (Rhodostrophia) .... 352
Wicramami G2 hilotes) sate sea. ase 61
villica (Arctia) .. 189, 234, 270,
272, 350
vimineticola (Stigmella) ...... 278
vinuilan (Cerursa) i sa. 112, 215, 349
violescens (Poecilmitis) ...... il
winetatay (CACASIS)) (5.4... nee a8 ig
virgaureae (Heodes) 60, 86,
277, 349
virgaureata (Eupithecia) ...... 10
VWinidana s lontrixo seer eee 272 |
viridaria (C. vectinataria)
viridaria (Phytometra) 4, 162, 351
vinidatal “(Chiorissa) 7.55 5eeee 43
viscerella (Nepticula) 26, 168, 300
vitalbata (Horisme) . 4, 5, 42, 351
vatellius' | (@horanthes) 5251. 382
Vittatay (Garetal soy we) eae 382
vittata (O. lignata)
vulgata (Eupithecia) ...... 10; 351
vulneraria (Sphacelodes) ...... 383
Vulpinarias sSterrha)s eee ee 325 |
w-album (Strymonidia) .... 4,
59, 145, 175, 199, 316
Wwallarias» (tame) amc 111, 196
Weaver) Clomoria)) - sae eee MD i
wockeella (Coleophora) ...... 296
woolhopiella (Dechtiria) ...... 136
xanthomeles (Nymphalis) .... 56
xanthomista (Anitype) 24, 198
xenocrates (Polygrapha) ...... 340
xerampelina (Atethmia) ...... 114
Zanghenril (Dechtinia)) 1. eee 245
zapateri (Hrebia) ......- 31, 32, 34
ziczac (Notodonta) .. 188, 189, |
193, 205 |
Agha) CONES) “SatGerieest as. - 11
NEUROPTERA
Osmlyus fulvicephalus ........ 173
ORTHOPTERA
Chorthippus brunneus, viridulus 393
Myrmeleotettix maculatus .... 393
Omocestus viridulus ........ 392-3
Stenobothrus stigmaticus ...... 392
Stethophyma grossum ........ 392
Tetrixs uyndulatatieees yo eae eee 393
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